PHIL EXAM

According to Aristotle the virtues of character are acquired through

Habit

Temperance Truthfulness Bravery Wittiness

Intemperance Boastfulness Rashness Buffoonery

Which of the following does Aristotle think cannot be the highest good because it is not wanted for its own sake

Money

Which of the following does Rachels proposes as a possible independent moral standard (in Chapter 2)?

Morally acceptable social practices should promote (and not hinder) the welfare of the people affected by them

Ethical Egoism is a moral theory that is basically the same as

None of the above

Which of the following does Hume think is really morally wrong, independent of how we feel about it

None of the above

Which of the following is a counterexample to the Cultural Differences Argument?

P1- Different Cultures have different beliefs about the shape of the earth C- There is no object "truth" about the shape of the earth. The shape of the earth is only a matter of opinion, and opinions vary from culture to culture

Match the philosopher with the corresponding moral theory (as covered in Rachels book) Thomas Hobbes Aristotle John Stuart Mill David Humes Ayn Rand Immanuel Kant

-Social Contract Theory -Virtue Ethics -Utilitarianism -Ethical Relativism -Ethical Egoism -Deontological Ethics

1. The Categorical Imperative 2. First proposition of morality 3. Second proposition of morality 4. Third proposition of morality

1. Act only on those maxims which you can at once will become universal laws 2. In order to have moral worth, and action must be done from duty 3. An action done from duty derives its moral worth, not from the purpose which is to be attained by it, but from the maxim by which it is determined 4. Duty is the necessity of acting from respect for the law

1. The Categorical Imperative 2. The Principle of Utility 3. The Golden Rule 4. The Principle of Non-Malificence 5.The Principle of Autonomy 6. The Principle of Beneficence 7. Principle of Justice

1. Act only on those maxims which you can at once will to become universal laws 2. Actions are morally right as they tend to produce happiness, morally wrong as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness 3. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you 4. Avoid doing harm whenever possible 5. Respect the free decisions of people who are mature and rational 6. Do good whenever possible 7. Always try to be fair to all those who are affected by your actions

Socrates died in

399 BC

Which version of the Categorical Imperative is given by Rachels in Chapter 10

Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.

Which of the following are examples of valid reasoning

All Collies are dogs All dogs are animals Therefore, All collies are animals

If cultural relative is true then..

All of the above

Which of the following does Hume try to prove in his Treatise:

All of the above

In her interview with Mike Wallace, Ayn Rand acknowledges an intellectual/ philosophical debt to:

Aristotle

One of the main proponents of Ethical Egoism was:

Ayn Rand

When weighing in on the Benefits Argument (1.2), Rachels accepts the second premise (i.e., Transplanting the organs would benefit the other children without harming Baby Theresa) because:

Being alive was doing Baby Theresa no good, and mere biological existence is worthless

According to Aristotle, virtue

Both A and B

Which of the following values does Rachels think is more or less universal across human cultures

Both A and B

Emotivism is the ethical theory that claims

Both b and c

In evaluating the argument for Psychological Egoism labeled "The Argument That We Always Do What We Want To Do", Rachels claims the argument fails because:

Both b and c

Theory of Natural Law is generally rejected today because

Both b and c

Bravery Generosity Temperance Friendliness

Cowardice Stingy Insensible Aloofness

Socrates objects to Euthyphro's first answer to the question "What is piety?" because...

Euthyphro has only given examples of piety, while Socrates wanted a definition of piety (the form of piety)

T/F "Eudaimonia" is the Greek word for "Having a character that is brilliant like a good diamond"

False

T/F "Metaphysic" is the branch of philosophy concerned with understanding the nature of art and beauty

False

T/F "The Greatest Happiness Principle" is the name of Kants supreme moral principle

False

T/F ? The task of Metaethics is to apply normative moral theories to resolve specific concrete moral issues

False

T/F According to Aristotle ethics is a subject that admits of exact answers

False

T/F According to Hume, there really is no difference between an idea and an impression

False

T/F According to Kant, happiness is the highest (or supreme) good

False

T/F According to Rachels, Virtue Theory is a complete and independent moral theory that guides our actions and is good at resolving moral conflicts

False

T/F According to Rachels, acts of civil disobedience can never be justified by the Social Contract Theory

False

T/F According to Rachels, moral rules that condemn prostitution, sodomy and sexual promiscuity can be justified by the Social Contract Theory, because these things do not facilitate harmonious social living

False

T/F According to Rachels, one of the objections to the Social Contact Theory is that it assumes that people are selfish, when in fact they are naturally benevolent

False

T/F According to Rachels, the Cultural Difference Argument is unsound because it has a false premise

False

T/F According to Rachels, there is a simple recipe for constructing good moral arguments and avoiding bad ones

False

T/F According to the Divine Command theory God commands certain actions because they are morally right

False

T/F An argument is valid if and only if the premises are all true and the conclusion is true

False

T/F David Hume's Moral Philosophy agrees with Aristotle's Moral Philosophy with regard to the role that reason plays in virtue and vice

False

T/F Ethical Egoism is the theory that claims that everyone always acts in his/her own self-interest

False

T/F Ethical Relativism is the theory which claims that only some moral truths are relative

False

T/F Hume claims that it is completely irrational to prefer the destruction of the whole world to the scratching of your little finger

False

T/F In the opening scene of the dialogue Euthyphro, we find out that Socrates is at the court because he has failed to pay his taxes on time

False

T/F Morality for Hobbes is grounded in a God who creates moral rules

False

T/F Rachels claims that one objection to Ethical Egoism is that it "violates the golden rule"

False

T/F The statement "There is no truth" is true

False

In his Treatise. Hume claims that moral distinctions are derived from

Feelings and Sentiments

Rachels rejects Ayn Rand's argument for Ethical Egoism because he thinks:

The argument presents a false dichotomy by assuming that there are only two options: either we accept altruism or we accept ethical egoism.

In the Preface to the Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals, Immanuel Kant defined ethics as:

The branch of philosophy that investigates the laws of freedom

Which of the following does Hobbes think is an inalienable right?

The right to self- defence

Which of the follow does Rachels list as a difficulty for the Divine Command Theory

This conception of morality makes God's command arbitrary.

T/F According to Kant the consequences of an action are completely irrelevant to the moral worth of the action

True

T/F According to Kant, it is possible for a person to act in accord with duty, but not from a sense of duty

True

T/F According to Rachels (1.5), moral judgments must be backed by good reasons; and second morality requires the impartial consideration of each individuals interests

True

T/F According to Rachels, emotivism avoids the two main objections to simple subjectivism.

True

T/F According to Rachels, if Psychological Egoism were true, then moral philosophy would seem pointless.

True

T/F According to Rachels, the two advantages of Virtue Theory are that (1 ) it gives an account of moral motivation and (2) it agrees with our intuitions that we ought to be partial in our treatment of our friends and family members.

True

T/F According to the Theory of Natural Law, moral rules are viewed as deriving from the laws of nature

True

T/F Courage is the virtuous mean between Cowardice and Foolhardiness

True

T/F In chapter 5 of his book, Rachels claims that some of the arguments for Ethical Egoism are good and that Ethical Egoism is the best moral theory available

True

T/F In philosophy, the terms moral philosophy and ethics are used (more or less) as synonyms

True

T/F In the Platonic dialogue by the same name, Euthyphro is at the court because he is prosecuting his father for murder

True

T/F Rachel believes the moral principle " Do what is right" admits of no exception. Nevertheless, he thinks that this principle is so formal that it is trivial.

True

T/F Rachels claims that certain practices which are (or have been ) accepted by some cultures are morally wrong

True

T/F Simple subjectivism is the theory which maintains that when a person P says that x is morally wrong, it simply means that person P disapproves of x

True

T/F The Social contract theory of morality can be summed up as follows: Morality consists in the set of rules, governing behavior, that rational people will accept on the condition that others accept them as well

True

T/F The social contract theory is grounded in self-interest and reciprocity.

True

Match the philosopher with his/her associated work: Aristotle Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill

Virtue Ethics Deontology Utilitarianism

According to Rachels the minimum conception of morality involves

both A and B

According to Hobbes, the life of man in the state of nature is

both a and c

The point of the Prisoner's Dilemma is to show:

in some cases, when everyone involved acts selfish everyone involved ends up worse off

According to Kant, an action has moral worth only if

the action is done from a sense of duty

According to Kant, the function of reason in humans is

to produce a will that is good in itself

T/F The Divine Command theory implies that if God didn't exist, child abuse wouldn't be wrong

true

The first and fundamental Law of Nature states:

Seek peace and follow it