Phil 1102 Final

Where "F" stands for "Fred likes ice cream" and "L" stands for "Lou likes ice cream," the statement "Fred doesn't like ice cream only if Lou doesn't like ice cream" is best symbolized by

arrow

On which assignment of truth values does the sentence A → ~B turn out to be false?

both true

When removing term-complements, which of the following is not a permissible change?

changing "All S are P" to "Some P are S"

When removing term-complements, which of the following is a permissible change?

changing "Some S are not P" to "Some non-P are not non-S"

Which of the following relations on the Square of Opposition is valid, according to modern categorical logic?

contradicories

Two statements are logically equivalent if

each validly implies the other

A → (B ⋁ C) ⋁ D) is a well-formed formula.

false

A → B ⋁ C) is a well-formed formula.

false

Item 26 Making the assumption that A is true, B is true, C is false, and D is false, determine the truth value (true or false) of this compound statement: A ↔ (C ⋁ D)

false

Making the assumption that A is true, B is true, C is false, and D is false, determine the truth value (true or false) of this compound statement: B → ~(A • B)

false

Not all lawyers are crooks" is a stylistic variant of "Some lawyers are crooks."

false

The contrapositive of "All parakeets are budgies" is "All budgies are parakeets.

false

conjunction is true if either one of its conjuncts is true; otherwise, it is false

false

The inference from "Some capitalists are not wealthy people" to "Some wealthy people are not capitalists" is a valid inference.

false = 0 statement

Under which assignment of truth values does the sentence A ↔ (B • ~C) turn out to be true?

false,false,false

An enthymeme is an argument that

has missing steps

In A • B, the statement constants are called disjuncts

no

The term that occurs once in each premise is called the bridge term.

no

Aristotelian and modern logicians agree that universal categorical statements have existential import.

on

n "All dogs are things that go to heaven," "All" is called the

quantifer

To be in standard form, the elements of a categorical statement must appear in the following order:

quantifier, subject term, copula, predicate term.

The subject term of "All students who skip classes and party on weekends are students who receive low grades" is

studnets who skip classes and party on weekends

Using a truth table, we can tell that an argument is valid if

there is no row where the premises are true and the conclusion is false.

Two statements are contradictories if

they cannot have the same truth value

A material conditional is false if its antecedent is true and its consequent is false; otherwise, it is true.

true

An argument is valid when it is not possible for its conclusion to be false when all of its premises are true.

true

Any argument with logically inconsistent premises will be valid yet unsound.

true

If there is any assignment of truth values in which the premises are all true and the conclusion is false, then the argument is invalid.

true

In A → B, the consequent is B.

true

In A ⋁ (B • C), the main logical operator is the "⋁".

true

Making the assumption that A is true, B is true, C is false, and D is false, determine the truth value (true or false) of this compound statement: C → ~(C • B)

true

Making the assumption that A is true, B is true, C is false, and D is false, determine the truth value (true or false) of this compound statement: ~(A • B) ↔ (A → (C ⋁D))

true

The consequent of a true conditional statement provides a necessary condition for the truth of the antecedent

true

Two statements are logically equivalent when the biconditional connecting them is a tautology.

true

determine the truth value (true or false) of this compound statement: (A • B) → (A ⋁ ~(C ⋁ B))

true

he Venn diagram representation of "Some slugs are not puppies" is which of the following

x in left

Which of the following is not a well-formed formula (WFF)?

~A → (B ⋁ C)

Where "F" stands for "Fred likes ice cream" and "L" stands for "Lou likes ice cream," the statement "Neither Fred nor Lou likes ice cream" is best symbolized by

~F • ~L.

Where "F" stands for "Fred likes ice cream" and "L" stands for "Lou likes ice cream," the statement "Either Fred or Lou doesn't like ice cream" is best symbolized by

~F ⋁ ~L.

categorical statement is a statement that relates two classes or categories.

True

he complement of a class X is the class containing all things that are not members of X

True

o show that an area of a Venn diagram is empty, we use an "x" in that area.

NO

"Sometimes people are very kind" is a standard-form categorical statement.

No

Which of the following categorical syllogisms is in standard form?

No whales are mammals.Some whales are fish.So, some fish are not mammals.

Item 11 On the Traditional Square of Opposition, if "All dogs are mammals" is false, which of the following can be validly inferred?

Some dogs are not mammlas is true

hich of the following is not required in order for a categorical syllogism to be in standard form?

The premises and the conclusion are true.

Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism:Some ultraviolet radiation is not a harm to humans.All ultraviolet radiation is a carcinogen.So, some harms to humans are carcinogens.

U shaded x in U/C box )invalid)

Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism:All ungulates are cows.Some hoofed animals are not ungulates.So, some hoofed animals are cows.

U shaded x on h line (invalid)

Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism:Some violinists are percussionists.Some trombonists are percussionists.So, some trombonists are violinists.

X on P and V line (invlaid)

An immediate inference is when a conclusion can be drawn on the basis of

a single premise

When supplying unstated steps, the principles of fairness and charity require that we

add only true steps

The Venn diagram representation of "No sailors are pirates" is which of the following?

middle shaded

he Venn diagram representation of "Some sailors are pirates" is which of the following?

middle x

Under which assignment of truth values does the sentence (A ↔ ~B) • ~C turn out to be true?

A is true, B is false, and C is false.

"Only students with a 3.0 or higher are members of the Tri-Lambda honor society" is a stylistic variant of the standard-form categorical statement

All students of the Tri honor scoeity are stuents with a 3.0

According to the Traditional Square of Opposition, corresponding A and E statements ar

Contraries

Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism:All minerals are rocks.All diamonds are rocks.So, all diamonds are minerals.

D and M shaded (not shaded)

Identify the Venn diagram representation of the following syllogism: All retrievers beings are mammals.All dalmatians are retrievers.So, all dalmatians are mammals.

D and R shaded (valid)

No people who were murdered by Jack the Ripper are men" is a standard-form

E

"Chocolate is not nutritious" is an atomic statement.

False

A universal statement is one that is universally accepted as true.

False

Some cows are Jerseys" is a standard-form

I

"All Olympic gold winners are outstanding athletes" is a standard-form

A

A categorical statement has existential import if and only if

it implies that its subject term denotes a nonempty class.

A compound statement is a tautology if

it is true regardless of the truth values assigned to its component atomic sentences.

A compound statement is truth-functional if

its truth value is a function of the content of its component atomic statement(s).

The Venn diagram representation of "All sailors are pirates" is which of the following?

left shaded

he Venn diagram representation of "All slugs are puppies" is which of the following?

left shaded