Philosophy

What events happen because of human causation, this is known as ______

Agent causation

A red herring

An attempt to discredit another philosophical proposition by invoking another unrelated point is called

The belief that the self is a material entity, particularly the human body

Animalism

The idea that language cannot possibly reflect reality is known as

Antirepresentationalsim

Fallacies

Arguments that have logical problems with them are generally called

Plato's most important student, and the one who would disagree with his master's theories, was

Aristotle

Argument ad hominem

Attacking a person's argument based upon that person's character is known as

Was the biggest proponent of analytical philosophy

Bertrand Russell

The wager argument for God's existence were famously proposed by

Blaise Pascal

______ is the way of the Samurai, or the way in which Japan's warrior class lived, thought, and behaved

Bushido

This man asked "why not commit suicide" as a methodological device

Camus

Plato used the allegory of the _____ to explain his theory of Forms

Cave

Is often referred to as the founder of pragmaism

Charles Sanders Peirce

This is freedom from external forces

Circumstantial freedom

The most important Chinese Philosopher in history was

Confucius

Nietzsche famously declared that God is

Dead

This man argued that language is always changing meanings, thus it is impossible to pin it down

Derrida

This is the idea that governmental powers derive from God himself

Divine intervention divine right kingship

The philosophical position that the universe is composed of both material and immaterial things

Dualism

____ is the idea that the mind is immaterial and the body is material

Dualism

T/F Descartes was English

FALSE

T/F Hobbes wrote Leviathan in 1651 to argue for a weak and decentralized government

FALSE

T/F Monadology is the study of Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting, Mona Lisa

FALSE

John Rawls recently argued hat justice should be equated with

Fairness

T/F All skeptics argue hat no knowledge is ever possible

False

T/F Empiricists argue that reason and intellect alone can give us knowledge

False

T/F Ethical relativism is the idea that there are universal ethical values we should follow

False

T/F Propositional knowledge is knowledge that can never be attained

False

T/F Utilitarians argue that the most ethical thing to do is whatever is best for those in power

False

T/F W. D. Ross argued that what is "good" and "right" are the exact same thing

False

The belief that the uses of the mind is more important than the physical form it takes

Functionalists

Gilbert Ryle, the famous behaviorist, argued that, when it comes to the mind, there is "no ____ in the machine"

Ghost

The most extreme type of determinism is called

Hard determinism

Much philosophy of the nineteenth century was a response to the Absolute Idealism of this philosopher

Hegel

Dialectic

Hegel's tool of using thesis, antithesis, and synthesis to explain change

Those who believe that the mind is identical to the brain

Identity Theorists

The belief that free will and determinism could never be reconciled

Incompatibilism

This Danish philosopher is known as the father of modern existentialism

Kant

Hindu's also believe in ______, or the moral law of cause and effect

Karma

Tabula rasa

Latin for "blank slate," implying that the mind needs to be written on to have knowledge

This is the belief that people should have a small government in order to enjoy their personal freedoms

Liberalism

The view that people have free will is known as ______

Libertarianism

____ is the claim that things need to be verifiable to be true

Logical positivism

This type of freedom is having the ability to choose from several viable options

Metaphysical freedom

The study of reality, being, and existence

Metaphysics

The problem of the relationship between the mind and body

Mind-body problem

The belief that the universe consists of only one reality

Monism

St. Thomas Aquinas supported this theory, which argued that there are universal laws that governments and people must abide by

Natural Law Theory

Buddhists constantly seek enlightenment, which they call

Nirvana

When one entity is identical to another entity

Numerical identity

Hindus believe in _____, or the idea that God is immanent

Pantheism

Arguments

Philosophers need these to prove their points

The philosophical position that the universe is composed only of matter or physical things

Physicalism

This Greek introduced the idea of a republic ruled by a meritocracy

Plato

When one entity shares the same qualities as another being

Qualitative identity

Wrote Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature in 1979 to publish his doubts about claims to absolute philosophical truth

Richard Rorty identity

The French author of No Exit, a famous play about people who are "condemned to be free"

Sartre

____ was the founder of Buddhism

Siddhartha Guatama

The theory that government is a contract between rulers and the people

Social contract theory

the belief that personal identity resides in the soul of an individual

Soul theory

____ was the most famous advocate of the ontological argument for God's existence, or the argument that things exist because of God

St. Anselm

The assertion that an artificial intelligence really does have a mind

Strong artificial intelligence

The idea that there are underlying rules of thought and language cross societies

Structuralism

Pantheism, as supported by Spinoza, means that God is immanent in nature (everywhere)

TRUE

T/F Hobbes carried the nickname "father of atheists" because of his materialism

TRUE

T/F Rene Descartes was the one to say, "I think, therefore I am."

TRUE

T/F The Cartesian method of doubting what we know until we find true knowledge was introduced by Descartes

TRUE

T/F Thomas Hobbes argued for Materialism, or the idea that all reality is just matter (there is no immaterial world)

TRUE

Lao Tzu was the mysterious founder of _____ an ancient Chinese philosophy

Taoism

Rhetoric

The ability to present your arguments clearly is

Unity of consciousness

The assertion that all awareness and perception must be consistent

Categorical imperative

The ethical rule whereby humans act as if all other humans would abide by the same general principle

Constructivism

The idea that knowledge is constructed by cognitive processes

Rationalism

The idea that reason is the best source for acquiring philosophical knowledge

Empiricism

The idea that sensory experience, or perception, is the best source for acquiring philosophical knowledge

Socrates

The method of questioning students so they can continually refine their definitions was named after this philosopher

Idealism

The position that all of reality consists of only minds and their ideas

Previous theologians often thought that human actions were determined by God. This is a position known as ______

Theological determination

Metaphysics

This is the study of reality, being, and existence

Epistemology

This is the study of the nature and limits of knowledge

This man wrote Leviathan to support a central government

Thomas Hobbes

T/F Consequentialism is the theory that consequences of an action are what make it moral or not

True

T/F Ethical absolutism is also sometimes called objectivism

True

T/F Immanuel Kant was a main proponent of constructivism, or the idea that knowledge is created through both rational and empirical processes

True

T/F Immanuel Kant was the first to argue that duty is a universal value

True

T/F Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill were key utilitarians

True

T/F Pragmatists argue that whatever "works" is true

True

T/F Rationalism is the belief that we have innate ideas, that we can have knowledge without perception

True

T/F Relativists argue that there is definitely a universal and objective truth

True

T/F Tabula rasa literally means "blank slate"

True

T/F The assumption that there is some divine power judging human actions is known as divine command theory

True

The name for the superb human being who will save Western morality in Nietzsche's philosophy

Ubermensch

_____ commentaries on the Hindu values

Upanishads

Advocated a pragmatic theory of truth while teaching at Harvard

William James

Stoics

emphasized control over one's passions (that's why we use that term today)

Plato

introduced his Theory of Forms

Socrates

introduced his famous method of questioning his students until they refined their definitions

Polis

was the generic name for the Greek city-state

Sophists

were known for their oratorical skills, as they taught students how to win arguments through rhetoric and oratory

St. Thomas Aquinas

wrote Summa Theologica to mix Platonic philosophy with Christian religion and create a new system of philosophy