Pharmacology Review

Barium chemical Formulat

BaSO4

What is the antianxiety agent that is used commonly in the radiology department for conscious sedation?

Barbiturate

What contrast is a suspension type? ___________ _____________

Barium Sulfate

Combining opiates with ______ may produce synergistic effects.

Benzodiazepines

What keeps contrast from entering normal CNS

Blood Brain Barrier

Name of drug used as a marketing tool

Brand Name

BNDD stands for

Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs

_____________ drugs are extremely toxic compouds designed to kill off rapidly growing cells in the body.

Chemotherapy

What does the C in the schedules stand for (C-I, C-II, C-III...)

Controlled Substance

Medications that have a high potential for abuse are generally placed in

Controlled substance schedules

The primary route of iodine excretion is

(Kidneys) renal latency--> tubular structures--> calyces--> pelvis--> ureter--> --> bladder--> urethra

What percentage of ARF cases occur after ROCM angiography?

2%

Patients at risk for _______________ following intravascular ROCM administration include those with preexisting renal compromise, diabetes with concomitant renal dysfunction, or dehydration.

ARF

Anthrax is transmitted ______________

Airborne

_________ diminish the response

Antagonists

____________medications are used to treat clinical depression that results from neurotransmitter deficiencies.

Antidepressant

Agents used to kill fungal organisms are ________________

Antifungal

__________medications block histamine from producing adverse effects; such as, itching, inflammation, repiratory distress and oallergic reaction

Antihistamines

_____________medications are used to prevent and treat seizure disorders

Antiseizure (anticonvulsant)

What is the term for a medication applied to the skin in order to decrease the number of microorganism?

Antiseptic

A medication used to treat acute and chronic anxiety states is __________ _____________

Anxiety Medication

What is the term for the slight pulling of the syringe plunger to check if the needle is in the blood vessel?

Aspiration

What is lipodystrophy?

Atrophy or hypertrophy of subcutaneous fat tissue

Affinity also means _______

Attraction

______ dose is the dose required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population Effective

Effective

Imaging technologists are not required to place the informed consent in the patients chart?

False

Needles must always be recapped before disposing them in a sharps container.

False

Some drugs are completely safe (T/F)

False

T or False. It is not the diameter of a needle but the length and depth of insertion that cause pain?

False

True/False: Some techs practice across different lines of specialization, but they must hold credentials in each area of specialization.

False

True/False: The Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Nuclear Medicine Technology does not identify venipuncture as a component of nuclear medicine technologists scope of practice.

False

True/False: The patient's chart is a legal document belonging to the patient.

False

Using standard precautions are only used when you know the patient is ill.

False

What is tachycardia?

Fast heart rate

What is a common phobia that radiology or any patients may fear?

Fear of needles

Tuberculin, allergens, and local anesthetics are best delivered by which route of injection?

Intravenous

What drug is given to reverse respiratory distress?

Naloxone

____________ medication stimulate CNS receptors known as opioid receptor and cause a decrease in the perception of pain.

Narcotic

When using an image for an educational program, you must not include what, because it is a violation of what?

Patient or hospital ID, HIPAA violation

______ ______ concentration is the highest plasma concentation attained from a dose

Peak Serum

_________ is the study of how the effects of a drug are manifested

Pharmacodynamics

________________ is the study of drugs in the living systems

Pharmacology

What is a drug that keeps the patient calm that they should take the night before and morning of a radiographic exam?

Phenobarbital

What is a psychological condition that consists of irrational fear leading to avoidance?

Phobia

ROCM cross the ____________ and should not be used in pregnant women unless benefits far exceed the risks.

Placenta

_________ are biologic sites located on a cell surface or within a cell

Receptors

What does a antihistamine do?

Relieves allergic reactions

What is an anesthetic?

Removes sensation of pain

List the five rights of drug administration

Right Patient Right Drug Right amount/dose Right time Right route

______ is when two drugs act together to give a greater than expected response

Synergism

Who is accountable for injections?

Technologists

ACR stands for

The American College of Radiology

What can happen if the dose is too high of the sedatives for conscious sedation?

The patient's ability to breath on their own will be gone

___________ ___________ are used to treat pain associated with muscle spasm Muscle relaxants

Muscle Relaxants

______________ are macroscopic forms of fungi

Mushrooms

True/False: It is common for techs to administer drugs to patients without a physician present?

True

Rabies are transmitted by a ___________

Vector

_______ are intracellular parasites that cannot live outside a living cell

Viruses

_____________ and ____________ are microscopic forms of fungi.

Yeasts and molds

Are technologists responsible for their safety as a healthcare worker?

Yes

_______ is a negatively charged particle

anion

What does radiopacity of iodine contrast depend upon

Concentration

What is a drug-induced relaxation allowing the patient to tolerate unpleasant procedures?

Consicous Sedation

What is generally stored near any patient care area to help if something were to happen to the patient while undergoing care?

Crash Cart

___________ is a drugs ability to initate biologic acivity as a result of such binding

Efficacy

The term for a heart rhythm disturbance characterized by electrical impulses without cardiac contraction is ___________________ ___________________?

Electromechanical disassociation

_______ act as catalysts responsible for initating biochemical reactions

Enzymes

An example of an agonist would be _______ used for bronchospasm

Epinephrine

The abbreviation qh means that the drug should be delivered at what interval?

Every 4 hours

________ ___________ is the time required for the current serum drug concentration to decline by 50%

Half Life

Comprehensive textbook that discusses physical and chemical stability of injectable drugs when combined with another.

Handbook on Injectable drugs

What does HIPAA stand for?

Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act

Doubutamine increases the strength of the __________

Heart

What is the most life threatening and common infection acquired by hospital workers?

Hepatitis

Ionic has high or low osmolality

High

To whom does the patient chart actually belong?

Hospital

Parenteral means _______

IV

What route cannot be used for barium

IV (parental)

Patients with diabetes mellitus Type 1 require ____________

Insulin

What is the term for injections made into the upper layers of the ski, almost parallel to the skin surface?

Intradermal

What is the modern way to separate patients with infection in the hospital called?

Isolation

What are examples of topical medications forms?

Lotions, Tincture, Spray, and Wet Dressing

What would be the change in technique for iodine

Low kVp <80

________ cells are connective tissue cells that contain the chemical histamine, leukotriene, esonophil

Mast

What does general anesthesia require that conscious sedation doesn't?

Mechanical Ventilation

______ of action is the method by which a drug elicits effects

Mechanism

Deals with reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual.

Medical Asepsis

A tech who fails to assist a patient that is lying flat on his back and vomiting resulting in the patient aspirating and going into respiratory arrest is guilty of what?

Medical Negligence

What is the failure to do something that a reasonable person of ordinary prudence would do in a certain situation?

Medical Negligence

What is a breach of duty to adhere to a standard of care?

Medical malpractice

Patients receiving _____________ should have the drug held for 48 hours after receiving radiopaque contrast.

Metformin

What is the most important thing to do before giving a patient any type of sedation?

Accurate Medical History

_______________is probably the most common analgesic in use today

Acetaminophen

What does ARF stand for?

Acute Renal Failure

What does the term parenteral mean?

Administration of a drug by injection

Both toxic and allergic effects are known as _____ effects

Adverse

TB is transmitted ______________

Airborne

What kind of reaction is when an immune mediated response by the body against the drug and is not necessarily related to dose

Allergic

What does AHFS stand for?

American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information

What does ASRT stand for?

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

What type of medications are used in conjunction with antianxiety drugs for conscious sedations?

Analgesic

_____________ medications are prescribed more frequently that any other medication on the market.

Analgesic

An immediately life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction is known as _______________?

Anaphylaxis

What are the 2 general phases of FDA drug testing?

Animal Studies and Human Studies

______________ is used in patients who have experienced an acute ischemic event to the heart or brain

Anti-platelet

Classification of drugs used to block SA node, AV node, HIS perkinje systems is ____________

Antiarrhythmic

________________ medications are those drugs that affect the electrical conduction system of the myocardium

Antiarrhythmic

________________ medications assist in lower the blood pressure to safe, long-term goals Antihypertensive

Antihypertensive

________ may cause a patient to experience an unpleasant state of tension forewarning danger.

Anxiety

What is a single celled organism lacking a nucleus and organelles called?

Bacteria

What are the main medication classes that are used for conscious sedation in the radiology department?

Barbiturate, Benzodiazepine, Opiate Analgesic

Most common contrast agents

Barium and Iodine

Does a C-I drug have more or less potential for abuse than a C-V drug?

More

Three main opiates given for conscious sedation?

Morphine, Meperidine, and Fentanyl

Which schedule of drugs has high abuse potential and no currently accepted medical use?

C-I

Which schedule allows for over the counter purchasing?

C-V

What do opiate analgesic medication stimulate to decrease pain perception?

CNS opioid Receptors

__________ is a positively charged particle

Cation

_______ incompatiblility is when two drugs are combined but chemically destroy their activity

Chemical

A ___ is a sensory nerve cell activated by chemical stimuli.

Chemoreceptor

_________________ is used to opacify the gallbladder and is taken by tablet

Cholebrine

Someone getting an MRI procedure may experience this phobia?

Claustrophobia

What are the levels of medical asepsis in order from least affective to most affective?

Cleanliness, disinfection, and surgical asepsis

Respiratory depression due to overdose of a narcotic can be reversed by giving the drug________

Naloxone

What is the most hazardous route a drug can be given?

Parental Route

For iodine contrast, what are the routes of administration

Parental and Enteral

______________ are organisms capable of causing disease

Pathogens

What is a techs primary concern when with HIPAA compliance?

Patient Confidentiality

What are the two main reasons people don't want to undergo MRI procedures?

Physical Condition of MRI and Emotional Turmoil

What does PDR stand for?

Physician desk reference

Patients at risk for acute renal failure after contrast injection?

Pre-existing renal compromise, diabetes, dehydration

What is an order for a medication called?

Prescription

_________ is used to flush lines.

Saline

What is the guidelines which determine what techs should or should not do under certain circumstances?

Scope of practice

ROCM can lead to sickling of red blood cells as a result of osmotic fluid shifts in patients who suffer from _____________?

Sickle Cell Anemia

______ effect is considered a predictable pharmaologic action on body systems other than the action intended

Side Effect

What is the difference between conscious sedation and general anesthesia?

The Dose

____ level is the plasma concentration at which a drug produces toxic effects

Toxic

_____ is the extension of pharmacologic action and is directly related to dose

Toxicity

True/False: If a health care facility requires an employee to perform procedures beyond that employees educational expertise, the employee is actually liable for all professional activity.

True

True/False: The number of technologists performing venipuncture is increasing.

True

True/False: Verbal orders must have written documentation.

True

Is it always necessary to wash your hands when you have used the bathroom or after helping a patient during an exam?

Yes!

Non ionic is _______ osmolarity

low

________________ is a blood clot in a inflamed veing

thrombophlebitis

Skin infections are transmitted by _______.

Direct Contact

______ is the relative concentration required to produce that effect.

Potency

When a drug is injected subcutaneously, what should be the angle of the needle insertion?

90 degrees

Patients with HIV can be asymptomatic for as long as _____ years.

10

What is the time for collecting system to enhance in a normal patient after IV contrast? _____ rapid, ______ normal

15 rapid, 30 normal

In what year was venipuncture added to the ASRT's scope of practice description for radiographers?

1991

What year was HIPAA put into affect?

1996

In order to visualize the vascular lumen with normal x-ray exposure, the blood iodine concentration must be within the range of ___________ mg/ml

280-370 mg/ml

How many times should you read the label of a drug before administraering?

3 times

In oliguric ARF, urine output does not exceed ___ ml/day.

400

What is the atomic number of iodine?

53

Bariums atomic number is

56

When is intramuscular method used?

Drug is too irritating to give subcutaneous

______ of action is the period from the onset of action of action when the response is no longer preceptible

Duration

What can result from large amounts of barium sulfate being aspirated?

Death, pneumonitis and granulomas of lung tissue & lymph nodes

The two effects of overuse of a diuretics are __________________and _________________

Dehydration and Kidney Failure

What is lasix?

Diuretic to treat fluid retention

_____________ are frequently referred to as "water pills"

Diuretics

What drug to increase heart contractions?

Doubutamine

DEA stands for

Drug Enforcement Agency

Subcutaneous method is when?

Drug is given beneath the skin, above the muscle

True/False: A tech who x-rays a patient with a dislocated hip and then proceeds to reduce the dislocation is performing within his scope of practice.

False

True/False: All state laws referring to nuclear medicine techs have statements authorizing these techs to perform venipuncture.

False

___ is a new agent for treating hypertensive emergencies and used to prevent ROCM induced renal dysfunction.

Fenoldompam

If a patient overdoses on Midazolam what should be given to them?

Flumazenil

What drug is given to reverse the effects of anti anxiety drugs?

Flumazenil

A contaminated chin rest on a chest board is an example of a _______.

Fomite

FDA stands for

Food and Drug Administration

What is the risk of barium remaining in GI tract?

Forms fecolith, constipation, intestinal obstruction, laceration

____________ is an old contrast they used

Gastroview

What is the official name given to the active ingredient found in a particular drug product?

Generic Name

Who accredits programs as our radiology program?

JCERT

What does JRCERT stand for?

Joint Review Committee on education in radiologic technology

Medications that require a prescription are called ________ ___________

Legend drugs

How many people who experience anxiety attacks when undergoing a MRI had previous psychiatric illness?

Less than 1%

What does LD50 stand for?

Lethal dose to 50% of subjects

Should be administer a drug prepared by someone else?

No

Should be you give MEDICINE WITH AN UNLABELED CONTAINER?

No

Hospital acquired diseases are known as ____________ infection

Nosocomial

Enteral means ___________

Oral

Most common route for administering drugs?

Oral

What are the different routes for administering drugs?

Oral, Sublingual, Topical, Rectal, Parental, Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, IV

____________Controls distribution and movement of water between body compartments(number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water)

Osmolality

___________ is the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution

Osmolarity

__________ is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Osmosis

________ occurs as a sudden unexpected intense attack of apprehension sometimes accompanied by physical symptoms such as agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, and shortness of breath.

Panic Disorder

Signs and symptoms of ___________ ___________ include fever, tachycardia, diaphoresis, agitation, nervousness, and emotional instability.

Thyroid Storm

What is a unicellular organism, ingested and transmitted through contaminated feces?

Protozoa

Keeping members of a household from spreading infection is called?

Quarantine

_____________ is Radiopaque Contrast Media derives from triiodinated benzoic acid

ROCM

What is the cause of pain at an injection site?

Rate of injection

When are rectal routes used to give medications

Stomach is non retentive or traumatized, medicine has objectionable taste or odor,

What is fecolith?

Stone in stool

What is the term for administration of drugs placed under the tongue?

Sublingual

_______ index is the measure of the relative safety of a drug.

Therapeutic

The ratio of median lethal dose to median effective dose

Therapeutic index

What is another reason patients who are having a MRI performed get anxiety?

They fear what the MRI procedure may determine

_______________medication used to activatey break up a newly formed clot

Thrombolytic

_________ medication is used to treat hypothyroidism

Thyroid

Charting should tell accurate, chronologic history of events as they occur under the supervision of medical professionals. True or False?

True

Controlled substances should be verified in count at the beginning and end of the shift?

True

Drugs have a specific affinity for their specific receptors on a cell surface or within a cell (T/F)

True

If it takes a lethal dose to obtain a therapeutic effect, you make kill your patient at the same time(T/F)

True

Linen can be a dangerous fomite.

True

Not all medications have a generic name. T or F?

True

Radiopaque drugs are considered legend drugs? T or F

True

True/False: A tech can administer sedation to patients as long as there is a physicians order.

True

True/False: Educational standards should be met by all personnel practicing in the field of medical imaging.

True

Why do brain tumors enhance with contrast?

Tumors lack a blood brain barrier (pathologic tissues are more permeable)

An example of a reservoir for infection?

Typhoid mary

What is done to improve delivery of contrast to small arteries?

Vasodilator

______________ are used to improve delivery of ROCM to small arteries that may be inaccessible otherwise.

Vasodilators

Antibiotics are rarely given for ______ infections because they are usually resistant to them.

Viral

What contrast agent is approved for use in children over one year old and is safe for most intravascular procedures such as coronary angiography, CT, IVP, and venography?

Visipaque (Iodixanol)