philosophy 200 final

Pantheism

"all is God" (37). "everything in the universe is one thing or the manifestation of one thing, and this one thing is worthy of worship."

Utilitarianism

"the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Looking at consequences. Maximizes happiness and minimizes happiness for the majority.

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. , "I think, therefore I am"

Epicurus

(341-270 B.C.): This philosopher played the major role in developing the philosophy of Epicureanism. According to Epicurus, and other proponents of this philosophy, people should attempt to seek pleasure and happiness by avoiding painful situations. , "The moral life is the pursuit of pleasure; happiness consists in pleasure; pleasure is the beginning and the end of happy living; not the pleasure of the debauched person indulging in sensual enjoyment, but the pleasure of a person free from pain and confusion of the soul."

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Heraclitus

(535-475BCE) Everything is in flux, nothing indures but change (never the same river)

Hedonism

(n.) the belief that the attainment of pleasure is life's chief aim; devotion to or pursuit of pleasure....physical pleasure is highest happiness.

Hume

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Mill

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Sextus Expiricus

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Skepticism - Academic / Pyrrhonian

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Epicureanism

A Practical philosophy on the teachings of Epicurus, who viewed life as contentment, free from suffering and fear, and absence of pain. He believed that people should look into their own feelings. This was a philosophy that greatly increased during the Helenistic Period. Also, the principle good of life is pleasure, or absence of pain. All violent emotions are undesirable, and that poverty was good as long as all essential needs were met. Attain serenity by looking into own feelings.

Cicero

A Roman senator renowned for his oratorical skill. Cicero speaks at Caesar's triumphal parade. He later dies at the order of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus. , Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers

Cynicism

A philosophical system that emphasized radical authenticity, repudiation of shame, simplicity of lifestyle, and a desire to possess only what is obtained naturally and freely. - a branch of stoicism. all people are motivated by self interest.

Skepticism

A philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain.

Validity

Accurate. The degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concepts that the researcher is attempting to measure. Does it measure what its suppose to.

Zeno of Citium

An Athenian philosopher who lived from 335 to 263 B.C.E. He founded Stoicism and promoted the complete suppression of desire, so that a state of enlightened apathy would dull the psychological impact of misfortunes. His school of thought is named after the building, Stoa, in which he taught.

Stoicism

An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.

Isothenia/equipollence

Balanced state. Having equal reasons to accept opposing theories.

4 Principles

Banish the fear of gods. Banish fear of death. Limit desires of the obtainable goods. Limit the desires of the endurable terrible.

Atomism

Belief that we can understand nature by breaking it down to its fundamental unit

St Augustine

Early church father who articulates/creates many of the basic ideas of Christianity. If you believe a doctrine regarding Christianity, you should thank Augustine , Evil is the privation of good 'privatio boni'. God would never create evil and all creation is good- evil is just a distortion of this goodness. Analogy of a blind man.

Plotinus

Egyptian-Roman philosopher, founded Neoplatonism, said reality is caused by a series of outpourings clled emanations, influenced Christianity despite not being Christian, wrote "Enneads"

Kant

German philosopher whose synthesis of rationalism and empiricism, in which he argued that reason is the means by which the phenomena of experience are translated into understanding, marks the beginning of idealism. His classic works include Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788), in which he put forward a system of ethics based on the categorical imperative. , "Do the right thing because it is your duty.

Epictetus

He is a famous Roman Stoic. He was a Greek slave and he gained his freedom. He taught that we should not focus on what is not under our control. We need to remove desire.

Lucretius

He was a Roman poet who wrote "On the Nature of Things." He was an Epicurean, developed a primitive atomic theory. the particle theory; you don't see the water coming out of the clothes but eventually they are dry.

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Diogenes Laërtius

Lived in 3rd Century AD. He was a biographer of Greek Philosophers and wrote Lives and Opinions of Eminemt Philosophers which is one of the principle surviving sources for the history of Greek Philosophy

Modus Ponens

Method of proving things...if / then.

Neo-Platonism

Pagan school of thought that believed in a Supreme Being who creates through an emanation of lesser beings, including the logos Anamnisis: your soul can access the divine knowledge.

The Academy

School founded by Plato in Athens to train statesmen and citizens, focus on philosophy; taught Aristotle

Recollective signs

Skeptics believe.From memory. Indicative signs - skeptics don't believe in. There isn't enough proof of them. theoretical. cannot sense them. predicting weather. atoms.

Epoché

Smart argues uses this term to designate the necessary methodological step suspending personal judgement in order to better describe religious worldviews, especially those not shared by the observer....cant judge anything before you have the criteria of judgment.

Aristippus

Socrates pupil. Believed that aim of life was to attain the highest possible sensory enjoyment. , Aristippus believed the intensity of pleasure is most important, therefore physical pleasure is superior , established the Cyrenaic School of Philosophy and is labeled hedonist because he believes that pleasure is the highest good

Vitalism

The belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws.....life in everything, energy...active forces in nature.

Pyrrho

The founder of Skepticism who believed that because the universe is always changing, all knowledge is uncertain

Arche (Aristotle)

The start. origin.

Indifferents

These people work to live; not interested in their job or the organization; talk about their personal lives and not the organization; don't volunteer for anything and never do more than what's necessary

The problem of the criterion

Which argument for skepticism challenges externalism by questioning whether we can know that any of our beliefs have been formed by reliable processes?

Quietism

a form of religious mysticism requiring withdrawal from all human effort and passive contemplation of God....dont say your beliefs in political system so no change goes on.

Ataraxia

a state of freedom from emotional disturbance and anxiety; tranquility; peace of mind

Apatheia

a virtue that disposes one to limit one's enjoyment of sensibility and emotion when the integrity of the self is endangered

Material Conditional

always true except when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false

Diogenes

an ancient Greek philosopher and Cynic who rejected social conventions (circa 400-325 BC) , Alexander the Great sought out this wise man, and upon finding him lying in a tub, offered to give him whatever he wanted. He wise man replied, "I want you to get out of my sun." He earned the nickname "cyon" meaning dog, for his habit of wandering around naked and sleeping in dog houses. Who was this Greek philosopher founder of the cynics, who was said to search the earth with his lamp looking for an honest man?

Lekton

comprehension of the words and meaning.

5 modes:

disagreement, regress, circularity, hypothesis, relativity

Kantian Ethics

ethics derived from philosophical reasoning. Named after the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. "When human beings are treated as a means to an end, they are being treated as the equivalent of objects and are being denied their basic humanity." 1. Treat everyone like an end. Treat everyone with respect. 2. Categorical imperative: if you genuinely believe everyone would do it, you can do it. -ACTIONS not CONSEQUENCES...

Heraclitus

logic rules everything. Presocratics, but influenced stoics.

Kinesthetic Pleasure

pleasure of finite things. things that run out.

Katastematic pleasure

pleasures arising in circumstances in which one is free from bodily and mental movements, but one is a natural, self-maintaining condition of readiness for sensory engagement - such awareness, relaxed and undisturbed, is pleasant in itself....

Middle Platonism

the view that the eternal forms or ideas that underly the world of appearances are the thoughts of some single god or divinity