Pharmacology Review
Barium chemical Formulat
BaSO4
What is the antianxiety agent that is used commonly in the radiology department for conscious sedation?
Barbiturate
What contrast is a suspension type? ___________ _____________
Barium Sulfate
Combining opiates with ______ may produce synergistic effects.
Benzodiazepines
What keeps contrast from entering normal CNS
Blood Brain Barrier
Name of drug used as a marketing tool
Brand Name
BNDD stands for
Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
_____________ drugs are extremely toxic compouds designed to kill off rapidly growing cells in the body.
Chemotherapy
What does the C in the schedules stand for (C-I, C-II, C-III...)
Controlled Substance
Medications that have a high potential for abuse are generally placed in
Controlled substance schedules
The primary route of iodine excretion is
(Kidneys) renal latency--> tubular structures--> calyces--> pelvis--> ureter--> --> bladder--> urethra
What percentage of ARF cases occur after ROCM angiography?
2%
Patients at risk for _______________ following intravascular ROCM administration include those with preexisting renal compromise, diabetes with concomitant renal dysfunction, or dehydration.
ARF
Anthrax is transmitted ______________
Airborne
_________ diminish the response
Antagonists
____________medications are used to treat clinical depression that results from neurotransmitter deficiencies.
Antidepressant
Agents used to kill fungal organisms are ________________
Antifungal
__________medications block histamine from producing adverse effects; such as, itching, inflammation, repiratory distress and oallergic reaction
Antihistamines
_____________medications are used to prevent and treat seizure disorders
Antiseizure (anticonvulsant)
What is the term for a medication applied to the skin in order to decrease the number of microorganism?
Antiseptic
A medication used to treat acute and chronic anxiety states is __________ _____________
Anxiety Medication
What is the term for the slight pulling of the syringe plunger to check if the needle is in the blood vessel?
Aspiration
What is lipodystrophy?
Atrophy or hypertrophy of subcutaneous fat tissue
Affinity also means _______
Attraction
______ dose is the dose required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population Effective
Effective
Imaging technologists are not required to place the informed consent in the patients chart?
False
Needles must always be recapped before disposing them in a sharps container.
False
Some drugs are completely safe (T/F)
False
T or False. It is not the diameter of a needle but the length and depth of insertion that cause pain?
False
True/False: Some techs practice across different lines of specialization, but they must hold credentials in each area of specialization.
False
True/False: The Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology does not identify venipuncture as a component of nuclear medicine technologists scope of practice.
False
True/False: The patient's chart is a legal document belonging to the patient.
False
Using standard precautions are only used when you know the patient is ill.
False
What is tachycardia?
Fast heart rate
What is a common phobia that radiology or any patients may fear?
Fear of needles
Tuberculin, allergens, and local anesthetics are best delivered by which route of injection?
Intravenous
What drug is given to reverse respiratory distress?
Naloxone
____________ medication stimulate CNS receptors known as opioid receptor and cause a decrease in the perception of pain.
Narcotic
When using an image for an educational program, you must not include what, because it is a violation of what?
Patient or hospital ID, HIPAA violation
______ ______ concentration is the highest plasma concentation attained from a dose
Peak Serum
_________ is the study of how the effects of a drug are manifested
Pharmacodynamics
________________ is the study of drugs in the living systems
Pharmacology
What is a drug that keeps the patient calm that they should take the night before and morning of a radiographic exam?
Phenobarbital
What is a psychological condition that consists of irrational fear leading to avoidance?
Phobia
ROCM cross the ____________ and should not be used in pregnant women unless benefits far exceed the risks.
Placenta
_________ are biologic sites located on a cell surface or within a cell
Receptors
What does a antihistamine do?
Relieves allergic reactions
What is an anesthetic?
Removes sensation of pain
List the five rights of drug administration
Right Patient Right Drug Right amount/dose Right time Right route
______ is when two drugs act together to give a greater than expected response
Synergism
Who is accountable for injections?
Technologists
ACR stands for
The American College of Radiology
What can happen if the dose is too high of the sedatives for conscious sedation?
The patient's ability to breath on their own will be gone
___________ ___________ are used to treat pain associated with muscle spasm Muscle relaxants
Muscle Relaxants
______________ are macroscopic forms of fungi
Mushrooms
True/False: It is common for techs to administer drugs to patients without a physician present?
True
Rabies are transmitted by a ___________
Vector
_______ are intracellular parasites that cannot live outside a living cell
Viruses
_____________ and ____________ are microscopic forms of fungi.
Yeasts and molds
Are technologists responsible for their safety as a healthcare worker?
Yes
_______ is a negatively charged particle
anion
What does radiopacity of iodine contrast depend upon
Concentration
What is a drug-induced relaxation allowing the patient to tolerate unpleasant procedures?
Consicous Sedation
What is generally stored near any patient care area to help if something were to happen to the patient while undergoing care?
Crash Cart
___________ is a drugs ability to initate biologic acivity as a result of such binding
Efficacy
The term for a heart rhythm disturbance characterized by electrical impulses without cardiac contraction is ___________________ ___________________?
Electromechanical disassociation
_______ act as catalysts responsible for initating biochemical reactions
Enzymes
An example of an agonist would be _______ used for bronchospasm
Epinephrine
The abbreviation qh means that the drug should be delivered at what interval?
Every 4 hours
________ ___________ is the time required for the current serum drug concentration to decline by 50%
Half Life
Comprehensive textbook that discusses physical and chemical stability of injectable drugs when combined with another.
Handbook on Injectable drugs
What does HIPAA stand for?
Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act
Doubutamine increases the strength of the __________
Heart
What is the most life threatening and common infection acquired by hospital workers?
Hepatitis
Ionic has high or low osmolality
High
To whom does the patient chart actually belong?
Hospital
Parenteral means _______
IV
What route cannot be used for barium
IV (parental)
Patients with diabetes mellitus Type 1 require ____________
Insulin
What is the term for injections made into the upper layers of the ski, almost parallel to the skin surface?
Intradermal
What is the modern way to separate patients with infection in the hospital called?
Isolation
What are examples of topical medications forms?
Lotions, Tincture, Spray, and Wet Dressing
What would be the change in technique for iodine
Low kVp <80
________ cells are connective tissue cells that contain the chemical histamine, leukotriene, esonophil
Mast
What does general anesthesia require that conscious sedation doesn't?
Mechanical Ventilation
______ of action is the method by which a drug elicits effects
Mechanism
Deals with reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual.
Medical Asepsis
A tech who fails to assist a patient that is lying flat on his back and vomiting resulting in the patient aspirating and going into respiratory arrest is guilty of what?
Medical Negligence
What is the failure to do something that a reasonable person of ordinary prudence would do in a certain situation?
Medical Negligence
What is a breach of duty to adhere to a standard of care?
Medical malpractice
Patients receiving _____________ should have the drug held for 48 hours after receiving radiopaque contrast.
Metformin
What is the most important thing to do before giving a patient any type of sedation?
Accurate Medical History
_______________is probably the most common analgesic in use today
Acetaminophen
What does ARF stand for?
Acute Renal Failure
What does the term parenteral mean?
Administration of a drug by injection
Both toxic and allergic effects are known as _____ effects
Adverse
TB is transmitted ______________
Airborne
What kind of reaction is when an immune mediated response by the body against the drug and is not necessarily related to dose
Allergic
What does AHFS stand for?
American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information
What does ASRT stand for?
American Society of Radiologic Technologists
What type of medications are used in conjunction with antianxiety drugs for conscious sedations?
Analgesic
_____________ medications are prescribed more frequently that any other medication on the market.
Analgesic
An immediately life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction is known as _______________?
Anaphylaxis
What are the 2 general phases of FDA drug testing?
Animal Studies and Human Studies
______________ is used in patients who have experienced an acute ischemic event to the heart or brain
Anti-platelet
Classification of drugs used to block SA node, AV node, HIS perkinje systems is ____________
Antiarrhythmic
________________ medications are those drugs that affect the electrical conduction system of the myocardium
Antiarrhythmic
________________ medications assist in lower the blood pressure to safe, long-term goals Antihypertensive
Antihypertensive
________ may cause a patient to experience an unpleasant state of tension forewarning danger.
Anxiety
What is a single celled organism lacking a nucleus and organelles called?
Bacteria
What are the main medication classes that are used for conscious sedation in the radiology department?
Barbiturate, Benzodiazepine, Opiate Analgesic
Most common contrast agents
Barium and Iodine
Does a C-I drug have more or less potential for abuse than a C-V drug?
More
Three main opiates given for conscious sedation?
Morphine, Meperidine, and Fentanyl
Which schedule of drugs has high abuse potential and no currently accepted medical use?
C-I
Which schedule allows for over the counter purchasing?
C-V
What do opiate analgesic medication stimulate to decrease pain perception?
CNS opioid Receptors
__________ is a positively charged particle
Cation
_______ incompatiblility is when two drugs are combined but chemically destroy their activity
Chemical
A ___ is a sensory nerve cell activated by chemical stimuli.
Chemoreceptor
_________________ is used to opacify the gallbladder and is taken by tablet
Cholebrine
Someone getting an MRI procedure may experience this phobia?
Claustrophobia
What are the levels of medical asepsis in order from least affective to most affective?
Cleanliness, disinfection, and surgical asepsis
Respiratory depression due to overdose of a narcotic can be reversed by giving the drug________
Naloxone
What is the most hazardous route a drug can be given?
Parental Route
For iodine contrast, what are the routes of administration
Parental and Enteral
______________ are organisms capable of causing disease
Pathogens
What is a techs primary concern when with HIPAA compliance?
Patient Confidentiality
What are the two main reasons people don't want to undergo MRI procedures?
Physical Condition of MRI and Emotional Turmoil
What does PDR stand for?
Physician desk reference
Patients at risk for acute renal failure after contrast injection?
Pre-existing renal compromise, diabetes, dehydration
What is an order for a medication called?
Prescription
_________ is used to flush lines.
Saline
What is the guidelines which determine what techs should or should not do under certain circumstances?
Scope of practice
ROCM can lead to sickling of red blood cells as a result of osmotic fluid shifts in patients who suffer from _____________?
Sickle Cell Anemia
______ effect is considered a predictable pharmaologic action on body systems other than the action intended
Side Effect
What is the difference between conscious sedation and general anesthesia?
The Dose
____ level is the plasma concentration at which a drug produces toxic effects
Toxic
_____ is the extension of pharmacologic action and is directly related to dose
Toxicity
True/False: If a health care facility requires an employee to perform procedures beyond that employees educational expertise, the employee is actually liable for all professional activity.
True
True/False: The number of technologists performing venipuncture is increasing.
True
True/False: Verbal orders must have written documentation.
True
Is it always necessary to wash your hands when you have used the bathroom or after helping a patient during an exam?
Yes!
Non ionic is _______ osmolarity
low
________________ is a blood clot in a inflamed veing
thrombophlebitis
Skin infections are transmitted by _______.
Direct Contact
______ is the relative concentration required to produce that effect.
Potency
When a drug is injected subcutaneously, what should be the angle of the needle insertion?
90 degrees
Patients with HIV can be asymptomatic for as long as _____ years.
10
What is the time for collecting system to enhance in a normal patient after IV contrast? _____ rapid, ______ normal
15 rapid, 30 normal
In what year was venipuncture added to the ASRT's scope of practice description for radiographers?
1991
What year was HIPAA put into affect?
1996
In order to visualize the vascular lumen with normal x-ray exposure, the blood iodine concentration must be within the range of ___________ mg/ml
280-370 mg/ml
How many times should you read the label of a drug before administraering?
3 times
In oliguric ARF, urine output does not exceed ___ ml/day.
400
What is the atomic number of iodine?
53
Bariums atomic number is
56
When is intramuscular method used?
Drug is too irritating to give subcutaneous
______ of action is the period from the onset of action of action when the response is no longer preceptible
Duration
What can result from large amounts of barium sulfate being aspirated?
Death, pneumonitis and granulomas of lung tissue & lymph nodes
The two effects of overuse of a diuretics are __________________and _________________
Dehydration and Kidney Failure
What is lasix?
Diuretic to treat fluid retention
_____________ are frequently referred to as "water pills"
Diuretics
What drug to increase heart contractions?
Doubutamine
DEA stands for
Drug Enforcement Agency
Subcutaneous method is when?
Drug is given beneath the skin, above the muscle
True/False: A tech who x-rays a patient with a dislocated hip and then proceeds to reduce the dislocation is performing within his scope of practice.
False
True/False: All state laws referring to nuclear medicine techs have statements authorizing these techs to perform venipuncture.
False
___ is a new agent for treating hypertensive emergencies and used to prevent ROCM induced renal dysfunction.
Fenoldompam
If a patient overdoses on Midazolam what should be given to them?
Flumazenil
What drug is given to reverse the effects of anti anxiety drugs?
Flumazenil
A contaminated chin rest on a chest board is an example of a _______.
Fomite
FDA stands for
Food and Drug Administration
What is the risk of barium remaining in GI tract?
Forms fecolith, constipation, intestinal obstruction, laceration
____________ is an old contrast they used
Gastroview
What is the official name given to the active ingredient found in a particular drug product?
Generic Name
Who accredits programs as our radiology program?
JCERT
What does JRCERT stand for?
Joint Review Committee on education in radiologic technology
Medications that require a prescription are called ________ ___________
Legend drugs
How many people who experience anxiety attacks when undergoing a MRI had previous psychiatric illness?
Less than 1%
What does LD50 stand for?
Lethal dose to 50% of subjects
Should be administer a drug prepared by someone else?
No
Should be you give MEDICINE WITH AN UNLABELED CONTAINER?
No
Hospital acquired diseases are known as ____________ infection
Nosocomial
Enteral means ___________
Oral
Most common route for administering drugs?
Oral
What are the different routes for administering drugs?
Oral, Sublingual, Topical, Rectal, Parental, Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, IV
____________Controls distribution and movement of water between body compartments(number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water)
Osmolality
___________ is the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution
Osmolarity
__________ is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis
________ occurs as a sudden unexpected intense attack of apprehension sometimes accompanied by physical symptoms such as agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, and shortness of breath.
Panic Disorder
Signs and symptoms of ___________ ___________ include fever, tachycardia, diaphoresis, agitation, nervousness, and emotional instability.
Thyroid Storm
What is a unicellular organism, ingested and transmitted through contaminated feces?
Protozoa
Keeping members of a household from spreading infection is called?
Quarantine
_____________ is Radiopaque Contrast Media derives from triiodinated benzoic acid
ROCM
What is the cause of pain at an injection site?
Rate of injection
When are rectal routes used to give medications
Stomach is non retentive or traumatized, medicine has objectionable taste or odor,
What is fecolith?
Stone in stool
What is the term for administration of drugs placed under the tongue?
Sublingual
_______ index is the measure of the relative safety of a drug.
Therapeutic
The ratio of median lethal dose to median effective dose
Therapeutic index
What is another reason patients who are having a MRI performed get anxiety?
They fear what the MRI procedure may determine
_______________medication used to activatey break up a newly formed clot
Thrombolytic
_________ medication is used to treat hypothyroidism
Thyroid
Charting should tell accurate, chronologic history of events as they occur under the supervision of medical professionals. True or False?
True
Controlled substances should be verified in count at the beginning and end of the shift?
True
Drugs have a specific affinity for their specific receptors on a cell surface or within a cell (T/F)
True
If it takes a lethal dose to obtain a therapeutic effect, you make kill your patient at the same time(T/F)
True
Linen can be a dangerous fomite.
True
Not all medications have a generic name. T or F?
True
Radiopaque drugs are considered legend drugs? T or F
True
True/False: A tech can administer sedation to patients as long as there is a physicians order.
True
True/False: Educational standards should be met by all personnel practicing in the field of medical imaging.
True
Why do brain tumors enhance with contrast?
Tumors lack a blood brain barrier (pathologic tissues are more permeable)
An example of a reservoir for infection?
Typhoid mary
What is done to improve delivery of contrast to small arteries?
Vasodilator
______________ are used to improve delivery of ROCM to small arteries that may be inaccessible otherwise.
Vasodilators
Antibiotics are rarely given for ______ infections because they are usually resistant to them.
Viral
What contrast agent is approved for use in children over one year old and is safe for most intravascular procedures such as coronary angiography, CT, IVP, and venography?
Visipaque (Iodixanol)