Phil 210 World Religions Final

In Theravada Buddhism, the Buddha is revered as one who achieved nirvana and gave the Dharma to humanity, so that others could attain nirvana as well. But the Buddha himself is beyond the reach of the individual and is no longer available to provide direct assistance. For This reason, Theravada Buddhism emphasizes the Buddha's warning in his last words to his disciples. Which of the following best expresses Buddha's warning?

"Work out your salvation with diligence."

How did the Confucian Elite view organized Daoism?

A useless philosophic doctrine

What is "Interdependent Origination" in Buddhism mean?

Absence of any enduring identity or quality

According to whom "spirituality" would not necessarily qualify as a religion?

According to Bruce Lincoln

According to whom religion functions as an unhealthy but Soothing buffer against the inner terrors of the psyche?

According to Sigmund Freud

In the Hindu Text, Bhagavad Gita Krishna charts three paths to attain desireless action: these paths are

Action, knowledge, and devotion

The Chinese term wuxing refers to a fivefold conceptual scheme or organization that is found throughout traditional Chinese thought. All of the following are part of the wuxing, EXCEPT for. . .

Air

Monotheism and dualism. . ..

Are not necessarily incompatible

Unlike polytheistic religions that see the various gods as limited, how does Hinduism regard each god?

As a manifestation of Brahman

How is "Myth" understood by the academic field of religious studies?

As a powerful source of sacred truth

In Hinduism, many sacred sites arose in conjunction with the worship of rivers and mountains. Rivers, in particular, are worshiped as embodying the creative energy that generates the universe, but also. . .

As being powerful places of crossing between the divine and terrestrial worlds.

Given the worship of many deities, along with affirmation of the ultimate singularity of the divine, and of all reality, this form of Hinduism can be described as which one of the following?

Both polytheistic and monistic

Similarities between early Hinduism and Zoroastrianism. . .

Can be explained by the common origins of the peoples of northern India and Iran

As fundamental energies of the cosmos that constantly interact with each other, Yin and Yang make solid matter when they merge and become immaterial when detached. Which of the following statements best describe this interaction?

Concrete and materialistic things, as well as in subtle and spiritual entities.

This statement is pointing to the similarities of which two religions? "A more successful argument has been that the shared beliefs of the two religions reached the forms they take in their respective scriptures at roughly the same time, and so their similarity can be explained as the result either of a collaborative creativity of a parallel development nourished by a shared cultural milieu."

Daoism and Zoroastrianism

Confucianism treats the fulfillment of human potential as an ultimate concern. The tenacity with which Confucianism exhorts people to strive for human perfection in our ordinary lives as a form of divine calling. Therefore, making the secular sacred. What is the ultimate concern of Daoism?

Daoism emphasizes healthy improvement of the human body as a religious mission.

How does Daoism confront the topic of death and life after death?

Daoism explains the topic of mortality by emphasizing the possibility and the desirability of immortality. Daoists explain it as a stage of transformation to a higher plane of existence, a way of attaining true immortality.

For Confucianism, humans need to be rigorously nurtured and developed through scholastic learning, moral introspection, and ethical behavior. Learning to be authentically human. What about Daoism?

Daoists prescribe diet, exercise, and preservation of health and energy as a way of approaching the holy

For Confucians, humans are potentially perfect and inclined toward the good. How about for the Daoists?

For the Daoists humans through their ignorance or negligence waste their essential ability of the vital energy resulting in their vulnerability to disease and death

Which the following is NOT one of the beliefs in Daoism?

Human beings are caught in a tug of war between good and evil

Which of the following are considered the Three Marks of Existence and in which of the religions?

Impermanence, Suffering, and No-Self in Buddhism

The concept of Tian, literally, "the sky," but more properly "the force above." Had a primacy in Chinese religion before Confucianism. The early Tian was seen as an imposing, detached, and unapproachable divine power whose interaction with human beings was largely confined to the ruler, who alone could interact with it. How was this Tian seen in Confucianism?

In Confucianism, Tian" was more intimate religious and ethical entity.

In which of the following religious sect a text provides a detailed study of the nature of consciousness and explores how the mind has both the tendency to generate illusory, dualistic misperceptions and the potential to clearly apprehend the unity of existence.

In Hinduism's Vedic Text

In which of the particular Buddhist sect, and in which of their text shows a system of thought based on the idea that the material world is a manifestation of divine energy?

In Vajrayana Buddhism's Tantric texts

How does Karma in Hinduism function?

In accordance with the law of Cause and Effect

In which of the following religious text this quote is most probably found? "What Tian has ordained is called human nature. Following this nature is called the Dao. Cultivating the Dao is called teaching"

In the Confucian the Doctrine of Mean

In Zoroastrianism, where the embodied forces of order and goodwill battle against the embodied forces of chaos and evil?

In the realm of the physical world

What does Rudolf Otto's The Idea of the Holy depict?

It describes the encounter with "the Holy" as "numinous"

Which of the following best describes the Native American Sun Dance ritual?

It is a midsummer Native American ritual that spans nearly two weeks, culminating in four days of dancing.

What exactly led to the rise of Daoism as organized religion between the second century B.C.E. and the second century C.E.?

Laozi was revered as a human incarnation of the Dao

Mencius and Xunzi are two Chinese Confucian Scholars. Each viewed human nature in a very different way. Which of the following statement is best describes each?

Mencius: Human Nature is good and Xunzi: Huna nature is evil

It insists that people should not simply focus on themselves and their private interests, but concern for the welfare of all. Universal friendship to be practiced. Order of society and material well-being important. This benefits the collective, the society.

Mohism

A religious experience characterized as the uniting with the divine through inward contemplation. It is a personal experience during which one feels as though one has been touched by some higher or greater truth or power. This may occur inside or outside of a religious setting, within or outside a religious tradition.

Mystical Experience

Which of these statements about women in Daoism is NOT true?

No number of women can be identified as prominent Daoists

"Man makes religion, religion does not make man. In other words, religion is the self-consciousness and self-feeling of man who has either not yet found himself or has already lost himself again. But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world. Man is the world of man, the state, society....Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. "

None of the above

Departing from the Vedic focus on ritual, and especially sacrifice, which of the following Hindu text features philosophical speculation on the nature of the divine, the self, the world, and the relationship between them?

None of the above

The concepts of Karma, Samsara, Reincarnation of the soul, and immortality of the soul were all initially closely guarded secrets. Which one of these Hindu Texts is significant for describing these concepts for the first time?

None of the above

Which of the following Navajo ceremonial practice involve ritualized singing and chants and may take place over several days. Like the cry ceremonies, the songs and chants retell the stories of creation and thus, through language, bring the power of the time of creation into the present.?

None of the above

The ultimate Reality for the Confucians, is Tian, the procreator of the cosmos and all the countless things in it. Tian has a special relationship with humans and communicates with chosen individuals its grand design for humanity. Tian's message is recognized by perceptive and insightful human representatives through their keen observation of nature and diligent study of human affairs. How does Daoism view ultimate reality?

None of the above. There is no Ultimate Reality for the Confucians or for the Daoists

What exactly the term "Kevala" means and in which religion?

Omniscience in Jainism

Which one of the following characteristics is Daoist?

One's filial obligation to parents and ancestors is core of one's humanity

The concept of samsara presents some basic questions. What gives rise to samsara? And why are human beings so prone to remain stuck in this samsaric realm? What is Hinduism's answer to these questions?

Our egoistic selves, our relationships, our possessions, and our attachment to countless objects of our desires and the karma generates it drive us after each lifetime back into the samsaric realm of particulars.

The belief that the divine is identical to nature and the material world is called what?

Pantheism

This theologian's definition of religion connects to a focus on "man's spiritual life" as "ultimate concern"

Paul Tillich

Which of these thinkers commented on defining religion and said, "a definition is not more or less true, only more or less useful?

Peter Berger

Which of the following best describes the Mayan Popol Vuh?

Popol Vuh is a text recounting the creation myth and history of the Mayan Kʼicheʼ people

Confucians and Daoists differ in their answers to the question "What Is Our Ultimate Purpose?" For the Confucians, the highest achievement of human endeavor is to become the coequal of the divine ultimate Tian. How is Daoism answer the question "What Is Our Ultimate Purpose?"

Sikhism and Daoism

he German Philosopher Immanuel Kant conceived of religion as which of the following?

Something separate from the various phenomena the human mind is capable to perceiving

Which of the following similarities with Zoroastrianism the readers familiar with Platonic philosophy will recognize?

Spirit/matter dualism

The interweaving and interconnectedness of all things. These include pure consciousness, which is identified with Brahman or Shiva, and material reality in its most basic state, which is identified with Energy. Similarly, samsara and moksha are understood not as two different things but as aspects of a single continuum of being.

Tantra

A primary concern regarding a sound academic approach to the study of world religions involves the fact that it arose within an intellectual culture that. . .

Tended to take for granted that Christianity was a model of what religion ought to be

Unlike the foundational texts of most religions, the Chinese Book of Change Does not include a creation Myth. Then which of the following statement is true regarding this fact?

That Nothing exists outside the cosmos

Zoroastrianism provides a solution to the so-called "problem of evil" by teaching which of the following?

That Ultimately order and goodness will win out over chaos and evil

The Hindu dualistic viewpoint understands divine reality as God, which means what?

That a personal being separate from the rest of reality

In the Hindu Epic of the Bhagavad Gita what is Krishna's teaching on desireless action insists on?

That we should act as little as possible

In Hinduism, who asserted that caste and other circumstances of one's birth did not determine one's access to God, rather, it was the quality of one's surrender to God that mattered.

The Bhakti Poets

Which of these were given the highest prominence in Daoism?

The Confucian Classic of Filial Piety and the Buddhist Heart Sutra

The Confucian Dao requires superior human beings (men of virtue) and statesmen to exercise their utmost effort to actualize its ideal design. What does the Daoist Dao require?

The Dao of the Daodejing is the ideal ethical-social-political order ordained by Tian for human beings

Which of the following statement Does NOT describe the Daodejing?

The Daodejing was embraced by Confucius and his followers

Which of the following statement best describes the Daoist Book of Change?

The Daoist Book of Change conveys a worldview that has been described as "organismic." Meaning that every single component of the cosmos belongs to an organic whole and that all component parts interact with one another in a continuous self-generating process.

Efforts to understand religion that has continued to the present day were launched by the European Enlightenment impulse toward categorically separating religion from politics, coupled with which of the following?

The European exploration of distant lands and their unfamiliar "religions

Efforts to define religion were launched by the European Enlightenment impulse toward categorically separating religion, coupled with which of the following?

The European exploration of distant lands and their unfamiliar "religions"

Which of these arguments seeks to prove the existence of God from the laws of logic alone?

The Ontological Argument

For the academic study of religion, as opposed to doing religion or being religious. . .

The Supernatural beings and events normally are held to be beyond the reach of academic inquiry

A new stage in the development of religious texts, having been composed in part by people of non-brahmin backgrounds. Its newfound emphasis on philosophical speculation is no longer the sole domain of the priestly class. It pushed the development of the contemplative disciplines of yoga and meditation and influenced the philosophical concepts found later in the Bhagavad Gita.

The Upanishads

They are believed not to have been composed by man but rather "heard" by the poet-sages of ancient times who were divinely inspired. Thus, belongs to the category of texts known as "that which is heard."

The Vedas in HInduism

The word Skandhas in Sanskrit means "bundles", the five basic components of every self in Buddhism. What are the five basic components of every self, all of which are always in flux?

The body, perception, feelings, innate tendencies, and thought

Which of the following statement best describes Jainism?

The categories of existence can be said to begin with a simple distinction between the living (Jiva) and the nonliving, (ajiva)

The First Cause Argument also called what?

The cosmological argument

Which of these arguments seeks to prove the existence of God from the fact that the universe exists?

The cosmological argument

The Confucian master Mencius identified four Sprouts of Morality in all humans. What are they?

The inability to bear witness, the suffering of others, Shame, Deference, and sense of right and wrong

What is Karma for Jainism?

The moral law of cause and effect that determines prospects for a good rebirth

Lao Tzu articulated a worldview and a moral-political approach that were mostly what?

The opposite of those embraced by Confucius and his followers.

The effect of modernization on the world religions has been seen in the prominence of women with religious tradition. Which of the following examples best illustrates the prominence of women in religion?

The rise of percentage of clergy in Protestant Christian churches

Because of the absence of a creation myth in Chinese religions, which of the following may be attributed to Chinese religions?

The spirit of honoring ancestors

Which one of these all do Hindus believe that its nature is neither limited by the physical body nor defined by its relationship to the world?

The undying atman the soul or self

In his definition of religion, the French sociologist Émile Durkheim insists on

The unification brought about by "beliefs and practices," culminating in a "moral community called a Church"*

Both Jainism and Judaism call for extensive attention to which of the following?

To Metaphysical development in order to best understand the context of their teachings and practices

To which of these ideas Daoism subscribes to?

To more "naturalistic" view of all things in the universe—namely, that there is no explicit or hidden moral purpose imposed by a supreme deity.

The absence of a creation myth in the Book of Changes may be attributed to what?

To the dominance of the spirit of honoring ancestors in China since antiquity

What are The Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

Universality of Suffering, Origin of Suffering, Extinction of Suffering, the path leading to the Extinction of Suffering

Zen practitioners often. . . .

Use artistic mediums sucl1 as poetry, calligraphy, and garden design to enable the insights gained in meditation to find articulation outside the constraints of language.

Karl Marx, who was affected by what he perceived as the economic disparities of the Industrial Revolution, . . . . .

Was a materialist who dismissed all forms of ideology as obstacles to the pursuit of true well-being.

Which of the following is NOT among the prominent questions addressed by religions?

What is the correct definition of "religion"?

Which of the following statements best describes Monism the belief that all reality is ultimately one?

When all of the identifiable particulars of the universe are subtracted away, what remains is the essential foundation of all existence.

Which of the following Henotheism acknowledges?

a plurality of gods but elevates one of them to special status

Most scholars argue that THIS thinker's definition of religion overemphasizes social orientation. Which one of the following thinkers these scholars are talking about?

Émile Durkheim