PHIL 1C

According to Locke, natural rights are grounded or dependant upon the law of nature. True False

true

Homer's epics teach about the frailty of human moral behavior by telling stories of grief brought on by pride and arrogance. True False

true

Liberal political philosophy takes liberty, in one form or another, to be a fundamental virtue of the just state. True False

true

Metaethics refers to more fundamental questions of ethics than just looking into how things ought to be. True False

true

Moral objectivism is the position that universal moral principles exist. True False

true

One way to argue for accepting a normative view of ethics is to use a kind of inference to the best explanation argument. True False

true

Categorical syllogisms have - two premises and two conclusions - two premises and one conclusion - the structure of inductive arguments - at least one premise and one conclusion

two premises and one conclusion

Hume was skeptical about causation because - we do not have impressions of necessary connections between causes and events - even though there are impressions of causation these sometimes cannot be trusted - sense impressions are not the only grounding for knowledge, we also know through intuition - intuition is sometimes not reliable

we do not have impressions of necessary connections between causes and events

According to Skuster, we can have love, philia, for other people and for - things that have instrumental value - non-sentient objects - things that satisfy other ends - art

Art

According to the text, Empiricists believe that some knowledge can be ultimately grounded on reason alone. True False

False

Arguments from Analogy are deductive arguments that have cogent propositions True False

False

For Aristotle, we are not creatures of habit. True False

False

Divine Command Theory refers to the idea that - the king or ruler of a country decides what the laws are - the commands of the ruler of a country as like divine commands - the law of each country are like divine commands - God, through his will, creates moral truth

God, through his will, creates moral truth

What is a "perennial question of humanity?" - Provincial Questions - Questions that humans have always asked themselves - Questions asked by those of First World countries - Questions that some humans sometimes have

Questions that humans have always asked themselves

Philosophy began in ancient Greece when - Thales predicted a solar eclipse in terms of a more fundamental natural phenomena - Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey - the Pythagoreans created beliefs about purification and immortality - the Mileans explained a natural phenomenon in supernatural terms

Thales predicted a solar eclipse in terms of a more fundamental natural phenomena

"Fallacies" are mistakes in human reasoning. True False

True

According to Aristotle, love of friendship means adopting the good of another as the good of our own. True False

True

According to Plato, the degree of knowledge corresponds to the degree of reality. True False

True

According to Spinoza, God is nature, all that exists. True False

True

According to the text, rationalists believe that some knowledge can be had through reason alone. True False

True

For Aristotle, humans do a better or worse job of resolving the various conflicts in favor of things that matter most. True False

True

Moral epistemology is the study of knowledge of morality. True False

True

Philia, eros, and agape, are Greek terms that stand for friendship love, erotic love, and love for all people. True False

True

The Presocratics were philosophers who lived before Socrates. True False

True

The Socratic Method makes use of the dialectic. True False

True

The Sophists did not agree with Socrates regarding epistemic relativism. True False

True

Truth is expressed through propositions that correspond to the way the world is True False

True

Two essential steps in evaluating an argument are, determining whether 1) the premises are true and 2) the premises support the conclusion. True False

True

Kant taught that the categorical imperative was... - a list of actions he thought were immoral - a list of all the duties we must perform - a criterion by which to judge all other principles - a general rule of thumb for which there could be a few exceptions

a criterion by which to judge all other principles

The following argument, Premise 1: All cows are purple Premise 2: Mable is a cow Conclusion: Mable is purple, Is an example of - a cogent inductive argument - an inductive argument with great strength - a valid deductive argument - a sound deductive argument

a valid deductive argument

Skepticism is a view - that mainly concerns ethics - according to which one cannot have knowledge - adopted by most people concerning scientific knowledge - that mainly concerns metaphysics

according to which one cannot have knowledge

Aristotle connects the idea of flourishing with - with being lucky - doing what we think will make us happy - achieving one's natural end - fulfilling our desires, hopes, and dreams

achieving one's natural end

According to our text, "dialectic" is - another word for "debate" - a way to be entertained though dialogue - aimed at inquiry - like a dialogue but has no purpose

aimed at inquiry

Philosophy is - the same as wisdom - mere human opinion - the same as knowledge - an attempt to rationally justify and examine beliefs

an attempt to rationally justify and examine beliefs

The following argument, Premise 1: A great majority of students at Barstow Community College are Democrats Premise 2: Felipe is a student at Barstow Community College Conclusion: Felipe is probably a Democrat Is an example of - an invalid deductive argument - an inductive argument with no inductive strength - an inductive argument that has at least some inductive strength - a valid deductive argument

an inductive argument that has at least some inductive strength

Robert Nozick's entitlement conception of social justice - would find the disparities of income in our society as a grave injustice - claims that societal justice depends on the justice of the means by which what we own is acquired - is almost the same as that of John Rawls - emphasizes the importance of equality of outcome for society

claims that societal justice depends on the justice of the means by which what we own is acquired

The idea that what is pious is loved by all the Gods just because it is loved by them - goes against the Divine Command Theory - is another way to understand epistemic relativism - is another way to understand moral relativism - connects with the Divine Command Theory, according to which, that which is morally right is so because God commands it

connects with the Divine Command Theory, according to which, that which is morally right is so because God commands it

Which of the following statements is NOT true of Kant's Moral Theory? - consequences of actions are evaluated to judge moral acts - the theory relies on the idea that human beings have rational free or autonomous wills - acts are good if they are motivated by duty to do good - the focus is on the intent or good will of an action

consequences of actions are evaluated to judge moral acts

According to John Locke's, people who find themselves in the state of nature, - have a license to do what they want - do not have a government over them but ought to adhere to the law of nature - have natural rights based on they way they want to be treated - have the right to establish their own moral laws

do not have a government over them but ought to adhere to the law of nature

According to Aristotle, - flourishing is realizing one's telos, which is to follow one's desires, whatever these may be -eudaimonia has an intrinsic value that connects with the human telos - flourishing is like eudaimonia except that it is reached in a different way - eudaimonia has an instrumental value that connects with the human telos

eudaimonia has an intrinsic value that connects with the human telos

According to subjectivism, moral norms come from social acceptance. True False

false

For Aristotle, the good life only has instrumental value. True False

false

Liberalism accepts aristocracy, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, oligarchy, and plutocracy. True False

false

Substance dualism is a metaphysical view within the mind-body problem according to which the world is made up of the physical and the unknowable. True False

false

Virtues are not gained through habituation but through hard work. True False

false

Meritocracy is the view that - merit is only one of many factors to consider - focuses on equality of opportunity but not outcome - implies equality of outcome for all - is based on race and gender

focuses on equality of opportunity but not outcome

According to philosopher Bertrand Russell, the person who has no trace of philosophy, - is best off in life for ignorance is bliss - goes through life free from prejudice - goes through life imprisoned in the prejudices derived from common sense - is not subject to the convictions of the day

goes through life imprisoned in the prejudices derived from common sense

John Rawl's principles - include a provision for inequality provided that it works towards everyone's advantage - do not include equality of opportunity - do not include the possibility of meritocracy - impede any type of inequality of outcome

include a provision for inequality provided that it works towards everyone's advantage

According to Skuster, the human moral sense or moral intuition... - can never be distorted due to personal or cultural biases - is the sole means by which we recognize right and wrong - can never get things wrong - is an important feature for recognizing right and wrong

is an important feature for recognizing right and wrong

According to philosopher Bertrand Russell, the value of philosophy concerns - its dogmatism about important topics - its certainty in all the fields it covers - its uncertainty - its adherence to custom

its uncertainty

Moral Relativism is the popular view according to which, - moral commands are assessed for reasonableness - no rational inquiry for morality takes place - moral commands are rationally scrutinized - moral commands are tested against the evidence

no rational inquiry for morality takes place

The tragedy of the commons occurs when - people exhaust privately owned property to the point that it has little value - not all people get a fair share of their plot of land - is not something that occurs when a commonly held resource is finite and freely used by self interested persons - people exhaust a commonly held resource leaving it with little value

people exhaust a commonly held resource leaving it with little value

The analogy between Plato's conception of the soul and a chariot - refers to the idea that the soul is unlike anything we know - connects with the form of knowledge - presents the charioteer as the rational element of the sou - refers to the idea that the soul is physica

presents the charioteer as the rational element of the soul

Studying philosophy may help us - refine our ability to figure things out without rational deliberation - score well on graduate school entrance exams - gain certainty in knowledge regarding all things in our lives - gain knowledge through intuition

score well on graduate school entrance exams

Inductive reasoning, in the simplest case, refers to reasoning in arguments whose conclusions claim that - the premises are infallible - they are valid - something is generally the case from a pattern observed in a limited number of cases - they are infallable

something is generally the case from a pattern observed in a limited number of cases

An "ad hominem" fallacy is a fallacy where - that occurs when an attack is made against one's own argument - that occurs when an attack is made against the person giving the argument - that occurs when an attack is made against the opponent's argument - that occurs when an attack is made against an opponent's neighbor

that occurs when an attack is made against the person giving the argument

Epistemology and skepticism are connected in - that skepticism, the view that we cannot know, is topic within epistemology, the field of study that asks questions about how we know - no manner - that both make claims about knowledge being certain - both claim that knowledge is not possible

that skepticism, the view that we cannot know, is topic within epistemology, the field of study that asks questions about how we know

According to Plato, forms refer to - that which exists in time and space - the forming of images in the mind - thinking, belief/opinion, imaging, and knowledge. - that which corresponds to the highest mode of thought

that which corresponds to the highest mode of thought

Which of the following statements is NOT true about Utilitarianism - the focus in on the intent to produce happiness - it promotes happiness which is understood, traditionally, as pleasure and absence of pain - actions are right as far as they produce pleasure and not pain - the focus are on the consequences of an action

the focus are on the consequences of an action

Moral subjectivism involves... - coming up with arguments for moral views - moral reasoning - the idea that morality isn't objective - accepting a realist ethical theory

the idea that morality isn't objective

Rawl's engages in a thought experiment to help us recognize justice as fairness that includes - the idea that we are not perfectly rational beings - the idea that we should think about fairness by putting aside whether I am weak or strong, healthy or diseased, clever or dull, beautiful or ugly, black or white, born to a wealthy family or a poor one and so forth - the idea that fairness cannot be achieved on earth - the idea that we humans are, many time, not self interested

the idea that we should think about fairness by putting aside whether I am weak or strong, healthy or diseased, clever or dull, beautiful or ugly, black or white, born to a wealthy family or a poor one and so forth

Epistemology is concerned with - the nature of knowledge and justified belief - how we ought to live - the nature of reality - what we ought to do

the nature of knowledge and justified belief

According to your text, metaphysics is concerned with - skepticism - the nature of reality - moral relativism - ethics

the nature of reality

Metaphysics is concerned with - the nature of knowledge and justified belief - the nature of reality - how we ought to live - what we ought to do

the nature of reality

"Inductive strength" refers to - the strength of inductive arguments - the strength of deductive arguments - sound arguments - valid arguments

the strength of inductive arguments

According to René Descartes, the significance of dreams is... - there is no way to distinguish dreaming from being awake. - we sometimes arrive at the solution to problems in our dreams. - we learn about our hidden desires in our dreams. - dreams are provoked by events in the external world

there is no way to distinguish dreaming from being awake.

For Aristotle, the path of happiness is - through the habit of fulfilling of one's desires - the habituation that one choses for oneself - through virtues that fulfill one's telos, with a bit of good fortune - mainly through good fortune

through virtues that fulfill one's telos, with a bit of good fortune

According to Descartes, "Cogito Ergo Sum" refers to - the existence of God - the self as having free will - knowledge does not need a foundation - to an argument that is the foundation of indubitable beliefs

to an argument that is the foundation of indubitable beliefs

A priori reasoning differs from a posteriori reasoning in that the first is based on reasoning independent of experience while the latter is based on reasoning based on experience. True False

true

According to Leibniz, mind and body are unified by God through a pre-established harmony. True False

true