PHI 215 Final Exam

Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is ____________.

God

According to Stace, free acts must be ________.

those whose immediate causes are psychological states in the agent

According to Rawls, all social values (opportunity, liberty, income, wealth, etc.) are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution is _____.

to everyone's advantage

Pessimists regarding life's meaning believe that life can have no meaning if _____.

external meaning is nonexistant

Locke rejected the notion of ____________.

innate ideas

Searle believes that understanding Chinese (or any other language) is _____.

not merely a matter of symbol manipulation

The view that God and the universe are one and the same thing, a divine whole.

pantheism

Libertarians contend that real freedom is not just the power to act if we will to act, but ______.

power over the will itself

According to Marx, the _________________ are many but own nothing, serving only as workers in the capitalist system.

proletariat

Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence _____.

reason can decide nothing

Under _____, people are rewarded according to their needs, not by how well or how hard they work.

socialism

An a priori statement is a statement...

that can be known independently of or prior to experience

What was Immanuel Kant's "Copernican Revolution?

that objects conform to the mind

Searle argues that the Chinese room thought experiment shows that _____.

the claims of strong AI are not plausible

The issue of what mental phenomena are and how they relate to the physical world.

Mind-body problem

The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

Socrates

The view that a free action is caused by an agent (person) is called _________.

agent causation

Which of the following was not recommended (in our text) by Marx as a means to enable socialism where capitalism already exists?

Free healthcare for every citizen

The view that the mind is the functions that the brain performs.

Functionalism

The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was _____.

Hypatia

Chalmers's zombie is not like the zombies found in Hollywood movies.

True

Van Inwagen rejects compatibilism.

True

According to Sartre, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, and that being is __________.

man

In The Republic, Plato argues that the only kind of society that can ensure people get their due is a _____.

meritocracy

QuestionCorrect MatchSelected Match What is real? How do we know what we know? Dogs are more beautiful than cats. Which objects or persons are the most important?

What is real? b. Metaphysics How do we know what we know? e. Epistemology Dogs are more beautiful than cats. d. Aesthetics Which objects or persons are the most important? a. Axiology

According to Smart, the report of an "after-image" or "ache" is a report of _____.

a brain process

According to Rawls, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with _____.

a similar liberty for others

According to Descartes he is...

an immaterial, thinking thing

What does Marx call the group of people who own the means of production in a society?

bourgeoisie

Taylor believes that simple determinism allows us to have a plausible form of free will.

False

Taylor thinks that soft determinism is true to our moral intuitions.

False

The view that not every event is determined by preceding events and the laws of nature.

Indeterminism

Paley says that every indication of contrivance that exists in the watch exists in ____________.

the works of nature

According to Kant, noumena is...

the world, in itself, outside our experience

Albert Camus said, "Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy."

True

Feminists intend to point out, not that the relationships between men and women are inherently political, but that politics has failed to address the nature of these relationships.

True

Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in _____________.

a mind

According to James, a live option is _____.

a real possibility to someone

The following is an example of an analytic statement:

all bodies are extended

For Plato, beauty is _____.

an Idea or Form

James maintains that the desire for a certain kind of truth can _____.

bring about the special truth's existence

Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths he had learned as a youth were ___________.

false

According to Fodor, in the functionalist view the psychology of a system depends not on the stuff it is made of but on _____.

how the stuff is put together

According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is ___________.

impossible

According to Locke, a man in the state of nature will relinquish his absolute freedom to the state because _____.

in the state of nature the enjoyment of his freedom is very uncertain and vulnerable

The Consequence Argument is supposed to establish ________.

incompatibilism

Which of the following is not one of the four Noble Truths?

life is impermanent

The ultimate aim of all Buddhist practice and the final liberation to which all the Buddha's teachings point:

nirvana

Nagel believes that knowledge of what it is like to be a bat can be acquired through scientific investigation.

False

Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of a Christian God.

False

The view that mind and body are completely independent of one another and interact causally.

Cartesian dualism

Who said, "Most of us would say without hesitation that a person's life had meaning if we knew that he devoted himself to a cause"?

Edwards

The notion that mental properties do not cause anything, but merely accompany physical processes.

Epiphenomenalism

The doctrine that every object and event in the world is physical.

Materialism

According to Hobbes, in the condition of man in which there is a state of war of everyone against everyone, every man has a right to _____.

Everything

The view that mental properties are nonphysical properties arising from, but not reducible to, physical properties.

Property dualism

"I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentimentsthat differentiate me from a doormat."

Rebecca West

Traditionally art has been defined as _____.

representation

Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is_____.

representational

Which of the following is not one of the three fundamental aspects of Buddhist life?

right speech

According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch _____________.

shows purposefullness

Communism usually implies:

socialism within a totalitarian system

The view that the aesthetic properties of an art object are solely in the eye of the beholder is known as _____.

subjectivism

Feminist postmodernists refuse to accept which basic tenet of feminist standpoint theory?

that there can be a single privileged perspective from which to aquire knowledge

_____ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.

the Appeal to Ignorance

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.

the Appeal to Popularity

A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.

the Socratic Method

Internalists believe they can have meaningful lives without relying on

the concepts of God and transcendant realms

According to Taylor, hard determinism conflicts with _________.

the fact of deliberation and our sense that some actions are up to us

According to Locke, every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to everyone of that society to submit to the determination of _____.

the majority

Locke's purpose is to enquire into ___________.

the origin and extent of human knowledge

According to the text, what are the two principal answers to whether life has any meaning for us?

the pessimist's view and the optimist's view

According to Locke, the chief end of men's uniting into a commonwealth is _____.

the preservation of their property

The difficulty of justifying the assumption that the future will be like the past is known as _____________.

the problem of induction

According to Rawls, behind the veil of ignorance, the principles of justice are _____.

the result of a fair agreement or bargain

Feminist standpoint theory says that different social groups have distinctive kinds of knowledge acquired through...

unique experiences

For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for _____.

what's true and real

Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist _____.

you win infinite happiness and lose nothing

What is 'the causal closure of the physical'?

The principle that the world is a closed system of physical processes and effects.

The Challenge of reconciling determinism with our intuitions or ideas about personal freedom is known as _____.

The problem of free will

In a socialist system wealth is controlled by the state, which allocates it for the good of the people generally.

True

Internalists say that anyone can have a meaningful life without relying on the concepts of God or transcendent realms.

True

Many believe that unless a divine entity or transcendent reality has provided the world with ultimate purpose or value, life is meaningless.

True

Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker - even if we had never seen a watch made.

True

Taylor rejects soft determinism.

True

The concept of "the meaning of life" is, in common usage, vague and slippery.

True

According to Hobbes, whenever and wherever men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, there is _____.

War

A statement that is not analytic is ____________.

a synthetic statement

In ________________, wealth goes to anyone who can acquire it in the marketplace.

capitalism

The purging of the emotions of pity and fear by experiencing them vicariously in a theatrical context is known as. _____.

catharsis

An important formal characteristic of art is_____.

coherence

The view that although determinism is true, our actions can still be free.

compatibilism

___________ hold that determinism is necessary for free will; an undetermined choice, they say, would be random and uncontrolled by the agent.

compatibilists

Chalmers argues that his zombie is _____.

conceivable

a belief in one God who created the world but left it unattended to run on its own.

deism

Kant wants us to believe that logical and mathematical concepts...

depend on the innate structure of our minds

The doctrine that every event is determined or necessitated by preceding events and the laws of nature is known as _________.

determinism

According to Hobbes, the definition of injustice is _____.

disobedience to a sovereign

Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be ___________.

dreaming

Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.

epistemology

The philosophical study of knowledge is known as:

epistemology

The guiding principle of the socialist view is __________.

equality

The view that we are justified in believing something only if it is supported by sufficient evidence:

evidentialism

Anselm argues that a being which exists in reality is greater than a being that ____________.

exists only in the understanding

Hume had maintained that knowledge of the world comes entirely from _____________.

experience

Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from _____________.

experience

Leo Tolstoy says that art is _____.

expression

Baggini says that almost all deniers of meaning in life really seem to be rejecting only the idea that life has _____.

external meaning

James says that a genuine option is _____.

forced, live, and momentous

The view that art is defined by its form is known as _____.

formalism

Block's Chinese brain argument is meant to show that _____.

functionalism is false

Chalmers's zombie twin is identical to him _____.

functionally and psychologically

The universal principle that our actions result in deserved pleasure or pain in this life or the next:

karma

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.

knowledge

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____.

logic

According to Eve Browning Cole, feminist empiricism maintains that philosophers and scientists need to be told to ___________.

look again

The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as _____.

metaphysics

According to d'Holbach, people always act according to ________.

necessary natural laws

Hume says that beauty is _____.

no quality in things themselves

Plato's view is that true beauty is _____.

not of this world

Incompatibilists believe that compatibilist freedom is ________.

not real freedom

Incompatibilists believe that compatibilist freedom is _________.

not real freedom

Barkeley insists that heat and cold are ________.

only sensations existing in our mind

The view that although God and the world are distinct, the world is part of God.

panentheism

According to d'Holbach, all the mental and moral attributes that people think are evidence for an immaterial soul are in fact ___________.

purely physical and natural

The branch of science that provides a counterexample to the notion that every even has a cause is known as __________.

quantum physics

According to Nagel, an organism has conscious mental states if and only if _____.

there is something that it is like to be that organism

"...an idea can be like nothing but an idea; a colour or ficure can be like nothing but another colour or figure. If we look but ever so little into our thoughts, we shall find it impossible for us to conceive a likeness except only between our ideas." "...when our senses do actually convey into our understandings any idea, we cannot but be satisfied that there doth something at that time really exist without us. which doth affect our senses, and by them give notice of itselfto our apprehensive faculties, and actually produce that idea which we then perceive..." "...I was persuaded that there was nothing in all the world, that there was no heaven, no earth, that there were no minds, nor any bodies: was I not then likewise persuaded that I did not exist? Not at all..." "When we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connectio; and quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and reders the one an infallibe consequesnce of the other." "Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind. It is, therefore, just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add to the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is, to bring them under concepts. These two power s or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise."

"...an idea can be like nothing but an idea; a colour or ficure can be like nothing but another colour or figure. If we look but ever so little into our thoughts, we shall find it impossible for us to conceive a likeness except only between our ideas." G. Berkeley "...when our senses do actually convey into our understandings any idea, we cannot but be satisfied that there doth something at that time really exist without us. which doth affect our senses, and by them give notice of itselfto our apprehensive faculties, and actually produce that idea which we then perceive..." C. Locke "...I was persuaded that there was nothing in all the world, that there was no heaven, no earth, that there were no minds, nor any bodies: was I not then likewise persuaded that I did not exist? Not at all..." E. Descartes "When we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connectio; and quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and reders the one an infallibe consequesnce of the other." D. Hume "Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind. It is, therefore, just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add to the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is, to bring them under concepts. These two power s or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise." F. Kant

According to a recent poll, what percentage of secular, nonreligious, or atheistic people thought their lives had an important meaning or purpose?

83%

Descartes believes that the very fact that he is thinking shows that __________.

He exists

What is Aristotle's view of the possibility of immortality?

He rejects it.

The view that mental states are identical to physical brain states.

Identity theory