Philosophy
What events happen because of human causation, this is known as ______
Agent causation
A red herring
An attempt to discredit another philosophical proposition by invoking another unrelated point is called
The belief that the self is a material entity, particularly the human body
Animalism
The idea that language cannot possibly reflect reality is known as
Antirepresentationalsim
Fallacies
Arguments that have logical problems with them are generally called
Plato's most important student, and the one who would disagree with his master's theories, was
Aristotle
Argument ad hominem
Attacking a person's argument based upon that person's character is known as
Was the biggest proponent of analytical philosophy
Bertrand Russell
The wager argument for God's existence were famously proposed by
Blaise Pascal
______ is the way of the Samurai, or the way in which Japan's warrior class lived, thought, and behaved
Bushido
This man asked "why not commit suicide" as a methodological device
Camus
Plato used the allegory of the _____ to explain his theory of Forms
Cave
Is often referred to as the founder of pragmaism
Charles Sanders Peirce
This is freedom from external forces
Circumstantial freedom
The most important Chinese Philosopher in history was
Confucius
Nietzsche famously declared that God is
Dead
This man argued that language is always changing meanings, thus it is impossible to pin it down
Derrida
This is the idea that governmental powers derive from God himself
Divine intervention divine right kingship
The philosophical position that the universe is composed of both material and immaterial things
Dualism
____ is the idea that the mind is immaterial and the body is material
Dualism
T/F Descartes was English
FALSE
T/F Hobbes wrote Leviathan in 1651 to argue for a weak and decentralized government
FALSE
T/F Monadology is the study of Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting, Mona Lisa
FALSE
John Rawls recently argued hat justice should be equated with
Fairness
T/F All skeptics argue hat no knowledge is ever possible
False
T/F Empiricists argue that reason and intellect alone can give us knowledge
False
T/F Ethical relativism is the idea that there are universal ethical values we should follow
False
T/F Propositional knowledge is knowledge that can never be attained
False
T/F Utilitarians argue that the most ethical thing to do is whatever is best for those in power
False
T/F W. D. Ross argued that what is "good" and "right" are the exact same thing
False
The belief that the uses of the mind is more important than the physical form it takes
Functionalists
Gilbert Ryle, the famous behaviorist, argued that, when it comes to the mind, there is "no ____ in the machine"
Ghost
The most extreme type of determinism is called
Hard determinism
Much philosophy of the nineteenth century was a response to the Absolute Idealism of this philosopher
Hegel
Dialectic
Hegel's tool of using thesis, antithesis, and synthesis to explain change
Those who believe that the mind is identical to the brain
Identity Theorists
The belief that free will and determinism could never be reconciled
Incompatibilism
This Danish philosopher is known as the father of modern existentialism
Kant
Hindu's also believe in ______, or the moral law of cause and effect
Karma
Tabula rasa
Latin for "blank slate," implying that the mind needs to be written on to have knowledge
This is the belief that people should have a small government in order to enjoy their personal freedoms
Liberalism
The view that people have free will is known as ______
Libertarianism
____ is the claim that things need to be verifiable to be true
Logical positivism
This type of freedom is having the ability to choose from several viable options
Metaphysical freedom
The study of reality, being, and existence
Metaphysics
The problem of the relationship between the mind and body
Mind-body problem
The belief that the universe consists of only one reality
Monism
St. Thomas Aquinas supported this theory, which argued that there are universal laws that governments and people must abide by
Natural Law Theory
Buddhists constantly seek enlightenment, which they call
Nirvana
When one entity is identical to another entity
Numerical identity
Hindus believe in _____, or the idea that God is immanent
Pantheism
Arguments
Philosophers need these to prove their points
The philosophical position that the universe is composed only of matter or physical things
Physicalism
This Greek introduced the idea of a republic ruled by a meritocracy
Plato
When one entity shares the same qualities as another being
Qualitative identity
Wrote Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature in 1979 to publish his doubts about claims to absolute philosophical truth
Richard Rorty identity
The French author of No Exit, a famous play about people who are "condemned to be free"
Sartre
____ was the founder of Buddhism
Siddhartha Guatama
The theory that government is a contract between rulers and the people
Social contract theory
the belief that personal identity resides in the soul of an individual
Soul theory
____ was the most famous advocate of the ontological argument for God's existence, or the argument that things exist because of God
St. Anselm
The assertion that an artificial intelligence really does have a mind
Strong artificial intelligence
The idea that there are underlying rules of thought and language cross societies
Structuralism
Pantheism, as supported by Spinoza, means that God is immanent in nature (everywhere)
TRUE
T/F Hobbes carried the nickname "father of atheists" because of his materialism
TRUE
T/F Rene Descartes was the one to say, "I think, therefore I am."
TRUE
T/F The Cartesian method of doubting what we know until we find true knowledge was introduced by Descartes
TRUE
T/F Thomas Hobbes argued for Materialism, or the idea that all reality is just matter (there is no immaterial world)
TRUE
Lao Tzu was the mysterious founder of _____ an ancient Chinese philosophy
Taoism
Rhetoric
The ability to present your arguments clearly is
Unity of consciousness
The assertion that all awareness and perception must be consistent
Categorical imperative
The ethical rule whereby humans act as if all other humans would abide by the same general principle
Constructivism
The idea that knowledge is constructed by cognitive processes
Rationalism
The idea that reason is the best source for acquiring philosophical knowledge
Empiricism
The idea that sensory experience, or perception, is the best source for acquiring philosophical knowledge
Socrates
The method of questioning students so they can continually refine their definitions was named after this philosopher
Idealism
The position that all of reality consists of only minds and their ideas
Previous theologians often thought that human actions were determined by God. This is a position known as ______
Theological determination
Metaphysics
This is the study of reality, being, and existence
Epistemology
This is the study of the nature and limits of knowledge
This man wrote Leviathan to support a central government
Thomas Hobbes
T/F Consequentialism is the theory that consequences of an action are what make it moral or not
True
T/F Ethical absolutism is also sometimes called objectivism
True
T/F Immanuel Kant was a main proponent of constructivism, or the idea that knowledge is created through both rational and empirical processes
True
T/F Immanuel Kant was the first to argue that duty is a universal value
True
T/F Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill were key utilitarians
True
T/F Pragmatists argue that whatever "works" is true
True
T/F Rationalism is the belief that we have innate ideas, that we can have knowledge without perception
True
T/F Relativists argue that there is definitely a universal and objective truth
True
T/F Tabula rasa literally means "blank slate"
True
T/F The assumption that there is some divine power judging human actions is known as divine command theory
True
The name for the superb human being who will save Western morality in Nietzsche's philosophy
Ubermensch
_____ commentaries on the Hindu values
Upanishads
Advocated a pragmatic theory of truth while teaching at Harvard
William James
Stoics
emphasized control over one's passions (that's why we use that term today)
Plato
introduced his Theory of Forms
Socrates
introduced his famous method of questioning his students until they refined their definitions
Polis
was the generic name for the Greek city-state
Sophists
were known for their oratorical skills, as they taught students how to win arguments through rhetoric and oratory
St. Thomas Aquinas
wrote Summa Theologica to mix Platonic philosophy with Christian religion and create a new system of philosophy