PHI 215 Final Exam
Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is ____________.
God
According to Stace, free acts must be ________.
those whose immediate causes are psychological states in the agent
According to Rawls, all social values (opportunity, liberty, income, wealth, etc.) are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution is _____.
to everyone's advantage
Pessimists regarding life's meaning believe that life can have no meaning if _____.
external meaning is nonexistant
Locke rejected the notion of ____________.
innate ideas
Searle believes that understanding Chinese (or any other language) is _____.
not merely a matter of symbol manipulation
The view that God and the universe are one and the same thing, a divine whole.
pantheism
Libertarians contend that real freedom is not just the power to act if we will to act, but ______.
power over the will itself
According to Marx, the _________________ are many but own nothing, serving only as workers in the capitalist system.
proletariat
Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence _____.
reason can decide nothing
Under _____, people are rewarded according to their needs, not by how well or how hard they work.
socialism
An a priori statement is a statement...
that can be known independently of or prior to experience
What was Immanuel Kant's "Copernican Revolution?
that objects conform to the mind
Searle argues that the Chinese room thought experiment shows that _____.
the claims of strong AI are not plausible
The issue of what mental phenomena are and how they relate to the physical world.
Mind-body problem
The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.
Socrates
The view that a free action is caused by an agent (person) is called _________.
agent causation
Which of the following was not recommended (in our text) by Marx as a means to enable socialism where capitalism already exists?
Free healthcare for every citizen
The view that the mind is the functions that the brain performs.
Functionalism
The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was _____.
Hypatia
Chalmers's zombie is not like the zombies found in Hollywood movies.
True
Van Inwagen rejects compatibilism.
True
According to Sartre, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, and that being is __________.
man
In The Republic, Plato argues that the only kind of society that can ensure people get their due is a _____.
meritocracy
QuestionCorrect MatchSelected Match What is real? How do we know what we know? Dogs are more beautiful than cats. Which objects or persons are the most important?
What is real? b. Metaphysics How do we know what we know? e. Epistemology Dogs are more beautiful than cats. d. Aesthetics Which objects or persons are the most important? a. Axiology
According to Smart, the report of an "after-image" or "ache" is a report of _____.
a brain process
According to Rawls, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with _____.
a similar liberty for others
According to Descartes he is...
an immaterial, thinking thing
What does Marx call the group of people who own the means of production in a society?
bourgeoisie
Taylor believes that simple determinism allows us to have a plausible form of free will.
False
Taylor thinks that soft determinism is true to our moral intuitions.
False
The view that not every event is determined by preceding events and the laws of nature.
Indeterminism
Paley says that every indication of contrivance that exists in the watch exists in ____________.
the works of nature
According to Kant, noumena is...
the world, in itself, outside our experience
Albert Camus said, "Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy."
True
Feminists intend to point out, not that the relationships between men and women are inherently political, but that politics has failed to address the nature of these relationships.
True
Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in _____________.
a mind
According to James, a live option is _____.
a real possibility to someone
The following is an example of an analytic statement:
all bodies are extended
For Plato, beauty is _____.
an Idea or Form
James maintains that the desire for a certain kind of truth can _____.
bring about the special truth's existence
Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths he had learned as a youth were ___________.
false
According to Fodor, in the functionalist view the psychology of a system depends not on the stuff it is made of but on _____.
how the stuff is put together
According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is ___________.
impossible
According to Locke, a man in the state of nature will relinquish his absolute freedom to the state because _____.
in the state of nature the enjoyment of his freedom is very uncertain and vulnerable
The Consequence Argument is supposed to establish ________.
incompatibilism
Which of the following is not one of the four Noble Truths?
life is impermanent
The ultimate aim of all Buddhist practice and the final liberation to which all the Buddha's teachings point:
nirvana
Nagel believes that knowledge of what it is like to be a bat can be acquired through scientific investigation.
False
Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of a Christian God.
False
The view that mind and body are completely independent of one another and interact causally.
Cartesian dualism
Who said, "Most of us would say without hesitation that a person's life had meaning if we knew that he devoted himself to a cause"?
Edwards
The notion that mental properties do not cause anything, but merely accompany physical processes.
Epiphenomenalism
The doctrine that every object and event in the world is physical.
Materialism
According to Hobbes, in the condition of man in which there is a state of war of everyone against everyone, every man has a right to _____.
Everything
The view that mental properties are nonphysical properties arising from, but not reducible to, physical properties.
Property dualism
"I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentimentsthat differentiate me from a doormat."
Rebecca West
Traditionally art has been defined as _____.
representation
Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is_____.
representational
Which of the following is not one of the three fundamental aspects of Buddhist life?
right speech
According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch _____________.
shows purposefullness
Communism usually implies:
socialism within a totalitarian system
The view that the aesthetic properties of an art object are solely in the eye of the beholder is known as _____.
subjectivism
Feminist postmodernists refuse to accept which basic tenet of feminist standpoint theory?
that there can be a single privileged perspective from which to aquire knowledge
_____ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.
the Appeal to Ignorance
The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.
the Appeal to Popularity
A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.
the Socratic Method
Internalists believe they can have meaningful lives without relying on
the concepts of God and transcendant realms
According to Taylor, hard determinism conflicts with _________.
the fact of deliberation and our sense that some actions are up to us
According to Locke, every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to everyone of that society to submit to the determination of _____.
the majority
Locke's purpose is to enquire into ___________.
the origin and extent of human knowledge
According to the text, what are the two principal answers to whether life has any meaning for us?
the pessimist's view and the optimist's view
According to Locke, the chief end of men's uniting into a commonwealth is _____.
the preservation of their property
The difficulty of justifying the assumption that the future will be like the past is known as _____________.
the problem of induction
According to Rawls, behind the veil of ignorance, the principles of justice are _____.
the result of a fair agreement or bargain
Feminist standpoint theory says that different social groups have distinctive kinds of knowledge acquired through...
unique experiences
For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for _____.
what's true and real
Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist _____.
you win infinite happiness and lose nothing
What is 'the causal closure of the physical'?
The principle that the world is a closed system of physical processes and effects.
The Challenge of reconciling determinism with our intuitions or ideas about personal freedom is known as _____.
The problem of free will
In a socialist system wealth is controlled by the state, which allocates it for the good of the people generally.
True
Internalists say that anyone can have a meaningful life without relying on the concepts of God or transcendent realms.
True
Many believe that unless a divine entity or transcendent reality has provided the world with ultimate purpose or value, life is meaningless.
True
Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker - even if we had never seen a watch made.
True
Taylor rejects soft determinism.
True
The concept of "the meaning of life" is, in common usage, vague and slippery.
True
According to Hobbes, whenever and wherever men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, there is _____.
War
A statement that is not analytic is ____________.
a synthetic statement
In ________________, wealth goes to anyone who can acquire it in the marketplace.
capitalism
The purging of the emotions of pity and fear by experiencing them vicariously in a theatrical context is known as. _____.
catharsis
An important formal characteristic of art is_____.
coherence
The view that although determinism is true, our actions can still be free.
compatibilism
___________ hold that determinism is necessary for free will; an undetermined choice, they say, would be random and uncontrolled by the agent.
compatibilists
Chalmers argues that his zombie is _____.
conceivable
a belief in one God who created the world but left it unattended to run on its own.
deism
Kant wants us to believe that logical and mathematical concepts...
depend on the innate structure of our minds
The doctrine that every event is determined or necessitated by preceding events and the laws of nature is known as _________.
determinism
According to Hobbes, the definition of injustice is _____.
disobedience to a sovereign
Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be ___________.
dreaming
Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____.
epistemology
The philosophical study of knowledge is known as:
epistemology
The guiding principle of the socialist view is __________.
equality
The view that we are justified in believing something only if it is supported by sufficient evidence:
evidentialism
Anselm argues that a being which exists in reality is greater than a being that ____________.
exists only in the understanding
Hume had maintained that knowledge of the world comes entirely from _____________.
experience
Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from _____________.
experience
Leo Tolstoy says that art is _____.
expression
Baggini says that almost all deniers of meaning in life really seem to be rejecting only the idea that life has _____.
external meaning
James says that a genuine option is _____.
forced, live, and momentous
The view that art is defined by its form is known as _____.
formalism
Block's Chinese brain argument is meant to show that _____.
functionalism is false
Chalmers's zombie twin is identical to him _____.
functionally and psychologically
The universal principle that our actions result in deserved pleasure or pain in this life or the next:
karma
For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.
knowledge
The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____.
logic
According to Eve Browning Cole, feminist empiricism maintains that philosophers and scientists need to be told to ___________.
look again
The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as _____.
metaphysics
According to d'Holbach, people always act according to ________.
necessary natural laws
Hume says that beauty is _____.
no quality in things themselves
Plato's view is that true beauty is _____.
not of this world
Incompatibilists believe that compatibilist freedom is ________.
not real freedom
Incompatibilists believe that compatibilist freedom is _________.
not real freedom
Barkeley insists that heat and cold are ________.
only sensations existing in our mind
The view that although God and the world are distinct, the world is part of God.
panentheism
According to d'Holbach, all the mental and moral attributes that people think are evidence for an immaterial soul are in fact ___________.
purely physical and natural
The branch of science that provides a counterexample to the notion that every even has a cause is known as __________.
quantum physics
According to Nagel, an organism has conscious mental states if and only if _____.
there is something that it is like to be that organism
"...an idea can be like nothing but an idea; a colour or ficure can be like nothing but another colour or figure. If we look but ever so little into our thoughts, we shall find it impossible for us to conceive a likeness except only between our ideas." "...when our senses do actually convey into our understandings any idea, we cannot but be satisfied that there doth something at that time really exist without us. which doth affect our senses, and by them give notice of itselfto our apprehensive faculties, and actually produce that idea which we then perceive..." "...I was persuaded that there was nothing in all the world, that there was no heaven, no earth, that there were no minds, nor any bodies: was I not then likewise persuaded that I did not exist? Not at all..." "When we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connectio; and quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and reders the one an infallibe consequesnce of the other." "Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind. It is, therefore, just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add to the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is, to bring them under concepts. These two power s or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise."
"...an idea can be like nothing but an idea; a colour or ficure can be like nothing but another colour or figure. If we look but ever so little into our thoughts, we shall find it impossible for us to conceive a likeness except only between our ideas." G. Berkeley "...when our senses do actually convey into our understandings any idea, we cannot but be satisfied that there doth something at that time really exist without us. which doth affect our senses, and by them give notice of itselfto our apprehensive faculties, and actually produce that idea which we then perceive..." C. Locke "...I was persuaded that there was nothing in all the world, that there was no heaven, no earth, that there were no minds, nor any bodies: was I not then likewise persuaded that I did not exist? Not at all..." E. Descartes "When we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connectio; and quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and reders the one an infallibe consequesnce of the other." D. Hume "Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind. It is, therefore, just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add to the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is, to bring them under concepts. These two power s or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise." F. Kant
According to a recent poll, what percentage of secular, nonreligious, or atheistic people thought their lives had an important meaning or purpose?
83%
Descartes believes that the very fact that he is thinking shows that __________.
He exists
What is Aristotle's view of the possibility of immortality?
He rejects it.
The view that mental states are identical to physical brain states.
Identity theory
