PHIL 6: FINAL

According to David Chalmers, consciousness A. cannot be reduced to or explained in terms of physical processes. B. is not a fundamental feature of reality. C. and subjective experiences do not exist. D. can be identified with and reduced to physical processes in the brain. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

? A. cannot be reduced to or explained in terms of physical processes

Which of the following is the pejorative term used by eliminativists to characterize traditional psychological theories? A. primitive psychology B. folk psychology C. voodoo science D. Fuzzy logic (CH 2--Mind/Body)

? B. Folk psychology

Socrates undermines Thrasymachus's definition of justice by A. showing that it leads to a contradiction. B. arguing that most people would be unlikely to accept it. C. demonstrating that it would violate the laws of Athens. D. arguing that adopting it would lead to social instability. (CH 1--Intro)

? B. arguing that most people would be unlikely to accept it

Concerning the behavior of the criminal, the hard determinist typically say A. criminal behavior is the inevitable result of previous causes. B. criminals cannot be held morally responsible for their behavior. C. criminal behavior is best addressed by psychological treatment, not punishment. D. all of the above (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

? D. All the above

Benedict Spinoza is best described as a A. determinist B. dualist C. agency theorist D. libertarian (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

A. Determinist

The study of the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence. A. metaphysics B. epistemology C. ethics D. aesthetics E. logic (CH 1--Intro)

A. Metaphysics

Expressing two assertions that could not both be true under any possible circumstances is known as A. a logical inconsistency. B. a self-referential inconsistency. C. the false dichotomy fallacy. D. the fallacy of affirming the consequent. (CH 1--Intro)

A. a logical incosistency

According to the text, the type of freedom we have when our actions are not limited by external forces or obstacles is called A. circumstantial freedom. B. metaphysical freedom. C. existential freedom. D. moral freedom. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

A. circumstantial freedom

The principle of Ockham's razor says that we should A. eliminate unnecessary entities in our theories. B. shave off all beliefs that will not lead to the improvement of our soul. C. make our definitions as sharp and precise as possible. D. divide mental events and physical events into two separate categories. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

A. eliminate unnecessary entities in our theories

The determinist says that the activity of deliberation occurs when A. our will is suspended between two causes that pull us in opposite directions. B. our behavior is free from any determining causes at all. C. we are determined to act in one way, but the will freely struggles to act in another way. D. we are determined to act in one way, but our reason struggles to overcome the causes acting on us. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

A. our will is suspended between two causes that pull us in opposite directions

Three of the six criteria the book discussed for evaluating philosophical claims are A. cultural consensus, emotional satisfaction, logical sophistication. B. clarity, consistency, comprehensiveness. C. centrality, authoritativeness, persuasiveness. D. compatibility, conviction, competance. (CH 1--Intro)

B. Clarity, consistency, comprehensiveness

The study of knowledge. A. metaphysics B. epistemology C. ethics D. aesthetics E. logic (CH 1--Intro)

B. Epistemology

Socrates believed he was wiser than anyone else in Athens because he A. had found the ultimate truth, using the Socratic method. B. knew he was ignorant. C. did not believe in any god. D. realized that all opinions are equally true. (CH 1--Intro)

B. Knew he was ignorant

Which of the following is a criticism the hard determinist would make of the libertarian? A. The libertarian believes in the absurd position of incompatibilism. B. Libertarianism is in conflict with the scientific view of the world. C. The libertarian believes in the problematic universal causation thesis. D. all of the above (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

B. Libertariansim is in conflict with scientific view of the world

"Philosophy," literally defined, means: A. love and acquisition of knowledge. B. love and pursuit of wisdom. C. love and practice of rhetoric. D. critical thinking. E. none of the above (CH 1--Intro)

B. Love and pursuit of wisdom

Sartre uses the term "bad faith" to refer to A. a lack of religious belief. B. our attempt to deny our freedom and responsibility for who we are. C. the circumstances of our lives that govern how we act. D. our failure to accept what is inevitable and meant to be. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

B. Our attempt to deny our freedom and responsibility for who we are

Sartre uses the term "bad faith" to refer to A. a lack of religious belief. B. our attempt to deny our freedom and responsibility for who we are. C. the circumstances of our lives that govern how we act. D. our failure to accept what is inevitable and meant to be.

B. Our attempt to deny our freedom and responsibility for who we are

According to Socrates, __________ is considered the true identity of the person. A. soma or body B. psyche or mind C. arête or excellence D. pathos or passion E. all of the above (CH 1--Intro)

B. Psyche or mind

In a deductive argument, an author's aim is to A. demonstrate that the premises, if true, make the conclusion very likely B. show that the premises, if true, guarantee that the conclusion must be true. C. establish a claim by threatening their opponent with violence D. trick others into accepting a claim for irrelevant reasons E. none of the above (CH 1--Intro)

B. Show that the premises, if true, guarantee that the conclusion must be true

Which of the following best represents the positive case for physicalism? A. Physicalism is the only theory that adequately accounts for the immaterial mind or soul. B. There seems to be a very clear correlation between what we normally think of as mental events and changes in brain states. C. Physicalism is the only theory of the mind that doesn't rely on religious faith. D. all of the above (CH 2--Mind/Body

B. There seems to be a very clear correlation between what we normally think of as mental events and changes in brain states.

The position that claims that the terms "beliefs," "thoughts," and "desires" refer to nothing at all is called A. identity theory. B. eliminativism. C. dualism. D. idealism. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

B. eliminativism

The hard determinist and the libertarian both believe that A. compatibilism is true. B. incompatibilism is true. C. universal causation is true. D. we have moral responsibility. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

B. incompatibilism is true

The two kinds of monism are A. atheism and theism. B. materialism and idealism. C. empiricism and rationalism. D. freedom and determinism. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

B. materialism and idealism

The Turing Test is an attempt to determine A. the level of intelligence of an average human being. B. whether or not a computer has achieved intelligence. C. whether or not a particular mental state is produced by a particular brain state. D. when it is ethical to use computers to make important decisions. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

B. whether or not a computer has achieved intelligence

The study of moral values and principles. A. metaphysics B. epistemology C. ethics D. aesthetics E. logic (CH 1--Intro)

C. Ethics

According to Sartre, what is the significance of the fact that you were born a certain gender? A. You are determined to act and think a certain way because of biological causes. B. You are conditioned to act and think a certain way by society. C. This fact has no significance until you assign meaning to it. D. One's gender has no significance because there is one basic, human nature that governs us all. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

C. The fact has no significance until you assign it meaning

According to Richard Taylor's agency theory, the two kinds of causes are A. scientific causes and divine causes. B. deterministic causes and random, indeterministic causes. C. event-causation and agent-causation. D. deterministic physical causes and deterministic psychological causes. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

C. event-causation and agent-causation

In comparing (1) Gandhi fasting because he wanted to free India and (2) a man starving in the desert, Walter Stace says A. in both cases the action was caused and, hence, not free. B. in (1) his action was uncaused and free and in (2) it was caused and not free. C. in (1) his action was caused and free and in (2) it was caused and not free. D. in (1) his action was uncaused and not free and in (2) it was caused and not free. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

C. in (1) his action was caused and free and in (2) it was caused and not free

René Descartes's version of dualism is known as A. eliminativism. B. physicalism. C. interactionism. D. idealism. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

C. interactionism

A compatibilist would claim that if a formerly upright citizen chooses to become a criminal, this shows that A. people sometimes make free choices that are not determined by their personality. B. persons can never be held morally responsible for their actions. C. internal and external causes acted to determine the person's behavior differently than it was determined previously. D. human behavior is too complex to know if we are free or determined. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

C. internal and external causes acted to determine the person's behavior differently than it was determined previously

The compatibilist claims that a free action is an action which A. is impossible. B. lacks both a physical and a psychological cause. C. requires one to have metaphysical freedom. D. has, as its immediate causes, psychological states in the agent. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

C. requires one to have metaphysical freedom

Which of the following statements does a physicalist reject? A. The body is a physical thing. B. The mind is a nonphysical thing. C. The mind and the body interact and causally affect one another. D. Nonphysical things cannot causally interact with physical things. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

C. the ind and the body interact and causally affect one another

The libertarian and the compatibilist both believe that A. universal causation is true. B. we have metaphysical freedom. C. we have moral responsibility. D. we can be determined and free. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

C. we have moral responsibility

A central aim of philosophy is: A. to prove that others are ignorant and foolish B. to rid the mind of any and all assumptions C. to learn how to win arguments and influence people D. acquire self understanding E. none of the above (CH 1--Intro)

D. Acquire self understanding

The study of beauty, art, and taste. A. metaphysics B. epistemology C. ethics D. aesthetics E. logic (CH 1--Intro)

D. Aethetics

According to your text, one of the three arguments used to support libertarianism is the argument from ... A. the necessity of universal causation. B. religious experience. C. the compatibility of freedom and determinism. D. deliberation. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

D. Deliberation

In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, the shadows represented A. our doubts and lack of confidence in our own worth. B. the fact that truth is elusive and cannot be found. C. the gods. D. imperfect and confused representations of a higher reality. (CH 1--Intro)

D. Imperfect and confused representations of higher reality

The position that claims people have metaphysical freedom is A. hard determinism. B. compatibilism. C. constructivism. D. libertarianism. (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

D. libertarianism

Which of the following statements does a dualist reject? A. The body is a physical thing. B. The mind is a nonphysical thing. C. The mind and the body interact and causally affect one another. D. Nonphysical things cannot causally interact with physical things. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

D. nonphysical things cannot causally interact with physical things

John Searle's Chinese room argument attempts to show that A. computers are capable of translating foreign languages into English. B. computers will never be able to simulate conversations. C. it is likely that computers will some day be as intelligent as humans. D. passing the Turing Test is not a sufficient criterion for intelligence. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

D. passing the Turing Test is not a sufficient criterion for intelligence

18. "Multiple realizability" refers to A. people who have many different personalities. B. the claim that there are many different kinds of realities. C. the claim that there are multiple and equally correct views of reality. D. the fact that the same pattern can be embodied in different physical media. (CH 2--Mind/Body)

D. the fact that the same pattern can be embodied in different physical media

The branch of philosophy that seeks to establish the rules for correct reasoning and valid arguments. A. metaphysics B. epistemology C. ethics D. aesthetics E. logic (CH 1--Intro)

E. Logic

The Socratic Method is A. a method using dynamic questions and the conceptual analysis of key terms. B. a method by which answers are generated not by the teacher, but by the student. C. often compared, by Socrates, to the methods used by a midwife or sculptor D. an educational technique whereby participants are first made aware of their ignorance in order to better search for truth. E. all of the above (CH 1--Intro)

E. all of the above

According to Plato, there is no truth about justice, for everyone has a different opinion about it TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

According to the compatibilist, we cannot be morally responsible for actions which are determined. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

FALSE

According to your text, a metaphysical idealist is a person who is very optimistic. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

FALSE

According to your text, studying philosophy promises to give all serious students satisfying answers to the deepest questions pertaining to the world and the meaning of life. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

Critical thinking is a skill that encourages people to resist change and to passionately defend their most fundamental beliefs. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

David Chalmers argued that dualism must be false because it conflicts with the findings of modern science. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

FALSE

Hard determinists believe that we are only free in those very rare moments when our actions are not caused. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

FALSE

Hugh Elliot's story of "Tantalus" was meant to illustrate the fact that our thoughts are the product of a nonphysical mind. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

FALSE

Identity theory claims that the mind is identical to a nonphysical substance that is separate from the brain. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

FALSE

In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners were glad when their friend told them about the world outside the cave. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

In philosophy, an argument is defined as "a contentious dispute." TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

Metaphysical materialism is a form of dualism. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

FALSE

Since compatibilists believe we do have the freedom necessary to be morally responsible, they don't accept the thesis of universal causation. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

FALSE

Socrates believed that "it was better to commit wickedness than to suffer it." TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

Socrates promised his students success in the pursuit of wealth, political power and reputation. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

The goal of Socrates' method of dialectic is to achieve wisdom through deep meditation and solitary inquiry. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

The libertarian would agree with the compatibilist on the definition of "free actions." TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

FALSE

There is no real difference between "having" a philosophy and "doing" philosophy. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

FALSE

To be a libertarian, one must deny that human actions are ever the result of previous causes. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

FALSE

According to your text, fundamental reality is that upon which everything else depends. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

TRUE

Descartes's position on the mind-body issue is a form of metaphysical dualism. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

TRUE

Determinists believe that your actions would be perfectly predictable if one knew all the causes acting upon you. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

TRUE

Jean-Paul Sartre claims that the emotions we express are the result of our free choices. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

TRUE

Libertarians reject the thesis of universal causation. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

TRUE

René Descartes was more certain about the existence of his mind than the existence of his body. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

TRUE

Searle maintained that there is a difference between simulating cognition and duplicating it. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

TRUE

Socrates believed that "the most important task in life is the care of the soul." TRUE OR FALSE (CH 1--Intro)

TRUE

The compatibilist differs with the hard determinist over whether any of our actions can meaningfully be said to be free. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

TRUE

The functionalist denies that mental states are necessarily identical to brain states. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2--Mind/Body)

TRUE

The hard determinist and the libertarian agree that if our choices are fully determined, then people cannot have the freedom necessary to be held moral responsible. TRUE OR FALSE (CH 2 Pt 2--Freedom/Determinism)

TRUE