PHIL 110 CHAPTER 2

According to Plato, the objects of knowledge must be A) particular things that we experience through our senses. B) unchanging universals such as circularity and justice. C) our individual perceptions or opinions of things. D) material objects that exist independent of our minds.

B) unchanging universal such as circularity and justice.

Instead of using the term truth, John Dewey preferred to speak of A) subjectively meaningful belief. B) warranted assertibility. C) radical perspectivism. D) logically necessary propositions.

B) warranted assertibility.

John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume would most accurately be called A) Skeptics. B) Rationalists. C) Empiricists. D) Epistemological relativists.

C) Empiricists

Immanuel Kant accepted the principles of Euclidian geometry and Newtonian physics. True False

TRUE

John Dewey had an influence on theories of education. true false

TRUE

Kant tried to form a compromise between rationalism and empiricism. TRUE FALSE

TRUE

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with Bishop George Berkeley's Idealism? A) Material objects exist in the external world independent of any mind perceiving them. B) Matter or substance is only an idea in the mind, not an independent reality. C) Ideas exist only as they are perceived by minds. D) Only minds and ideas in minds exist.

A) Material objects exist in the external world.

Berkeley accepts Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities. true false

False

Rene Descartes believed in the existence of a very powerful evil demon. true false

False

Empirical knowledge is the same as a posteriori knowledge. true false

True

If one is an epistemological relativist, then one is committed to being an ethical relativist also. true false

TRUE

According to Karl Popper, science proceeds by A) Forming hypotheses, making predictions based upon those hypotheses, and then performing experiments to see if the predictions follow. B) Allowing the facts to speak for themselves, without bringing to them any preconceived notions, thus allowing theories and laws to emerge objectively from the data. C) Constructing theories and then carefully amassing enough data to prove the theory true, at which point the theory becomes a law. D) Dogmatically attempting to shore up the current theories until the paradigm on which they are based becomes untenable, at which point a paradigm shift takes place.

A) Forming hypotheses, making predictions based upon those hypotheses, and then performing experiments to see if the predictions follow.

According to Berkeley, which of the following correctly states the cause of your experience of the object in front of you? A) God is the cause of your idea. B) Matter interacting with your sense organs causes your idea. C) Your idea is innate D)Your idea is the result of your own imagination.

A) God is the cause of your idea.

When Locke says that at birth our minds are a blank slate, his point is that A) there are no such things as innate ideas. B) we at first lack the capacity to reason, but gradually develop that capacity C) our minds are capable of receiving impressions. D) we have no memories of a former life.

A) there are no such things as innate ideas.

Kant says that space and time are A) ways the mind structures experience. B) objective features of reality outside the mind C) necessarily experienced in the same way by both God and humans. D) subjective elements of our experience whose characteristics may differ from person to person.

A) ways the mind structures experience.

Which of the following statements might be given by an anti-realist as part of an argument against scientific realism? (mark all that apply) A) Science clearly progresses toward ever more adequate (explanatory and predictive) theories that more closely approximate the truth. B) A theory may have great predictive and explanatory power and yet not be true: the history of science is full of such theories that were later discarded. C) Multiple conflicting theories may have equal explanatory and predictive power. D) We commonly construct theoretical entities, simply because they are useful instruments, even though they cannot possibly exist.

B) A theory may have great predictive and explanatory power and yet not be true: the history of science is full of such theories that were later discarded. C) Multiple conflicting theories may have equal explanatory and predictive power. D) We commonly construct theoretical entities, simply because they are useful instruments, even though they cannot possibly exist.

Nietzsche says that truth is _________ from ___________. A) Discovered / reason and experience. B) Created / the will to power. C) Sought / the love of wisdom. D) Inferred / the innate ideas within us.

B) Created/ the will to power.

Descartes's first bedrock of certainty was a. "God exists." b. "I am not now dreaming." c. "I am, I exist." d. "I have a body."

C) "I am, I exist."

If the truth of a claim cannot be verified or falsified by experience, it is A) Analytic B) Synthetic C) A priori D) A posteriori

C) A priori

Kant believed we could have objective, universal, and necessary knowledge about the world of experience because A) God gives us our ideas and he would not deceive us. B) reality imposes its structure on our minds. C) everyone's mind structures experience in the same universal and necessary way. D) we have innate ideas that are written on the soul and do not have to depend on the contents of experience to know reality.

C) everyone's mind structures experience in the same universal and necessary way.

Hume says that our idea of the self A) derives from our immediate awareness of it as the thing that thinks, feels, has emotions, and so on. B) is the idea of a substance underlying mental events, but that we cannot be aware of the self directly and so can only infer its existence as causing or underlying those mental events. C) is no idea at all because we cannot have an impression of a continuously existing, substantial self apart from our perceptions. D) is incomplete and fragmented because we can experience it only at the moment, not as a something enduring over time.

C) is no idea at all because we cannot have an impression of a continuously existing, substantial self apart from our perceptions.

James said that an idea is true if A) it is based on a priori reasoning which is independent of experience. B) it corresponds to a sensory impression. C) it helps us to get into a satisfactory relation with other parts of our experience. D) it is based entirely on objective considerations that are free of any subjective interests.

C) it helps us to get into a satisfactory relation with other parts of our experience.

Which of the following is the major criticism of the Baconian notion that we can make purely objective observations prior to and independent of any theories or hypotheses? A) We may not all experience reality in the same way. B) Observations must be made in controlled environments with a minimum of variables in order to be objective. C) No amount of observation will allow us to cogently infer the truth of a theory. D) All data are theory-laden, or in other words, theories always guide observation.

D) All data are theory-laden, or in other words, theories always guide observation.

What would be the most accurate and most precise label for the following claim? "In our society, science is the standard of truth. In other societies, religious leaders are the standard for truth. Truth depends upon the society you live in." A) Objectivism B) Epistemological relativism C) Subjectivism D) Cultural relativism E) Historical relativism

D) Cultural relativism

According to Locke, the color, taste, and texture of a thing are A) primary qualities within the substance itself. B) primary qualities that have the power to produce those sensations in us. C) secondary qualities that exist within the substance itself. D) secondary qualities that exist in our perception, but not in the substance itself.

D) secondary qualities that exist in our perception, but not in the substance itself.

According to your text, the only major philosophical movement to originate in America is pragmatism. true false

TRUE

Someone who says that there is no universal, objective knowledge of reality--no one true story--but that there are many accounts, the truth of which depend entirely upon the individuals or cultures that hold them, would best be described as a(n) A) Skeptic B) Rationalist C) Empiricist D) Kantian constructivist E) Epistemological relativist F) Pragmatist

E) Epistemological relativist

According to Dewey, we should search for absolute truths that are eternal and necessary. true false

FALSE

According to your text, Friedrich Nietzsche had nothing but disdain for subjective relativism. true false

FALSE

According to your text, objectivism is a dogmatic, authoritarian position in which the speaker claims that he or she has the absolute truth. true false

FALSE

It is fair to say that pragmatists believe in the Correspondence Theory of Truth. true false

FALSE

James argued that we should believe whatever we find it most comfortable to believe. true false

FALSE

Kant believed that the truth of "all events will have a cause" was based on experience. TRUE FALSE

FALSE

If the truth of a claim can be determined merely from the meanings of the terms involved, it is A) Analytic B) Synthetic C) A priori D) A posteriori

A) Analytic

The Pragmatist's claim that all our knowledge is tentative and subject to revision is called A) Fallibilism. B) Methodological skepticism. C) Fideism. D) Pragmatic revisionism.

A) Fallibilism

Which of the following best summarizes Descartes' argument for the existence of God? A) I have an idea of an infinite and perfect being. Only an infinite and perfect being could cause such an idea, and I am neither infinite nor perfect. Therefore, God exists. B) Nature exhibits complex mechanisms, such as eyes and hands, perfectly suited to fulfill certain functions. When we experience complex mechanisms, such as watches, that are suited to fulfill certain functions, we are perfectly justified in inferring that a mind designed them for that purpose. Therefore, we are justified in inferring that a mind designed such mechanisms in nature. Therefore, God exists. C) We have a moral law within us. Reason tells us that obedience to this law is not only justified but obligatory. Such a moral law can only be justified or obligatory if there is a supreme legislator who will enforce this law. Only God could be such a legislator and executor. Therefore, God exists. D) Things in the world depend upon other things for their existence, which in turn depend upon other things. But this cannot go on forever. Therefore, there must be something that exists that does not depend upon anything else. Only God can be such a being. Therefore, God exists.

A) I have an idea of an infinite and perfect being. Only an infinite and perfect being could cause such an idea, and I am neither infinite nor perfect. Therefore, God exists.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three anchor points of Empiricism? A) Only statements about the relations of ideas or matters of fact are meaningful. B) The only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience. C) Reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge unless it is grounded in the solid bedrock of sense experience. D) There is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind that are known apart from experience.

A) Only statements about the relations of ideas or matters of fact are meaningful.

Which of the following are problems with induction? (mark all that apply) A) Past observations, however numerous, will not tell us with certainty how things will be in the future. B) We cannot be certain, when an observation contradicts our theory, whether it is the theory or the observation that is at fault. C) The principle of induction cannot be verified inductively. D) We cannot infer with certainty general propositions from particular observations.

A) Past observations, however numerous, will not tell us with certainty how things will be in the future. C) The principle of induction cannot be verified inductively. D) We cannot infer with certainty general propositions from particular observations.

Which of the following statements accurately describe a part of Thomas Kuhn's account of science? (mark all that apply) A) Scientists do normal science within the framework of a single paradigm that guides what data they select and how they interpret the data. B) Paradigms change slowly and gradually over time as individual assumptions and theories within the paradigm are falsified and rejected. C) Normal science will treat as anomalies data that tends to contradict (falsify) the paradigm. D) A large number of significant anomalies creates a crisis. E) Someone proposes a new paradigm that, if it attracts enough converts , overthrows the old paradigm and brings about a scientific revolution.

A) Scientists do normal science within the framework of a single paradigm that guides what data they select and how they interpret the data. B) Paradigms change slowly and gradually over time as individual assumptions and theories within the paradigm are falsified and rejected. D) A large number of significant anomalies creates a crisis. E) Someone proposes a new paradigm that, if it attracts enough converts , overthrows the old paradigm and brings about a scientific revolution.

Someone who claims that knowledge is unattainable would best be described as a(n) A) Skeptic B) Rationalist C) Empiricist D) Kantian constructivist E) Epistemological relativist F) Pragmatist

A) Skeptic

Friedrich Nietzsche s epistemology is an example of A) subjectivism. B) rationalism. C) empiricism. D) skepticism.

A) Subjectivism

With which of the following statements would Nietzsche agree? A) The mind actively interprets the data of experience according to our irrational needs and desires. B) The mind passively reflects the objective world like a mirror. C) There is only one fundamental human way of structuring experience. D) We structure experience in accordance with our rational nature.

A) The mind actively interprets the data of experience according to our irrational needs and desires.

If the method of falsification in science is to work, according to Karl Popper, what has to be the case? A) Theories must yield predictions that are specific enough to be tested and bold enough to be significant. B) We must make certain that our theories are false so that they can be falsified. C) You must be able to falsify all competing theories in order establish the truth of your own. D) All the background assumptions must first be proven true before a theory can be falsified.

A) Theories must yield predictions that are specific enough to be tested and bold enough to be significant.

The claim "all mothers are females" is A) an analytic a priori proposition. B) an analytic a posteriori proposition. C) a synthetic a priori proposition. D) a synthetic a posteriori proposition.

A) an analytic a priori proposition.

According to Kant, the traditional proofs for the existence of God are A) an attempt to go beyond experience and the limits of reason. B) flawed and, therefore, atheism is the only reasonable option. C) valid and should convince any honest seeker of the truth. D) weak, but it is still possible that some future thinker will come up with a solid proof.

A) an attempt to go beyond experience and the limits of reason.

"Hume's Fork" states that the only meaningful propositions are A) analytic a priori and empirical statements B) based upon universal and necessary propositions about the world. C) synthetic a priori statements, which both tell us about the world and yet are known independently of experience. D) statements verifiable through observation or experimentation

A) analytic a priori and empirical statements.

Nietzsche believed that our primary interaction with the world is in terms of A) primitive feelings and instincts. B) the philosophical ideas of our generation. C) culturally conditioned behavior patterns. D) the scientific ideas which we accept.

A) primitive feeling and instincts

The purpose of Descartes's evil demon thought experiment was to A) Prove that we can have no knowledge. B) Discover any propositions that he could not possibly doubt. C) Test the possibility of doubting the existence of God. D) Frighten his readers into believing in God.

B) Discover any propositions that he could not possibly doubt.

With which of the following claims would an empiricist like David Hume disagree? A) Analytic a priori knowledge is possible. B) Humans are born without any pre-existing knowledge C) Synthetic a priori knowledge is possible. D) Knowledge, whether possible or not,represents reality as it really is.

B) Humans are born without any pre-existing knowledge.

Which of the following are principles of the Baconian or standard view of science? (mark all that apply) A) Divide every question into manageable parts. B) Make objective observations of the facts without preconceived hypotheses or theories. C) Analyze your observations and form generalizations. D) Formulate theories from these generalizations. E) Test the theories to definitively prove them either true or false. F) Accept only what cannot be doubted.

B) Make objective observations of the facts without preconceived hypotheses or theories. C) Analyze our observations and form generalizations. D) Formulate theories from these generalizations. E) Test the theories to definitively prove them either true or false.

The statement "all of our ideas come from experience" would be most clearly inconsistent with which theory of knowledge? A) Skepticism B) Rationalism C) Empiricism D) Kantian Constructivism E) Epistemological relativism F) Pragmatism

B) Ratioinalism

Which of the following are problems with the falsification method in science? (mark all that apply) A) The reasoning structure of the falsification process is invalid (it affirms the consequent). B) Scientists don't actually work that way: instead they modify the theory or evaluate their assumptions if their predictions turn out false. C) It oversimplifies scientific reasoning, since theories also involve background assumptions that may be wrong instead of the theory. D) If an observation contradicts a theory, we cannot be certain whether it is the theory or the observation that is false.

B) Scientists don't actually work that way: instead they modify the theory or evaluate their assumptions if their predictions turn out false. C) It oversimplifies scientific reasoning, since theories also involve background assumptions that may be wrong instead of the theory. D) If an observation contradicts a theory, we cannot be certain whether it is the theory or the observation that is false.

Why, according to Kuhn, is there no rational, objective path from the old paradigm to the new ? A) People, including scientists, naturally adopt paradigms because of sociological forces (such as peer pressure), regardless of the actual rational grounds for accepting or rejecting a paradigm. B) The standards of rationality can only be defined from within a paradigm, so that there can be no rational grounds for abandoning the paradigm that defines your rational grounds. C) Once you have rejected your old paradigm, the data you use to discover the new paradigm lacks a rational framework, so that your interpretation of the data will be entirely subjective and arbitrary until you chance upon the new paradigm. D) Humans are fundamentally driven unconsciously by irrational drives like Nietzsche's Will to Power to move from one paradigm to another, so that any rational account they may give only comes after the fact, as an unconscious biography.

B) The standards of rationality can only be defined from within a paradigm, so that there can be no rational grounds for abandoning the paradigm that defines your rational grounds.

Kant says that the notions of self, cosmos, and God A) are irrational and should be discarded B) cannot be known, but are useful in regulating our thought. C) are the clearest and best proven beliefs we have. D) can be objects of knowledge, but only by formulating rational proofs about them.

B) cannot be known, but are useful in regulating our thought.

According to Kant, the mind makes knowledge possible by... A) creating reality out of itself B) imposing its own form on the materials of experience. C) mirroring the structures of reality. D) discovering the innate truths within the mind.

B) imposing its own form on the materials of experience.

With respect to relativism, Peirce believed that A) there could be many equally true stories about the world. B) it was false, because experience in the long run would favor the one true theory. C) it should be rejected because it would lead to immorality. D) no one could ever know if it was true or not.

B) it was false, because experience in the long run would favor the one true theory.

Kant's metaphor of the dove in space is intended to show that A) reason may only exceed its limits with the help of revelation and faith. B) our ability to reason about things is limited to the realm of possible experience. C) the mind, once it leaves behind the limitations of the senses, will be able to grasp the eternal and necessary truths of Plato's Forms. D) our reason is confined to our subjective experiences so that we may not make claims that are universally and necessarily true, except insofar as they are about the relations of our ideas.

B) our ability to reason about things is limited to the realm of possible experience.

Hume argues that our belief in the uniformity of nature and the principle of induction derives from A) an idea clearly and distinctly perceived by the light of nature. B) the constant conjunction of events in our experience. C) the necessary and certain principles of mathematics. D) the belief in God, who orders the world according to natural law.

B) the constant conjunction of events in our experience.

Hume's skeptical arguments imply, among other things, that A) we can have no knowledge at all because all of our supposed knowledge is based upon the notion of causation. B) we cannot have scientific knowledge because all reasoning concerning facts is founded on the notion of cause and effect. C) there must at least be an external world that causes us to have the impressions we have, even though we may not know what that external world is like. D) analytic a priori knowledge is impossible

B) we cannot have scientific knowledge because all reasoning concerning facts is founded on the notion of cause and effect.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three anchor points of Rationalism? A) Sense experience is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge. B) The fundamental truths about the world can be known a priori: they are either innate or self-evident to our minds. C) All truths about the world already exist in our minds and we have only to recall them. D) Reason is the primary or most superior source of knowledge about reality.

C) All truths about the world already exist in our minds and we have only to recall them.

Someone who claims that sense experience is our sole source of knowledge about the world would best be described as a(n) A) Skeptic B) Rationalist C) Empiricist D) Kantian constructivist E) Epistemological relativist F) Pragmatist

C) Empiricist

Descartes is confident that he can know the existence and nature of his body and of the external world because A) his senses, for the most part, reliably convey to him ideas that accurately represent things outside of his mind in the material world. B) he cannot possibly doubt that he is sitting there, before the fire, holding his hand before him, and so forth, because he is directly and clearly aware of these things, even though his senses sometimes deceive him. C) God is not malicious or deceptive and, therefore, since he made our cognitive faculties, he would not allow them to systematically deceive us as long as we reason carefully. D) there must be some cause for the ideas he has of his own body and other objects that he senses, and that cause cannot be himself. Therefore, these objects must exist and have the natures they seem to have.

C) God is not malicious or deceptive and, therefore, since he made our cognitive faculties, he would not allow them to systematically deceive us as long as we reason carefully.

According to Kant, reason exceeds the possibility of knowledge when we talk about A) Science, religion, and mathematics. B) Morality, atoms, and life's purpose. C) God, the cosmos, and the self D) Phenomena, the categories of the understanding, and the pure forms of the sensibility.

C) God, the cosmos, and the self.

Consider an object in front of you. What would Berkeley say it is? A) an unknowable substratum or substance B) an imperfect imitation of a universal Form C) a mind-dependent collection of ideas D) a material substance that exists independent of your mind

C) a mind-dependent collection of ideas.

If a claim purports to be universal and necessary, and yet cannot be verified or falsified by merely examining the meanings of the terms involved or the structure of the claim, it is A) an analytic a priori proposition. B) an analytic a posteriori proposition. C) a synthetic a priori proposition. D) a synthetic a posteriori proposition.

C) a synthetic a priori proposition.

The claim "the soul is immortal" is A) an analytic a priori proposition. B) an analytic a posteriori proposition. C) a synthetic a priori propostition. D) a synthetic a posteriori proposition.

C) a synthetic a priori proposition.

According to Kant, we can have objective knowledge because A) we have innate ideas that inform and structure our experience, and we can know those innate ideas apart from experience. B) our ideas conform to the noumenal world C) all human minds structure phenomena in the same way. D) the phenomena we experience resemble the noumena.

C) all human minds structure phenomena in the same way.

Nietzsche compares philosophers to lawyers (advocates) because they A) are sincere seekers after the truth. B) use rational arguments. C) are spokesmen for their prejudices. D) take the side of the defenseless and downtrodden.

C) are spokesmen for their prejudices.

"Kant's Copernican revolution" refers to his proposal to A) overthrow the king. B) replace Newtonian physics with his theory. C) reverse the relationship between knowledge and its objects in epistemology. D) overthrow the claims of empiricism and return to pure rationalism.

C) reverse the relationship between knowledge and its objects in epistemology.

When Nietzsche says that God is dead, he means that A) his personal faith had died. B) in the act of creation, the living God became one with the world. C) the notion of God is no longer relevant to our culture. D) people have turned away from the true God.

C) the notion of God is no longer relevant to our culture.

In Kant's terminology, things-as-they-appear-to-us are called _________ and things-in-themselves are called __________ A) complex ideas/simple ideas B) ideas/material objects C) the phenomena/the noumena D) secondary qualities/primary qualities

C) the phenomena/the noumena

Nietzsche is a radical perspectivist in the sense that he believes that A) all judgments arise out of irrational instincts and desires. B) objective knowledge is possible only when we are able to see things from multiple perspectives. C) there are no uninterpreted facts or truths about the world. D) we interact with the world primarily through feelings rather than reason.

C) there are no uninterpreted facts or truths about the world.

Nietzsche s perspectivism was his theory that A) a good painting is one in which perspective is accurately portrayed. B) we all see things in different ways, but only one perspective is the correct one. C) we never have objective knowledge, but only our subjective perspectives. D) we tend to distort reality, but with care we can learn to reason objectively.

C) we never have objective knowledge, but only our subjective perspectives.

Which of the statements below best captures what Kant's constructivism says about the world of which we can have knowledge? A) It is structured by a single divine mind. B) It is entirely created and structured by our minds. C) It has its own structure completely independent of our minds. D) It is composed of given material structured by our minds.

D) It is composed of given material structured by our minds.

With which of these statements concerning truth would a pragmatist NOT agree? A) Ideas are true to the extent that they help us relate to other parts of our experience. B) A statement is true if believing it leads to satisfactory results in the believer's life. C) A true belief has (cash-value) in a person's life. D) True beliefs are those that correspond to the objective features of reality.

D) True beliefs are those that correspond to the objective features or reality.

Nietzsche says that every great philosophy is A) like a window that reveals reality to us. B) a record of how the truth has been revealed to its age. C) something of enduring value that will be true for all ages. D) a personal confession and an unconscious memoir.

D) a personal confession and an unconscious memoir.

The claim "George W. Bush is 6 feet tall" is A) an analytic a priori proposition. B) an analytic a posteriori proposition. C) a synthetic a priori proposition. D) a synthetic a posteriori proposition.

D) a synthetic a posteriori proposition.

David Hume lays down as his principle that for an idea to have any meaning or legitimacy, it must be A) so illuminated by "the natural light of reason" as to be beyond any possible doubt. B) an innate idea or be based upon an innate idea. C) immediately present to our senses at the moment we are thinking about it. D) able to be traced back to an impression or set of impressions.

D) able to be traced back to an impression or set of impressions.

Which of the following claims did Immanuel Kant assert? A) All our knowledge begins with experience. B) Experience alone cannot give us universal and necessary knowledge. C) The mind constructs the objects of knowledge. D) all of the above

D) all of the above

The text referred to Kant's position as "constructivism" because A) it was not negative and destructive like previous theories. B) he tried to construct a bridge between scientific knowledge and religious knowledge. C) he believed all knowledge was constructed out of the innate ideas in the mind. D) he claimed that the mind forms its objects out of the raw data of experience.

D) he claimed that the mind forms its objects out of the raw data of experience.

Dewey referred to his position as instrumentalism because A) ideas, like musical instruments, are judged solely on whether they are subjectively pleasing to the individual. B) his theory was not the final truth but an instrument for achieving absolute truth. C) ideas are like scientific instruments that reveal the true nature of reality. D) ideas are instruments for helping us deal with the situations in life.

D) ideas are instruments for helping us deal with the situations in life.

James s position on the doctrine of free will was that A) it had been proven by the latest scientific evidence. B) it was an illusion that was refuted by science. C) it could not be proven or disproven, so we should suspend judgment on the issue. D) it could not be proven, but it should be believed because it made more sense out of life.

D) it could not be proven, but it should be believed because it made more sense out of life.

According to Friedrich Nietzsche, a fact is A) something that can be demonstrated, as in science, by careful observation or experimentation. B) something that can be demonstrated through rational a priori proofs. C) an objective feature of the world, independent of any proofs or theories. D) nothing more than an interpretation of reality.

D) nothing more than an interpretation of reality.

Kant's categories of the understanding are A) concepts acquired from experience. B) innate ideas known independently of experience. C) the laws of mature discovered by science. D) organizing principles the mind brings to experience.

D) organizing principles the mind brings to experience.

With respect to relativism, James believed that A) all truths are completely objective. B) all truths are subjective and relative. C) one cannot know whether there are objective truths or not. D) some facts are objective and some issues are relative to the individual.

D) some facts are objective and some issues are relative to the individual.

Nietzsche claimed that his philosophy provided absolute truth, while other philosophies were simply interpretations of the objective truth. true false

FALSE

The pragmatists believed there was an enormous difference between the pattern of inquiry used in the sciences and that which is used in morality and religion. true false

FALSE

The pragmatists thought that the pragmatic and the theoretical were complete opposites. true false

FALSE

The view that all truth is relative to a particular culture is known as subjectivism. true false

FALSE

According to Plato and the traditional definition of knowledge, having a true belief is sufficient to have knowledge. true false

False

According to pragmatism, ideas are tools we use for solving practical problems. true false

TRUE

According to your text, Georg W. F. Hegel, the nineteenth-century German philosopher, although he himself was not a relativist, provided a framework for historical relativism. true false

TRUE

Nietzsche described the new philosophers who would come as those who would transcend the dogmas of the past. true false

TRUE

The pragmatists claimed that we can have no guarantee that any belief is immune from the need to be revised in the future. true false

TRUE

The pragmatists rejected the correspondence theory of truth. true false

TRUE

William James applied his pragmatic theory of truth to religious belief. true false

TRUE