PHC6146 Quiz 2 FINAL

18) What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality?

Anonymity exists when no one including planners can relate individual identification with program participation, while confidentiality is when planners know of participants identities but have promised not to release these identities.

9) What are some techniques planners can use to enhance the first day of implementation? What does it mean to kick off a program? What is included in a monitoring program?

Utilizing existing events to play off of such as new years or the first day of school, bring attention to the program on a positive note, and aim for media coverage. To kick off a program is am extension of promotion of the programs first day of implementation. A monitoring program is an ongoing collection and analysis of data to ensure the program is running smoothly and operating as planned.

9) What are some considerations in the selection of an evaluation design presented in this chapter? What considerations can you add to this list?

What type of design to use, what type of measurements will be created and how and how to control for external and internal validity. I would add making sure expectations are realistic.

4) What is the underlying concept of community organization?

locality development, social planning, and social action

* Purposes of promotion

to inform, persuade, reinforce, differentiate

10) What are factors to consider when choosing pretesting methods?

You must take into account the aspect of the marketing strategy which is being tested, the topics being explored, the amount of money available, and the program timeline.

1) What is meant by the term community?

a collective body of individuals identified by a common characteristic such as geography, interests, experiences, concerns, or values. Have membership, common symbol systems, share values and norms, mutual influence, share needs, and share emotional connection.

6) What are the three major categories of resources that need to be managed during implementation?

Financial resources, technical resources, and human resources.

8) Describe how to best work with a creative team to execute a promotional strategy.

First you must pick one, or a few agencies for which you want to work with. Then you ask for examples and narrow down your choice for which you proceed on having a discovery meeting. This is a vital step where a creative brief details the background, priority population, purpose, benefits, place, price, and communication preferences from which the creative team will develop draft ideas for the campaign. The drafts will be created after an estimate agreement is signed. Teaks and reworks of the creative teams promotional campaign materials will require additional funding will increase costs so it is important that the discovery meeting and creative brief are detailed.

What are logic models?

Display planned work and intended results Graphically represent relationships between a programs activities and intended effects States assumptions underlying expectations that program will work Frame context in which program operates Not meant to be static

1) Define the following terms: market, marketing, and social marketing.

1) social marketing: uses marketing principles to design programs that facilitate voluntary behavior change for the purpose of improved personal or societal well-being 2) market: the set of all people for whom may have an interest in the product or program 3) marketing: is defined as a set process for creating, communicating, and delivering value to consumer (consumer based planning approach) 4) consumer based programs: a program which is based on the priority population needs, wants, desires and preferences.

3) How are technical assistance, volunteers, teamwork, and cultural factors associated with program personnel?

*technical assistance provide expertise in an area volunteers contribute by completing tasks that would otherwise cost money. -Teams are responsible for the output of the whole group -Good size: 5-12 members Forming: orientation stage. Establish ground rules, define purpose of team, team structure, logistics. Need to feel welcome and develop a consensus Storming: members have different opinions about team goals, procedures. Teams may disband. Norming: understand each others roles, establish closer relationships Performing: constructive action Adjourning: team has reached its goal, may disband Reforming: may refocus on other tasks

What are the major components of logic models

- Inputs: Resources available for work - Program Activities: what processes, actions are part of the program implementation - what will bring about change/results - Outputs: Results of the program activities - how do you know your work is making the difference you want? Short, mid, long-term - Assumptions/Contextual Factors: Thoughts about how program will work - environment in which program exist and external factors - conditions of which little/no control exists

6) Describe the six elements that make social marketing approach unique from other planning approaches?

1) Consumer orientation: 2)Audience segmentation: 3) Exchange theory: buyers have needs, sellers can fulfill those needs if they offer a product at a cost the buyer is willing to pat. 4) The marketing mix: 5) Competition: 6) Continuous monitoringL

List and describe the six steps in the CDC's framework for program evaluation.

1) Engaging stakeholders 2) Describing the program 3) Focusing the evaluation design 4) Gathering credible evidence 5) Justifying conclusions 6) Ensuring use and sharing lessons learned

List and describe the four evaluation standards in CDC's framework for program evaluation.

1) Utility standards ensure that information needs of evaluation users are satisfied 2) Feasibility standards ensure that the evaluation is viable and pragmatic 3) Propriety standards ensure that evaluation is ethical 4) Accuracy standards ensure that the evaluation produces findings that are considered correct.

5) What are some of the assumptions under which planners work when organizing a community?

1) communities can develop the capacity to deal with their own problems 2) people want to change and can change 3) people should participate in making, adjusting, or controlling the major changes taking place in their communities 4) a holistic approach can successfully deal with problems which a fragmented approach cannot 5) Frequently communities of people need help in organizing to deal with their needs

4) Define the terms: ownership, flex time, vendor, and canned programs.

1) ownership- program ownership os a feeling of invest personal investment in the program to garner support 2) flex time- a work plan in which someone works partially during company time and personal time to equal the amount of regular hours per week worked 3) vendor- companies which sell programs, services, or consulting to group wanting health promotion programs (may be non profit or for profit) (producers that sell to program planners) 4) canned program- one that has been developed by an outside group and includes the basic components necessary and the materials necessary to implement it

11) What are the differences among primary, secondary, and potential building block assets?

1) primary building blocks- most accessible assets, located in the neighborhood and under control of those in the neighborhood ex individual buisnesses, religious organizations 2) secondary building blocks- assets located in the neighborhood but largely controlled by those outside of the neighborhood ex. police, public schools, parks 3) potential building block assets- least accessible assets located outside of the community and controlled by those outside the community ex. welfare expenditures, public information

7) What are the four P's of marketing? Explain each one.

1) product- what planners are providing to meet the needs and wants of consumers, this is also the benefits of a program 2) price- what it costs consumers to acquire, access, and use the product and its associated benifits 3) place- where the consumer can access the product or program 4) promotion- the communication strategy including the message, visuals, graphics, and channels with are used to inform the priority population of the product or program, how to access it and what benefits it has.

6) What are the basic steps in the community organizing and building process?

1) recognize issue 2) gain entry into community 3) organizing people 4) assessing the community 5) determine priorities and set goals 6) arrive at solution and select intervention strategies 7) implement the plan 8) evaluate outcomes of the plan of action 9) maintain outcomes in the community 10) looping back

10) What is a budget? What are the major components of a budget?

A budget is estimated cost and gains with an itemized listing of the nature of each, it allocates funds to achieve desired outcomes. Revenue and suport and expenditures

6) What are the advantages of using a control group? What types of evaluation design do not use control groups? What is the difference between a control group and a comparison group?

A control group is used to ensure effects are a result of the program instead of confounding variables. You may not use a control group if it is not possible, practical or ethical to assign a control group. For example withholding life saving medication. A comparison group is assigned when a control group cannot be assigned a comparison group is used this group parallels the the experimental group as much as possible.

3) What is the difference cost- benefit analysis and cost effectiveness analysis? Which is more appropriate for use in health promotion programs?

A cost benefit analysis looks at the dollar amount yields received by dollars invested in the program, ie how much you will save for every dollar spent. A cost effectiveness analysis relates to how much it costs to produce a certain effect, generally it looks for the most cost efficient ways for change and generally measures how much change you will derive for each dollar spent.

11) What is the difference between direct and indirect costs? How is each calculated?

A direct cost os the portion of cost directly tied to providing the product or service and is put in a budget as the actual estimate in dollars. A indirect cost is indirectly expended in providing a product or service, this is to capture overhead cost such as space, insurance, administrative fees, phone bills. calculated as a percent of the total costs usually between 10 and 50%

2) What are the fundamental differences between formative and process evaluation?

A formative evaluation looks at a programs content quality and program implementation. A process evaluation looks out how the program protocol was implemented namedly if it was as intended. This is relied on to replicate the program.

8) What is meant by the term gatekeeper?

A gatekeeper is a member of the community who are power brokers, they know their communities, how they function, and how to accomplish tasks within. They may formally or informally control the political climate in the community or have great influence over it.

9) What is the difference between a needs assessment and a capacities and assets assessment?

A needs assessment identifies the deficiencies in the community, whereas a capacities and assets assessment identifies strengths which can be built upon in community building.

9) What is meant by the term profit margin?

A profit margin is the percent of financial gain after expenses have been paid. If a program has a fee for participation it is whats left over after the expenses are covered.

7) What is the difference between a task force and a coalition?

A task force is a self contained group of doers that is not ongoing, a coalition is a more formal alliance which works together towards a common goal in a more longterm manner.

13) What is an ethical issue? What are the three ethical principles associated the Belmont Report?

An ethical issue is one where competing values are at play and program planners must make a judgement call. The Belmont reports principles are respect for persons, beneficence and justice.

What different types of information could an evaluation provide for the various stakeholders (planners, funding source, administrators, and participants)?

An evaluation can show concrete evidence of the programs effectiveness and determine the worth of a program. It can show tangible benefits, and gain information to make decisions and help plan for success. Improve program implementation and provide accountability for funders.

In what type of situation would an internal evaluation be more appropriate than an external evaluation?

An internal evaluation is an in house evaluation and would be for a situation such as a local health department this takes advantage of already being familiar with the program and know the decision making styles and timeline, being able to communicate results more frequently and clearly. External evaluations are done by someone outside of the program for a non biased opinion it can help provide a fresh perspective and a professional manner.

Briefly describe how each of the following timetables can be used: Basic time line Task development time line Gantt chart PERT chart Critical path method

Basic time line: A generic line with general steps to creating the program. Can be used to create an implementation plan, represent dates, time spans, or sequences of events for the program. Task development time line: Identifies tasks that need to be completed and the time they need to be completed. Could be used like a calendar. Gantt: similar set up but instead shows time spans within the timeline like little bars. TIMELINE PERT chart: complex diagram &timetable not often used in public health Critical path method: Provides more of a graphical view of task which predicts how long they will take and when they should be completed by. Highlights critical tasks to stay on time.

16) How can program planners reduce their risk of liability?

Be aware of legal responsibilities and professional standards ,keep your knowledge and skills up to date, maintain certification, and require everyone to have certifications, provide a safe environment, purchase liability insurance.

5) Name at least five different qualitative methods of evaluation and describe each.

Case studies, in depth examination of a unit such as individual. Content analysis, systematic review identifying specific characteristics of messages. In depth interview, formal interviews with participants. Participant observer studies, those where evaluators observe and participate in what they are observing. Ethnographic studies, a compilation of interviews and observation used to study a group or individual. Historical analysis, a systematic review of historical accounts. Focus group interviewing, interviewing a preselected focus group in a discussion based situation.

2) How does community organization relate to community empowerment?

Community organization is efforts to coordinate services, and various methods of interventions to address health problems. Specifically its the process by which community groups are helped to identify common problems, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies to meet a collective goal. It reflects the principle of meeting the community where they are to create a sense of community ownership of program and action.

8) What is the difference between experimental, quasi experimental, and non-experimental designs?

Experimental- offers greatest control over confounding variables. This involves random assignment and control groups with pretest and posttest values, is the most reliable. Quasi experimental- results in interpret and supportive evidence but usually cannot control for all factors and this can affect validity. there is no random assignment. Uses a comparison group. Non experimental- Uses pretest and posttest measures among a group of participants without a control or comparison group, has little control over confounding variables and bias.

*Types of pre-testing

Focus groups: group discussion and brainstorming several people at once however group discussions could sway individual opinions Central location intercept: Surveys: Allow a lot of feedback but it is limited and doesn't allow for interaction Qualitative methods allow interaction with the priority population and are usually preferred

Formative vs. Summative Evaluation

Formative evaluation relates to quality assessment and program improvement. Summative evaluation pertains to determining effectiveness.

2) What is the relationship between formative research and needs assessment?

Formative research is used to determine what is wanted/preferred by the priority population and what competition currently exists, while a needs assessment determines the needs of a priority population.

8) List and explain the different means by which health promotion programs can be funded.

Grants, gifts/donors, cost sharing,organization/agency sponsorhsip,cooperative agreements, participation fees,third party support.

17) What implications does HIPPA have for planners?

HIPPA created standards of privacy of individual identifiable health information, setting standards for health plans, health care providers to guard against the misuse of individually identifiable health information. Creates standards which are backed by civil and criminal penalties.

10) What is meant by the term informed consent?

Having participants fully aware of any relevant program information, making sure they comprehend the information, and obtaining voluntary agreement free of coercion and influence to participate.

10) Threats to Internal Valudity

History Maturation: muscle strength in teems Testing Instrumentation Statistical Regression Selection Attrition: weight loss, those who lost most drop out Interaction Compensations Equalization of Treatments Compensation Rivalry Resentful Demoralization Social Desirability Expectancy Effect: self-defeting ways Hawthorne Effect Placebo effect

What is meant by the term implementation?

Implementation is the act of converting planning goals and objectives into action through a systematic management structure, activities, policies, procedures, regulations, and organizational actions of a new program. Basically it is converting your plan into a physical reality.

14) Where can you find the code of ethics for the health education profession?

In the appendix of the textbook also online.

7) What is the difference between internal validity and external validity?

Internal validity is the degree to which change that was measured can be attributed to the program, this allows evaluators to speak with confidence on the program making a difference. External validity is the extent to which the program can be expected to produce the same results in a different population.

11) What is meant by implementation science? What is its relationship to evidence based interventions?

Is the study of how interventions which are successful in one setting can then be applied in another setting. This is related to evidence based interventions by using components of programs which have been successful and adopting or adapting them to use the previous study as evidence for the potential of success.

7) Why is professional development so important to human resource management?

It allows for trainings and education of employees to keep up with the ever-changing society and to build skills both personally and professional to keep includes motivated.

10) What is meant by mapping community capacity?

It is a process which assets are categorized into groups based on their availability to the community.

Why is it important to begin the evaluation process in the program planning stages?

It is important to have the evaluation in the planning stage to help gain stakeholders. It is also important to have baseline data to then have to compare to. Early results of evaluations can help to improve the program. Also having a evaluation plan in the beginning helps to make collecting data easier and more reliable.

1) List the 14/15 elements of a comprehensive formative evaluation and describe when in the design and implementation process they are most appropriately applied.

Justification & evidence, capacity, resources, consumer orientation, multiplicity & support, inclusion, accountability, adjustment, recruitment & reach & response, interaction & satisfaction, process, fidelity, dose, context.

12) What can program planners do to ensure the health and safety of program participants?

Mandating a consent and liability waiver as well as a medical clearance. In addition there needs to be built in safety nets such as safe locations, security of information, first aid products on hand, and hazard free areas.

15) What is negligence? What is the difference between an act of omission and an act of commission?

Negligence is failing to act on a prudent manner. Omission is not doing something when you should, and commission is doing something you shouldn't have such as leading a exercise class you are not qualified for.

6) How might program planners obtain free or inexpensive space for a program?

Partnering with churches, schools, or community centers. Must be wary of hidden costs.

Name and briefly describe the five phases of implementation presented in this chapter.

Phase 1: Adoption of the Program Program creation and its introduction into the population for use. Phase 2: Identifying and Prioritizing the Tasks to Be Completed Break down program into smaller more manageable tasks, also creating a timeline. Phase 3: Establishing a System of Management Create a management system to ensure the program runs smooth and effectively (human resources, financial and technical management). Phase 4: Putting plans into action Pilot to phasing in the program in segments until completely implemented. Phase 5: Ending or Sustaining a Program Determine program length and develop sustainability if possible, if not conclude the program.

What are some of the more common problems associated with or barriers to effective evaluation?

Planners fail to build evaluation into the program from the planning process. Having adequate resources for appropriate evaluation, organizational restrictions, effects are hard to measure because they are small or come slowly, not having enough time for evaluations, or restrictions on data collection, or evaluators motives

Explain how feedback from an evaluation can be used in program planning.

Preliminary evaluations can help to shape and improve a program. An evaluation can create baseline data.

9) What are the purposes of pretesting?

Pretesting is vital in ensuring that the program planners developed a product which reflects and responds to the needs, wants and expectations of the priority population. It helps to identify any possible red flags and increase the possibility of program success.

4) What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative evaluations? When would one method be more appropriate than the other? How could they be combined in an evaluation design?

Quantitative evaluations in nature tend to produce hard numbers as a result such as ratings scores or classifications. This could be post test scores on nutrition knowledge. Qualitative methods are inductive methods which produces narrative data such as words and descriptions, and describe individual outcomes. Qualitative data can be used to help prove motivation and help gain understanding while quantitative data is used to show trends and provide proof.

1) What are the major categories of resources that planners need to consider when planning a health promotion program?

Resources are the human fiscal and technical assets available to pan implement and execute and evaluate a program. Personnel, Curriculum and other instructional resources, Space, Equipment, Supplies, and Financial resources.

7) What is SAM? What is it used for?

SAM is the suitability assessment of materials instrument. Categorizes as superior, adequate, or not suitable in relation to if materials are suitable for use in the priority population.

4) What are some factors to use when segmenting your priority population? Which ones are most important?

Segmentation can be based off of epidemiological data from literature, or from primary data such as surveys, interviews, or focus groups. Factors to segment by are demographic variables such as age, sex, SES, religion, income, marital status, ethnicity, occupation and gender. With an emphasis on Demographic, Geographic, Behavioral, and Psychosocial variables.

3) How does segmenting your priority population help you in planning?

Segmentation works by breaking up the priority population into smaller more homogenous groups with similar characteristics in order to have a similar response to a program. This helps narrow down a market strategy, increases efficiency, and helps planners make decisions on when to offer the product, how to make it affordable and attainable, and what communication channels to use to best serve the priority population.

3 ) From which discipline did community organization originate?

Social workers used community organization to emphasize consensus and cooperation to deal with community problems.

What are the desirable characteristics of an external evaluator (evaluation consultant)?

Someone who is unbiased, credible, and values objectivity.

5) What has to happen in order for an exchange to take place between a planner and the priority population?

The creation of a trade of a product from the seller to the buyer at a reasonable price the buyer is willing to pay with minimal effort.

5) What is meant by the term management?

The process of working with and through others to achieve objectives and goals of the program/organization in a effective and ethical manner.

19) What are procedural and participant manuals? When should they be used?

These manuals are used to ensure that those involved with the program understand its parameters, standardize the intervention so it can be replicated, provide ideas for facilitation, provide additional background information, provide citations and resources. They help to participants organize the information in a clear manner and give them all the material in one convenient place, as can serve as a reference.

5) What are some key questions that planners should ask vendors when they try to sell their product?

They should take into account the first contact, if the vendor seemed prepared, is the product of quality, are they qualified and professional, does the vendor have the technological capacity, does the vendor have evaluation and reporting capacities, what is the cost vs. value, are there any general concerns ie. do they have liability insurance and are they a good fit for the program.

20) Why is it so important that those who implement planned interventions be trained well to do so?

To maintain fidelity and make sure that materials tailor made for the program are not wasted, it can be replica-tied, and proper implementation is necessary to conduct evaluation.

What are the two basic purposes of program evaluation?

To value the worth or value of a health promotion program based on a predetermined criteria or standards of success identified by stakeholders, also to improve a program. 1) Gain information and 2) make decisions.

2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using internal personnel? External personnel.

advantages of internal personnel is that they are familiar already with the areas of interest, and they typically cost less, they are more likely to hold biases. External personnel can be brought in to cover a gap between what can be provided internally and what is needed. They are often expensive and require time to be obtained versus someone who is already there, however they are less likely to be biased.