Era 3

Study this timeline

-Jesus crucified -Paul of Tarsus spreads Christianity throughout Roman world -Emperor Nero begins persecution of Christians -Constantine ratifies Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity -Council of Nicaea produces the Nicene Creed -Clovis led his warriors against another Germanic army -Italian monk named Benedict began writing a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries -Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great, became pope -Charlemagne's Empire was larger than the byzantine Empire and was the most powerful king in Europe. Attacked a mob that attacked the pope -Pope rewarded Otto by crowning him emperor -Lay investiture controversy -Concordat of Worms

What medical advancements were made by Muslims?

A Persian scholar named al- Razi was the greatest physician of the Muslim world. He wrote an encyclopedia called the Comprehensive Book that included Greek, Syrian, Arabic, and Indian sources as well as on his own experience. Al-Razi also wrote Treatise on Smallpox and Measles. He believed patients would recover more quickly with cleaner air.

lay investiture

A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. Whoever controlled lay investiture held the real power in naming bishops who were influential clergy that the kings wanted to control. Church felt the kings should not have power over the church. Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture. The furious young German emperor, Henry IV, immediately called a meeting of the German bishops he had appointed. With their approval, the emperor ordered Gregory to step down from the papacy. Gregory then excommunicated Henry. Afterward, German bishops and princes sided with the pope. To save his throne, Henry tried to win the pope's forgiveness.

Code of Chivalry

A code of conduct that said: knight should devote himself to his earthly feudal lord, his heavenly Lord, and his chosen lady. Knight also protected the weak and the poor. The ideal knight was loyal, brave, and courteous. (Most knights failed because they treated the lower class brutally)

How did Moscow's powerful princes regain Russias power?

A line of Russian princes eventually emerged who got control of three rivers near Russia. Prince Ivan earned the gratitude of the Mongols by helping to crush a Russian revolt against Mongol rule. Because of this, he got appointed, as tax collector of all Slavic lands and he got title of Grand Prince and Ivan Moneybag. He was the most powerful and wealthiest Russian Prince. He convinced the Patriarch of Kiev to move to Moscow. The move improved the city's prestige and gave Moscow princes a powerful ally: the Church. Ivan I used strategies to expand their territory: land purchases, war, trickery, and shrewd marriages. Over time, they gained greater control over the small states around Moscow.

What was the community in the manor like?

A manor usually covered a few square-miles of land and had the lord's house, a church, and workshops. 15-30 families lived in a manor. Pastures surrounded th village. Streams that sometimes ran through the minor provided fish, an important food source. Mill for grinding grain was on the stream. Had the manor house, village church, peasant cottages, lords demese (fields owned by the lord), peasant crofts (gardens that belonged to the peasants), mill, common pasture, woodland Manor was self-sufficient. Produced everything it needed within the manor including good. Only outside purchases were minerals.

Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims

What is the Islam way of life like?

Along with the five pillars of Islam, believers are forbidden to eat pork or to drink intoxicating beverages, friday afternoons are set aside for communal worship. Although there are no priests or central religious authority, Muslims are to worship Allah directly. Islam has a social class called the ulama and they apply the words and deeds of Muhammad to everyday life

How was Roman common language lost?

As German speaking people mixed with the Roman population, Latin changed. While it was still an official language, it was no longer understood. Different dialects were formed which led to French, Spanish, and other Roman based languages. Represents to continued breakup of a once unified empire.

What was Muslim art and architecture like?

As muslims conquered new territory they continued the regions traditions but mixed them with their own. Muslims believed that only Allah could create life so pictures of living being were discouraged. Because of this, many artists turned to calligraphy. Also arts with woodwork, glass, ceramics, and textiles. Architecture was blended with the old inhabitants culture with Muslim culture. Great Mosque Damascus was built on the site of a Christian church. Huge dome and vaulted ceiling of the mosque merged Byzantine architecture with Muslim ideas. In Syrian areas, architecture was very Roman, including features like baths using Roman heating systems. The Great Mosque introduced the Muslim architecture because it used two levels of arches that was created during the construction of earlier Islamic mosques.

What was the importance of conversion of the Slavs by the Byzantine missionaries?

As the West and East grew apart, the two religions competed for converts. Missionaries from the Orthodox church took their form of Christianity to the Slavs. Two of the most successful Eastern missionaries, Saint Methodius and Saint Cyril, worked among the Slavs. Cyril and Methodius invented an alphabet for the Slavic languages. With an alphabet, Slavs would be able to read the Bible in their own tongues. Many Slavic languages, including Russian, are now written in what is called the Cyrillic alphabet.

What was a knights training like?

At age 7, a boy would be sent off to the castle of another lord. As a page, he waited on his hosts and began to practice fighting skills. At around age 14, the page reached the rank of squire. A squire acted as a servant to a knight. At around age 21, a squire became a full-fledged knight. After becoming a knight, some fought in local wars and others participated in tournaments. Two armies of knights charged each other. Rest of society watched. Like real battles, tournaments were fierce and bloody competitions. Winners could usually demand large ransoms from defeated knights.

What were Muhammad's revelations?

At the age of 40, Muhammad was praying in a cave when a voice called to him. The voice was the angel Gabriel telling Muhammad that he was the messenger of Allah Later Muhammad believed that the voice was Allah spoke to him through Gabriel and that he was the last of the prophets. This forced him to begin to teach that people should only worship Allah. People who agreed to this were called Muslims. Islam meaning submission to the will of Allah. Muslim means one who has submitted Muhammad faced trouble because some believed that his religion would cause the rejection of other Arab gods and Mecca would cease to be a pilgrimage center

What was the Hijrah?

Because of violence, Muhammad led a small group of supporters to the town of Yathrib. This migration was known as the Hijrah. This attracted more followers and Yathrib was later named Medina. In Medina, Muhammad: United the Arabs and Jews in Medina as one, converted people as a religious leader, and became a military leader due to the trouble between Mecca and Medina

What was the desert and town life like in the Arabian Peninsula?

Bedouins were organized into groups called clans that provided security and support from the harsh life due to extreme conditions of the desert Bedouin ideals of courage and loyalty to family and warrior skills were crucial to Islamic lifestyle Large oases had fertile soil and enough water to support farming communities. Due to this, Arabs chose to settle in an oasis and town on the western coast became important trading posts

What was Islam's reason for success?

Before Muhammad died his said he wanted to spread the faith to the people of the North. Muslims saw their victories as a sign of Allah's support and drew energy and inspiration from their faith. Willing to fight for a higher power because they believed that that is want Allah wanted. The Muslim armies were disciplined and well commanded but their victories were also due to the fact that the conquered territories had been in conflict for a long time before the Muslims and were simply tired and weak Another reason for Muslim success was the persecution that occured in other peoples territories. This was because the Byzantine and Sassanid Empire did not support Christianity or Zoroastrianism meaning they were already persecuting their own citizens. Persecuted people welcomed their invaders and accepted Islam. They liked the beliefs of Islam which offered equality and hope. Also liked the economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax

How did Gelasius I think that the church and government should rule?

Believed that god had created two symbolic swords. The pope had a spiritual one and the emperor wielded a political one. Also, that though the pope should listen to the emperor in political matters and vise versa. If they kept their authority in their own realm they could share in harmony. This did not happen.

Shari'a

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and sunna and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

What is the prophet Muhammads backstory?

Born into a powerful background and then orphaned Received little schooling, worked in caravan trade, and later became a business manager and married his boss (Khadijah)

What was the plague of Justinian?

Bubonic plague came to Constantinople during the last part of Justinian's reign. Probably arrived from India due to rats of ships. Historians estimate 10,000 people died everyday. By the time it faded, it destroyed a huge percentage of the Byzantine population

How did Charlemagne expand frankish rule?

Built his empire by conquering people (muslims, spaniards, germanic peoples). At the same time he spread Christianity. He reunited with western europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. Charlemagne's empire was larger than the Byzantine empire and he had become the most powerful king. Charlemagne traveled to Rome to defeat a mob attacking the pope. In return the pope crowned him emperor. This was important because it showed that religion was joining with government.

Who were Charlemagne's heirs?

Charlemagne died and left Louis the Pious as emperor. Was very religious but not a strong ruler. He had three sons and they fought for control of the empire. They eventually signed the treaty of Verdun by dividing the empire into three kingdoms. Resulted in Carolingian kings losing power and central authority brock down. This led to feudalism.

How did Charlemagne lead a revival?

Charlemagne strengthened his royal power by limiting authority of the nobles, sending out royal agents to make sure powerful landowners (counts) were ruling justly. He also regularly visited every part of his kingdom and kepr close watch on management of his estates (the source of Carolingian wealth and power) Encouraged learning by learning new languages, opening a school in the palace, and ordered monasteries to open schools to train monks and priests

What was the law of the church like?

Church authority was both religious and political. Church also created a code of conduct. Disregarding social class, all people followed the canon law in matters like marriage or religious practices. Church also created courts that accused people of violated the Canon law. Harshest punishments were excommunication and interdict. Popes used the threat of excommunication to wield power over political matters. A example, a disobedient king's quarrel with a pope might result in excommunication. This meant the king would be denied salvation. Excommunication also freed all the king's vassals from their duties to him. If an excommunicated king continued to disobey the pope, the pope, in turn, could use the interdict. Under interdict, religious services and sacraments could not be performed in the kings lands. As Christians, the king's subjects believed that without such sacraments they might be doomed to hell.

What was the structure of the church like?

Church had its own power based own status. Clergy was the social ranking of the church. Pope was the head of the church. Bishops and priests were under the pope. Bishops supervised the priests and they settled disputes over Church. For most people, priest was main contact with the church.

What were the similarities and differences in the 2 branches of Christianity?

Church split apart in 1054-Western Church became Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Church became Eastern Orthodox Church Similarities: Jesus, bible sacraments, clergy, missionaries Differences: Catholic: Conduct church services, write bible in, and speak Latin, pope had authority over bishops, kings and emperors Orthodox: Conduct church services, write bible in, and speak Greek, patriarch and bishops rule the church as a group

House of Wisdom

Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.

What was the life of noble women like?

Could inherit an estate from her husband. Upon lords request, she could send knights to war. When her husband was off fighting she could be a military commander and a warrior. Noble women sometimes hurled rocks and fired arrows at people trying to attack the castle. In reality, most lives of noble women were limited and were confined to the activities in the home or in the convent. Had little property because nobles passed down their fiefs to sons and not to daughters. Had simple lives with lots of rest and little work. Also very involved in the church Most women were powerless like men but women were considered inferior to men. The church accepted this in feudal society.

How did Kiev decline?

Decline of Kiev started with death of Yaroslav. He made the error of dividing his land among his sons instead of passing the throne to the eldest son. This resulted in division and fighting for territory. Because of this, the system of dividing the kingdom among sons continued. The Crusades (clashes between Christians and Muslims for control of Holy Lands of the Middle East) disrupted trade.

How did religion serve as a unifying force?

During the turmoil in Europe regarding Feudalism and the manor system, people were divided. In the church, everyone had the same beliefs and therefore the church united people together as one. The church was stable during the political unrest and it provided people with a sense of protection and provided a community for them. Even though the lives of Christians were harsh, they followed the same path to salvation by going through sacraments or important religious ceremonies. The village church was a unifying force in the lives of most people. It served as a religious and social center. People worshiped together at the church. They also met with other villagers. Religious holidays, especially Christmas and Easter, were occasions for festive celebrations.

How did rival groups divide muslim lands?

During their rule, the Abbasids increased their authority by consulting religious leaders but they failed to keep control over so much land. Independent muslim states and rulers such as the Fatimid caliphate arose. This was ruled by Shi'a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatima. The caliphate spread but it was still connected to the Abbasid caliphate through religion, trade, language, and the economy.

What was the religious split in the Byzantine Empire like?

Eastern Christianity built on the works of early Church fathers. One was Saint Basil who wrote rules for the life of monks. Saint John Chrysostom was a bishop of of Constantinople and was the patriarch or leading bishop of the East. Still bowed to the emperor. A controversy that tested the emperor's authority over religious emperors broke out. Emperor Leo III banned the use of icons or religious images used by Eastern Christians to aid their devotions. The emperor viewed the use of icons as idol worship. People responded with riots and the clergy rebelled Pope became involved in this Eastern dispute and supported the use of icons. One pope ordered excommunication of a Byzantine emperor. Empress Theodora restored icons to Eastern Churches Differences between the Eastern and Western churches continued to grow. Peak of issues occured when the pope and the patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine. Shortly after, Christianity officially split between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

Faith: To become Muslim, a person has to prove their faith by showing they believe that there is only one god. This statement is repeated in prayers Prayer: Muslims must pray five times a day while facing Mecca. They may assemble at a mosque or wherever they choose. A Muezzin is what calls worshipers to prayer five times a day Alms: Because of the belief that Muslims have a responsibility to support the less fortunate, they have a social responsibility to give alms or money to the poor through religious tax Fasting: During Ramadan, Muslims do not eat between dawn and dusk and can only have a simple meal at the end of the day. This reminds Muslims that spiritual needs are greater than physical needs Pilgrimage: All Muslims, if are physically and financially able, should travel to Mecca at least once. Wear identical garments so that they all stand as equals before Allah

What caused the downfall of the Roman Empire?

Fall of Roman Empire led to the Middle Ages Germanic Invaders caused many changes: Disruption of Trade: Merchants faced land and sea invasions. This caused their business to collapse which negatively affected the Roman cities and caused money to become scarce. Downfall of Cities: Cities were abandoned as centers of administration Population Shifts: Nobles retreated to rural areas and Roman cities were left without strong leadership. Others fled to the countryside where they grew their own food.

What was the harshness of the minor life like?

For the privilege of living on the lord's land, peasants paid a tax on all frain ground in the lords mill. Any attempt to avoid taxes by baking bread somewhere else was treated as a crim. Also a tax on marriage. Weddings could only take place with the lord's consent and after payments to the lord were made, peasant familie sowed the village tithe, or church tax. Tithe was 10% of their income Serfs lived in crowded cottages. Cottages only had one or two rooms. If two rooms, one was used as the kitchen. Second was the family bedroom. Pigs were used to warm the dirt floors and the family slept on straw that crawled with bugs. Peasants meal was simple and plain. Days revolved around raising crops, livestock, and a family. Children were put to work once they were old enough. Many children did not survive adulthood because illness and malnutrition caused death. Life expectancy was 35. Serfs accepted their lives as a part of the churches teachings. Believed god determined a person's place in society.

What was the Reign of Frederick I like?

Frederick I was the first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire. However, this region was actually a patchwork of feudal territories. His forceful personality and military skills enabled him to dominate the German princes. Yet, whenever he left the country, disorder returned. He repeatedly invaded rich cities in Italy. His brutal tactics spurred Italian merchants to unite against him. He also angered the pope, who joined the merchants in an alliance called the Lombard League. the foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted knights at the Battle of Legnano. The Italian foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat feudal knights for the first time in history. Frederick made peace with the pope but his defeat undermined his authority with German princes.

How did German States separate?

German kings after fredrick after tried to revive Charlemagnes empire and his church alliance but this policy led to wars with Italian cities and future clashes with the pope. These conflicts were one reason why the feudal states of Germany did not unify during the Middle Ages. Another reason was that the system of German princes electing the king weakened royal authority.

How did Roman learning decline?

Germanic invaders could not read or write and so as more Roman families left, the quality of learning decreased. Few people except priests and other Roman officials were literate. The knowledge of Greek was almost lost and few people could read Greek. Germanic tribes had long oral tradition but no written language

How did Papal power expand under Gregory I?

Gregory I became pope. Gregory broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope's office, beyond its spiritual role. The papacy also became a secular or worldly power involved in politics. The popes palace was the center of the Roman government. Gregory used church revenues to build armies, prepare roads, and help the poor. Also negotiated peace treaties. Gregory strengthened the vision of Christendom. It was a spiritual kingdom from Rome to the most distant churches. This idea of a churchly kingdom, ruled by a pope, was a central theme of the Middle Ages.

What was the showdown at Canossa?

Henry crossed the snowy Alps to the Italian town of Canossa. He approached the castle w\here Gregory was a guest. The Pope was obligated to forgive any sinner who begged so humbly. Still, Gregory kept Henry waiting in the snow for three days before ending his excommunication. Their meeting actually solved nothing. The pope had humiliated Henry, the proudest ruler in Europe. Yet, Henry felt triumphant and rushed home to punish rebellious nobles.

How do historians know that many knights did not honor the code of chivalry?

Historians know because in the 900's AD, the church proclaimed "The Peace of God". It was a peace movement that specified that certain people could not be attacked by a knight: travellers, priests, women, monks. Also, there was the "Truce of God" which meant that knights could only attack on certain days: No Sundays, no Fridays, no feast days.

How and why did Muhammad return to Mecca?

In 630, Muhammad and 10,00 followers returned to Mecca. Mecca's leaders surrendered and he destroyed the idols in the Ka'aba. The call to prayer was made from the roof Most Meccans pledged their loyalty to Muhammad and converted to Islam. They joined the umma or Muslim religious community

How did Clovis rule the Franks?

In Gaul, Germanic people called the Franks held power. Their leader was Clovis. He brought Christianity to the region. His wife, Clothilde urged him to convert to Christianity. Clovis led his warriors against another Germanic army and fearing defeat, he prayed to the Christian God. Energy shifted and the Franks won. After, Clovis and 3000 warriors asked the bishop to baptize them. Church in Rome welcomed Clovis' conversion and supported his military campaigns. Clovis united the Franks into one kingdom. Allegiance between the Church and the government was important.

What is the Sunni Shi'a split?

In favor of peace, most Muslims accepted Umayyads rule. The group that resisted was called the Shi'a. They believed that the caliph needed to be a descendant of the Prophet. Members of this group are called Shi'ites. Those who supported the Umayyads were later called the Sunni. Another group called the Sufi did not support the Umayyads luxurious lifestyle. They pursued a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path Later opposition towards the Umayyad caliphate let to its downfall. The Abbasids took over

How did the Russian Empire Emerge?

Ivan III became the prince of Moscow and only challenged Mongol rule. He took the name czar, the Russian version of Caesar, and publicly claimed his mission to make Russia the third Rome. He was code, calculating, and ruthless due to his rough childhood. His cautious style created criticism from eager Russians who wanted to break away from the Mongols. After Russia won the standoff, criticism turned to praise. He finally broke off the Mongols by refusing to pay his rulers tribute. Mongol and Russian armies faced each other at the Urga River but neither side advanced. Eventually, Russia won the standoff and both armies went home. This is marked as the liberation from Mongol rule. After this, the czars could openly pursue as an empire.

How was the Imperial Capital created

Justinian ordered the construction of the largest public building program ever. He rebuilt Constantinople and built a 14-mile long stone wall along the cities coastline and rebuild other fortifications. Justinian viewed churches as the most visible sign of the close connection between church and the state in his empire. The glory of his reign was the Hagia Sophia which means holy wisdom in Greek. It was considered to be the best church in the christian world. Also enlarged his palace and built baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals. At this time, Greco-Roman culture was preserved and Byzantine families valued education especially Classical learning. Byzantine students: studied greek and latin grammar and philosophy, memorized homer, learned geometry from Euclid, history from Herodotus, medicine from Galen, and used Greek and Roman literature as textbooks

How did the feudal pyramid work?

King Most powerful vassals (wealthy landowners-nobles and bishops) Knights (mounted horsemen who defended the lord's land in exchange for land) Landless peasants who worked on the field

What were love poems and songs like in the Medieval Era?

Knights duty to his lady as well as to his lord often caused conflict. Troubadours wrote songs about the joys and sorrows of love. Sometimes they would sing to their own lady or sent minstrels to do it for them. Might sing about loves disappointments. Also sang about lovesick knights who loved a woman they could never have. Code of Chivalry created a false image of knights, making them seem more romantic than brutal. In turn, these love songs created an artificial image of women. In the troubadour's eyes, noblewomen were always beautiful and pure. Most celebrated woman was Eleanor of Aquitaine and she had two sons named Richard the Lion-Hearted and John. Richard wrote songs and poems.

How did the technology of medical warfare change?

Knights were used by lord to protect their land. Leather saddles and stirrups changed the way warfare was organized. Saddle kept a warrior firmly seated on a moving horse. Stirrups enabled him to ride and handle heavier weapons. Without stirrups, a charging knights would fall. Mounted knights became the most important part of army.

What happened after Pepin the Short died?

Left his kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles. Carloman died and Charles became known as Charlemagne

How did the Slavs and Vikings live together to form Kiev?

Legends say the Slavs invited the Viking chief Rurik to to be their king. He founded Novgorod, Russia's first important city. Oleg was a nobleman from Novgorod who moved to south Kiev. From Kiev, Vikings sailed by river and sea to Constantinople so that they could trade. Kiev grew into a principality, a small state ruled by a prince. As it did, Viking nobles intermarried with their Slavic subjects and adopted many aspects of Slavic culture. The division between slavs and vikings vanished.

What was Muslim literature like?

Literature had been a tradition in Arabia before Islam. Bedouin poets, reflected the spirit of desert life composed in poems celebrating ideals of life. These themes appear in Islamic poetry. The Qur'an was the standard for all Arabic literature and poetry During the Abbasid caliphate, literary tastes expanded to include poems about nature and the pleasures of life and love. Popular literature was The Thousand and One Nights that was a collection of fairy tales and legends. The frame story tells of King Shahryar, who marries a new wife each day and has her killed the next. When Scheherezade marries the king, however, she tells him fascinating tales for a thousand and one nights, until the king realizes that he loves her.

What is the Dome of the Rock and why is it important?

Located in Jerusalem and is the earliest surviving Islamic monument. Third most holy place in Islam Situated on mount Moriah the site of the Jewish temple that was destroyed by the Romans the spot from which Muslims say Muhammad ascended to heaven to learn of Allah's will. With Allah's blessing, Muhammad returned to earth to bring God's message to all people. Jews identify the same rock as the site where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac.

What were attacks from the east and the west like?

Lombards overran Justinian's conquests in the west. Avars, Slavs and Bulgars made frequent raids on the Northern borders. Sassanid Persians attacked relentlessly in the east. Persians and Avars attack Constantinople first and then the Arab armies. Then the Russians attacked and the Turks took over Muslim world and then went into Byzantine Territory. Used bribes, diplomacy, political marriages, and military power to keep their enemies away. Emperor Heraclius reorganized empire along the military lines. Provinces became military districts. Each was run by a general who reported directly to the emperor. This didn't work forever and the Byzantine empire collapsed unter foreign attacks. The city eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks

How did the concept of government change?

Loyalty to the public government and written law had unified Roman society. Family ties and personal loyalty, rather than citizens in a public state held the Germanic state together. Germanic people lived in small communities that were governed by unwritten rules and traditions. Every Germanic chief led a band of loyal warriors. These followers loved in the Lords Hall. He gave them food, weapons, and treasure. Warriors fought to the death and considered it a disgrace to live without their lord. Germanic warriors felt no obligation to obey a king they did not know. Did not pay taxes or administer justice in the name of someone they had never met. The lack of personal ties made it impossible to establish a orderly government

What was Muslim astronomy like?

Lunar calendar was needed to mark religious periods such as the month of ramadan and the month of the hajj. Studying the stars helped fix the locations of cities so that citizens could face towards Mecca to pray. Also helped guide Muslim traders. Armillary sphere helped calculate the time of day or year by aligning the rings with various stars. This helped set the religious calendar. Muslim observatories were centers of learning. Astrolabe had a fixed "plate" and a rotating "rete." The plate was a map of the sky and the rete simulated the daily movement of the earth in relation to the stars. Using this tool, one could calculate time, celestial events, and relative position. Helped determine where they were in relation to Mecca.

How did Charles Martel Emerge?

Major of the palace had become the most powerful person in the frankish kingdom. Had charge of the royal household and estates, led armies, and made policy. Mayor of the palace was Charles Martel and he held more power than the king. He expanded the Franks region in all direction and defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours/Battle of Poitiers. This was significant for Christian Europeans because: Muslims win: Western Europe might have become a part of the Muslim Empire. Franks win: Charles Martel's victory made him a Christian hero Charles Martel died and passed his power to his son Pepin the Short. Pepin wanted to be king and he shrewdly cooperated with the pope and agreed to fight the Lombards. In exchange, the pope appointed Pipin king by the grace of god. This began the Carolingian Dynasty

What are manors and how did they function?

Manor was the lord's estate. Lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland, and protection. The serfs tended the lord's land, cared for the animals, and performed other tasks to maintain the estate. Peasant women shared farmwork with husband. ALL peasants owed the lord a few days of labor each week and a portion of their grain.

What were the Mongol invasion like?

Mongols came into Russia under rule of Genghis Khan. Reason for attack may have been because they were forced to move out by economic or military street or were lured by wealth. Rode horses across Asia into Europe. Were ruthless and brutal. After Genghis died, his successor continued to conquer and Mongolian empire became huge. Mongols attacked and demolished Kiev under role of Batu Khan, Genghis grandson. Many people were killed in Kiev. After the falloff Kiev, Mongols ruled all of Russia for 200 years and empires official name became "Khanate of the Golden Horde":

How did Abbasids consolidate power?

Moved the capital to Baghdad in central Iraq. This was on key trade routes and gave the caliph access to trade goods, gold, and information. Developed a strong bureaucracy to conduct the hi\uge empires affairs. Treasury kept track of money flow, a special department managed the business of the army, and diplomats were sent to courts in Europe, Africa, and Asia to conduct imperial business. To support this, the government taxes land, imports, exports, and non-Muslims wealth

What are the Rightly Guided Caliphs?

Muhammad had not guided his followers on who to choose as a successor. Because of this, they choose Abu-Baker and he became the first caliph (successor or deputy) The caliphs who used the Qur'an and Muhammad's teachings to rule were known as the rightly guided caliphs. Their rule was called the caliphate After Muhammad's death, some tribes abandoned Islam, refused to pay taxes, and some declared themselves as prophets. For the sake of Islam, Abu-Bakr invoked Jihad. Jihad means striving and can refer to the inner struggle against evil. In the Quran, the word meant and armed struggle against unbelievers. Abu Bakr used this word to encourage and justify the expansion of islam. After Abu Bakr died, Umar the second caliph ordered Muslim armies to conquer Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of the Byzantine Empire. Also conquered parts of the Sassanid Empire. Uthman and Ali continued to expand Muslim territory. Their territory stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus Valley

How did philosophy and religion blend views?

Muslim philosopher Ibn Rushd was criticized for trying to blend Aristotles and Platos views with those of Islam. However, he argued that Greeks and Muslims both wanted the same thing: The truth. Today he is considered one of the most important philosophers yet his ideas were so offensive to islamic ideals that he was once stoned in the Great Mosque of Cordoba and was accused of heresy so some of his books were burned. His worked helped Europe in the revival of Christian scholarship. Moses Ben Maimon a Jewish physician and philosopher blended philosophy religion and science but also faced lots of hate for his ideas. He wrote a book called, The Guide for the Perplexed with blended the three things above.

What advancements in math and science were made by Muslims?

Muslims were good at two things: the reliance on scientific observation and experimentation, and the ability to find mathematical solutions to old problems. Muslims translated Greek texts but did not follow the Greek method of solving problems. Instead of using logical reasoning, Muslims conducted experiments to find an answer. Muslims believed that mathematics was the basis of all knowledge. Al-Khwarizmi, was a mathematician who studied Indian rather than Greek sources. He created algebra. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was a mathematician that wrote a book called Optics which revolutionized ideas about vision. He showed that people see objects because rays pass from the objects to the eyes, not from the eyes to the objects. His studies about optics were used in developing lenses for telescopes and microscopes.

What were Muslim patterns like?

Often used geometric shapes in pottery and architecture. Always symmetrical. Often used Arabesques to decorate the mosque. Arabesque is a complex pattern that includes flowers, leaves, and geometric patterns.

How did Kiev become Orthodox?

Olga, a member of the Kievan nobility, visits Constantinople and converted to Christianity. She ruled Kiev until her son could rule. Her son resisted Christianity but after Olga's grandson Vladimir came to the throne he considered Christianity. The Primary Chronicle reports that Vladimir sent out team to observe Islam, Judaism, and Western Christianity. The report convinced him to make him and all of his subjects convert to Byzantine Christianity. Baptism of all citizens of Kiev was held in Dnieper River. Kiev was already linked to Byzantium by trade and it know looked for religious guidance. Vladimir imported teachers to teach the religion. Orthodox Christianity flourished and Vladimir appreciated the idea of the emperor as supreme ruler of the church. Link between church and government took root in Russia as well.

What are the sources of authority in Islamic religion?

Original source of authority is Allah. He expressed his will through Gabriel. While muhammad lived his followers memorized and recited revelations he received from Gabriel. These revelations were later collected in a book called the Qur'an Only Arabic can be used to worship. Because of this, the Quran was written in Arabic meaning that worshipers and scholars learned arabic and therefore the language united conquered people Muslims believe that Muhammad's mission was to demonstrate how to use the Qur'an in life.To them, the Sunna, or Muhammad's example, is the best model for proper living. The Qur'an and the Sunna are collected in a body of land known as the shari'a. This regulates family life, moral conduct, and business and community life.

Who is Otto I and why did he become allies with the church?

Otto was crowned king and followed the policies of Charlemagne, He formed a close alliance with the church. To limit the strength of the nobles, he sought help from the clergy. Built up his power by gaining support from the bishops and abbots. Dominated the Church in Germany and used his power to deafest German princes. Otto also invaded Italy on the popes behalf and the pope rewarded Otto, crowning him emperor.

What were the lives of peasant women like?

Preformed endless labor in home, in fields, bore children, and took care of families. Found girls learned household skills from their mother unlike rich girls who educated by tutors. Peasant families were poor and powerless yet their economic contribution was essential to the survival of the peasant household. Works hard and doesn't have time to pray very often. Most women were powerless like men but women were considered inferior to men. The church accepted this in feudal society.

What was the role of women in Muslim culture?

Qur'an says that men manage the affairs of women and that good women are obedient but it also says the men and women are equal. The shari'a gave Muslim women specific legal rights regarding marriage, family, and property. Muslim women had more rights than European, Indian women. Even with this freedom, women were expected to submit to men. When a man wanted a divorce, all he had to do was repeat "I dismiss thee" Three times. The wife of a poor man would work in the fields. Wealthier women supervised the household and its servants. They had access too education, and among them were poets and scholars. Disregarding social class, women were responsible for raising children. In the beginning muslim women were allowed to go out in public but later they were forced to live increasingly isolated lives and go out with veils on.

What is Mecca and what was its purpose?

Religious pilgrims came to worship at an ancient shrine called Kaaba Associated this to Abraham who was a hebrew prophet and a believer in one God Over 360 could be worshiped in the Ka'aba Believed in one god named Allah

What was the concordat of worms?

Representatives of the Church and the emperor met in Worm to reach a compromise for lay investiture. They decided the Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment.

How was a new Rome started by the Byzantine Empire?

Roman leaders divided the empire because of the lack of communication between the East and West part of the Empire. Still, eastern emperor saw himself as the emperor of all of Rome Byzantine nobleman Justinian took the throne after his uncle. In hopes to regain Rome's fading glory. Justinian sent Belisarius to recover North Africa from the invading Germanic Tribes. Belarus and his forces quickly succeeded. Belisarius attacked Rome and took it from a group known as the Ostrogoths but the city faced many attacks. Justinian ruled almost all of Italy and parts of Spain. Byzantine emperors ruled with absolute power and head the stat and the the church. Appointed and dismissed bishops at will. Emperors lived under constant risk of assassinations

How and why did Muslim scholarship come about?

Rulers wanted qualified physicians treating the ill, the religious people relied on mathematicians and astronomers to calculate the times for prayer and the direction of Mecca. Also, had a curiosity about the world and a quest for truth. Muhammads strong support for science led to strong support for places of learning of Muslim leaders. After the fall of Rome, Europe entered a period of upheaval and much of the scientific and psychological knowledge was lost. But, Muslim leaders preserved and expanded that knowledge. Both Umayyads and Abbasids encouraged scholars to collect and translate scientific and psychological texts. Al-Ma'mun opened the House of Wisdom.

What were the vikings that invaded from the north like?

Set sail from Scandinavia (now Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and were also called Northmen or Norsemen and were Germanic people. Worshiped warlike gods and took pride in vicious nicknames Vikings were very violent and attacked with speed and then left out to sea again. They attacked and left before the locals could organize a defense. Viking ships usually swept upward at the front with a sea monster at its tip. Were extremely large and could hold 20 tons of weight yet could sail in three feet of water. This allowed them to sail up shallow creeks to loot inland villages and monasteries Vikings also traded, farmed, and explored. Journeyed down rivers into Russia, Constantinople, and across the Atlantic. Leif discovered America 500 years before Columbus. Vikings gradually accepted Christianity and stopped raiding monasteries. Weather warmed in scandinavia and made farming easier. As a result, less people adopted the seafaring life.

What were castle and siege weapons like?

Siege tower (had a platform on top that lowered like a drawbridge and could support weapons and soldiers) Mantlet (Shielded soldiers) Battering Ram Tortoise (moved slowly on wheels and sheltered soldiers from falling arrows Trebuchet (Giant slingshot that propelled things) Mangonel (Propelled rocks that hit castle walls)

What were the simularities between town and desert life?

Similarities: Settled by bedouins Primary allegiance is to the thier town and to their family Both worship gods Polytheistic Differences: Desert: Nomadic, no shrines because they did not settle in one place Town: Sedentary, contained community shrines, important towns including Mecca and Medina

How were the social classes well defined?

Status determined prestige and power. Medieval writers classified people into three groups: those who fought (nobles and knights), those who prayed (men and women of the Church), and those who worked (the peasants). Social class was inherited In the Middle Ages, most people were peasants. Most peasants were serfs. Serfs were people who couldn't legally leave the land. They weren't slaves because they couldn't be bought or sold but the labor produced belonged to the lord.

What were three important environmental features of the Arabain peninsula?

Surrounded by water meaning it is good for trade Desert provided natural barriers against enemies and had an arid climate with oasis' Is in the middle of three continents: Africa, Europe, and Asia

How did the muslim cities rise?

The Abbasids governed during a prosperous time when riches flowed into the empire from international places. Rulers could afford to build luxurious cities, support scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers. As the Muslims empire grew, many cultural traditions of other societies mixed with Muslim culture Until the construction of Baghdad, Damascus was the leading city until the construction of Baghdad. It was also the cultural center of Islamic learning. Cordoba, Cairo, and Jerusalem were also important cities because they symbolized the strength go the caliphate. The Abbasid capital city Baghdad was the site chosen by caliph al-Mansur. City in in the shape of a circle protected by 3 city walls. The caliph's palace of marble and stone sat in the innermost circle, along with the grand mosque. Marketplace was outside walls and main streets were in the middle.

What were the signs of future conflicts under Ottos rule?

The German-Italian empire Otto created was called the Holy Roman Empire. His attempt to revive Charlemagnes empire caused trouble for German leaders

How did the Muslims treat their conquered people?

The Qur'an allowed people to follow their own religions Christians and Jews were known as "people of the book" and received special consideration. They paid a poll tax each year in exchange for exemption from the military duties. Also had restriction like the fact that Christians and Jews were not allowed to spread their religion but they could be officials scholars, and bureaucrats

Where and how did Russia begin to form?

The blending of Greek and Slavic traditions produced Russian Culture First territory was west of Ural Mountains where it has lots of hilly grasslands. North is densely forested, flat, and swampy. Rivers allow boat travel. Three river run from the forest to the Black Sea In early days, the Byzantine Empire inhabited the forests with Slavic farmers and traders. They had no political unity. THe Varangians or Rus who were also vikings settled with the slavs

What was life in the New Rome like?

The eastern side was disconnected from the West and because of this, they didn't speak Latin anymore and instead they spoke Greece Having unified two empires, Justinian wrote a code of laws and removed ones that no longer applied. Code decided legal questions that regulated the Byzantine Empire. It applied to all parts of life Justinian Code had four important parts: The Code: Laws that were still considered useful to the Byzantine Empire The Digest: Summarized the opinions of Rimes greatest legal thinkers about the laws The Institutes: A textbook that told law students how to use the laws The Novellae: New laws that were created

What was Constantinople's hectic pace like?

The main street running through Constantinople was Mese. Merchant stalls lined the main street and filled the side streets. On this street, trading from all different continents occured, food was sold, and entertainment was performed. Citizens could enjoy free entertainment at the Hippodrome, which had chariot races and romance acts. Held 60,000 people. Fans formed gangs based on the colors of the horses they were rooting for Two fan groups started citywide riots called the Nika Rebellions because the mob cried Nika or victory. Both sides were angry with the government because they felt city officials had been too severe in putting down a previous riot of Hippodrome fans. They packed the Hippodrome and demanded the overthrow of Justinian. Belisarius broke in and slaughtered 30,000 rebels. Justinian considered fleeing but his wife Theodora urged him to stay. She was his advisor and had immense power. She met with foreign envoys, wrote to leaders, passed laws, and built churches.

What were Baghdad four social classes?

The upper class consisted of those who were muslims at birth Second class were converts to Islam Third class was the "protected people" and included Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians Lowest class was composed of slaves who were prisoners of war and all were non-Muslim. Slaves performed household work or fought in the military.

Why was Muslim culture described as the ideal man?

The values of many cultures were recognized by the Muslims. The culture was well balanced and ideal because it had a little bit of everything. "The ideal and morally perfect man should be of East Persian derivation, Arabic in faith, of Iraqi education, a Hebrew in astuteness, a disciple of Christ in conduct, as pious as a Greek monk, a Greek in the individual sciences, an Indian in the interpretation of all mysteries, but lastly and especially a Sufi in his whole spiritual life."

What were epic poems in the Medieval Era like?

These poems told a story about a hero deeds and adventures. Song of Roland is one of the earliest and most epic poems. About French soldiers who die during Charlemagne's reign. Makes the event a struggle. Knights were led by Roland battled the Muslims.

What are Islams links to Judaism and Christianity?

To Muslims, Allah is the same god that is worshiped in Christianity and Judaism, view Jesus as a prophet and not the Son of God, believe the Quran is what was revealed to Muhammad by Allah, believe that the Qur'an perfects the earlier revelations, the Qur'an is the final book, and Muhammad was the final prophet. Jews and Christians believe the Torah and the Gospels were revealed to Moses and the New Testament writers. Both believe in heaven, hell, and a day of judgement. Both trace their ancestry to Abraham

What is the history behind monasteries, convents, and manuscripts?

To adapt to rural conditions, communities called monasteries were built. Men called monks gave up their private possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. Women who followed this way of life were called nuns who lived in convents An Italian monk named Benedict began writing a book that set a strict set of rules for monasteries. Benedict emphasized a balance between work and study. Benedicts sister, Scholastica headed a convent and adapted the same rules for women. She had a strong influence on her brother as he created rules. These became a model for other religious communities. Monasteries opened schools, libraries, and copied books. Venerable Bede, an English monk wrote a history of England. Scholars consider it the best historical work of the early Middle Ages. Monks made beautiful copies of religious writings, decorated with letters and pictures. These illuminated manuscripts preserved at least part of Rome's intellectual heritage.

How did Feudalism structure society?

To stop Rollo and his viking army from plundering France, Charles the Great, the ruler of France, gave them a huge piece of french territory. It became known as Normandy. Rollo swore loyalty to the king. More invasions and attacks were solved by doing the same thing. Giving land away. This lead to many different landowners ruling in their own way. This was called Feudalism and it emerged in Europe. Also occured in Zhou Dynasty and Japan. System was based on rights and obligations. Military protection=fief or land from the a lord or landowner. The person receiving the fief was called a cassal. Feudalism depended on the control of land

What was the brutal reality of warfare in the Medieval Era?

Tournaments couldn't compare to the bloodshed of real battles. Massive walls surrounded castle and was designed for defense. Defenders of a castle poured boiling water, hot oil, or molten lead on enemy soldiers. Archers were on roof of castle.

How did crossroads of trade and ideas affect the development of Islamic culture?

Trade routes ran south and north to the Byzantine and Sassanid Empire. Merchants from these empires traded on caravan routes like the Silk Road Transported spices and incense from Yemen and other products to the west

What was the muslim trade network like?

Two major trading networks: Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. With his, Muslims could trade with the rest of the world. Connected the Silk Roads of China and India with Europe and Africa. Merchants only needed to know Arabic and a single currency (Abbasid dinar) to travel in the empire To encourage trade, Muslim money changers set up banks in cities throughout the empire. Banks offered letters of credit, called sakks, to merchants. A merchant with a sakk from a bank in Baghdad could exchange it for cash at a bank in any other city in the empire. In Europe, sakk was pronounced "check."

What was Mongolian rule in Russia like?

Under Mongols, Russians could follow their usual customs as long as they didn't rebel. Tolerated all religions and the church mediated the Russian people and their Mongolian rulers. Mongolians demanded absolute obedience and massive amounts of tributes or payments. Russian nobles agreed on Novgorods prince and military her Alexander Nevsky to advise. For example, he said that princes should cooperate with the mongols. Russian nobles crushed revolts against Mongols and collected taxes for foreign rulers. Mongol rule isolated the Russians and meant that they had little access to opportunities for innovation.

How did internal conflict create a crisis?

Uthman was murdered in 656 which started a civil war and multiple groups fought for power Ali was a successor to Uthman but his right to rule was challenged by Muawiya, a governor of Syria. Later, Ali was also assassinated. This ended the elective system of choosing a caliph A family known as the Umayyads came to power. Moved the Muslim capital to Damascus. This location, away from Mecca, made controlling territories easier but Arab Muslims felt it was too far away from their lands. The family also abandoned the simple life of the previous caliphs and surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony similar to that of non-Muslim rulers

What was Kievan Russia like?

Vladimir expanded the state westward into Poland and north to the Baltic Sea. Also fought off nomads. This established Kievs power. Vladimirs son Yaroslav the Wise came to the throne and married of his daughters and sisters to kings and princes in Western Europe. These marriages helped him forge important trading alliances. Also created legal code accustomed to Kievs trade culture. Many rules regarded crimes against property. Also created librariesKiev had 400 churches.

What was a warriors role in feudal society?

Western Europe became a battleground of warring nobles fighting for power. To defend territories, feudal lords raised private armies of knights. In exchange for military service, soldiers recieved land and fiefs. Wealth from the fiefs allowed knights to dedicate their lives to war. Knights were a lords vassal and required to work 40 days of the year. Often trained by wrestling and hunting.

How did control start to extend over three continents?

When the Abbasids came to power, the murdered the rest of the Umayyad family. One prince escaped and fled to Spain. He set up the Umayyad caliphate and helped form an extraordinary Muslim state in al-Andalus

What were the Magyars and Muslims that attacked from the east and south like?

When viking invasion stopped, Magyars attacked from the east of what is now hungary. Magyars were good horsemen and swept across the plains of the Danube River and invaded western Europe, attacked isolated villages and monasteries, and overran northern Italy. Did not settle on their land, just took captives to sell slaves. Muslims attacked from the south and went through Spain and Italy. Muslim plan was to conquer and settle in Europe and then to later plunder. They were good seafarers to the attacked the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. Got as far inland as switzerland. Invasions from Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused suffering, chaos, and danger. Kings could defend their land. As a result, people didn't look to a central ruler for security. Instead, many turned to local rulers who had their own armies. Leaders with protection gained strength.