Phill 110 ch 1 part 2

Give the definition of a bad inductive argument.

An inductive argument is bad if and only if it is either weak or has at least one actually false premise.

Give the definition of good inductive argument.

An inductive argument is good if and only if it is both strong and all its premises are actually true.

Explain the difference between deductive and inductive arguments.

The primary difference between inductive arguments and deductive arguments is whether the support relation that is supposed to hold between the premises and the conclusion of the argument is one of likelihood or probability (in inductive arguments) ), making the claim that if the premises were true then the conclusion would be more likely to be true than to be false, or one of necessity (in deductive arguments), making the claim that if the premises were true then the conclusion would have to be true.

If a deductive argument is valid, what does that indicate about the truth or falsity of that argument's premise? Why?

if a dedicative argument is valid it does not indicate anything about the truth of falsity of the argument's premise because a unsound argument (with a false premise) can still be a valid argument.

If a deductive argument is invalid what does that indicate about the truth or falsity of its premises? Why?

If a deductive argument is invalid it does not indicate anything about the truth or falsity of its premises because an argument with two true premises can still be invalid if its premises do not support its conclusion.

Using an example, explain how a deductive argument can have all true premises and a true conclusion and still not be valid.

1) If Mary likes dogs, she will go to the dog show in Canada. 2) Mary does not like dogs. ______________________________ Therefore, 3) she will not go to the dog show in Canada The proposition in this argument are all presumed to be true; however, just because Mary does not like dogs does not mean she will not go to Canada for another reason. it also does not mean she will not go to a dog show because people do things they do not like.

Using an example, explain how a deductive argument can have false premises and a false conclusion and still be valid.

1) If chad is in Europe chad is in China. 2) Chad is in Europe. _________ Therefore, 3) chad is in China. The propositions of this argument are all actually false, but if they were true it would be impossible for the conclusion to be false.

What are the steps to putting an argument in premise conclusion form?

1) break out each premise on separate line 2) number each premise starting with the first one working down 3) draw a horizontal line after the last premise to separate the conclusion 4) number the conclusion between the therefore and the remaining information.

What are the two separate and independent considerations that must be taken into account when judging wether the premises of an argument give good reasons in support of its conclusion? Explain why these considerations are independent of one another.

1) do the premise support the conclusion 2) are ALL the premises true?

Give the definition of a invalid argument.

A deductive argument is invalid if and only if it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

Give the definition of a sound argument

A deductive argument is sound if and only if it is both valid and all its premises are actually true.

Give the definition of an unsound argument.

A deductive argument is unsound if and only if it is either invalid or it has at lease one actually false premise.

Give the definition of a valid argument.

A deductive argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false, i.e., if the premises of the argument were true, then the conclusion would have to be true.

Give the definition of a deductive argument.

An argument is deductive if and only if it supposes that if the premises of the argument were true, then its conclusion would have to be tue.

Give the definition of an inductive argument.

An argument is inductive if and only if its conclusion is supposed to be made more likely to be true than to be false given the truth of its premises, i.e., inductive arguments suppose that if their premises were true then their conclusion would be more likely to be true than to be false.

Give the definition of a strong inductive argument.

An inductive argument is strong if and only if the argument is such that if the premises of the argument were true, then the conclusion would be more likely to be true than to be false.

Give the definition of a weak inductive argument.

An inductive argument is weak if and only if the argument is such that if the premises of the argument were true, then the conclusion would be less likely (or no more likely) to be true than to be false.

why must we say that a deductive argument only supposes that its premises support its conclusion, i.e., why must the definition of a deductive argument include the word supposes?

Because not all deductive arguments are good arguments, in a bad deductive argument the premises may not support the conclusion, a deductive argument that does not support the conclusion is still considered an argument, so we say supposes.

If an argument is sound what does that indicate about the truth or falsity of its conclusion? Why?

If the argument is sound it indicates by necessity that the conclusion be true. Because a sound argument means that the premises must be true and and the argument valid so the conclusion must be true.

if the conclusion of a valid argument is false, what does that indicate about the truth or falsity of the argument's premises? Why?

If the conclusion of a valid argument is false it indicates that at lease on of the premises must be false because in a valid deductive argument if the premises are true then it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. Inversely in a valid deductive argument if the conclusion is true than it is impossible to have a false premise. So, if a conclusion is false that there must have to be at least one false premise.

If an argument is a good inductive argument, what does that indicate about the truth or falsity of its conclusion? why?

It indicates that it is strong because for an argument to be good it must by definition mean that the argument is also strong.

If an argument is sound, what does that indicate about its validity? Why?

It indicates that the argument is valid because for an argument to be sound it must also have to be valid.

If an argument is a good inductive argument, what does that indicate about the truth or falsity of its conclusion? Why?

It indicates that the conclusion is more likely true than false, but it does not indicate with certainty that the conclusion is true.

What does the definition of a strong inductive argument say about the actual truth of the argument's premises? why?

It says nothing about the actual truth of its premises because the definition of a strong inductive argument says that if the premises were true then the conclusion would be more likely to be true than false, but it does not say anything about the truth of the premise.

If an inductive argument is weak, what does that indicate about the truth or falsity of its premises? Why?

It says nothing about the truth or falsity of its premises because the definition of a weak inductive argument says that if the premises were true then the conclusion would no more likely to be true than false, but it does not say anything about the truth of the premise.

What are the elements of making a clear distinction? What does it mean to respect a distinction?

Whenever we make a distinction, we will take the definitions to specify the sorts of things we are distinguishing and simply add, in each case, a statement of the difference that makes the difference between the distinct things. You define what each thing is, and then you state the difference that makes the difference.

What are the 4 modalities?

•Possible •Impossible •Necessary • Actual