Photosynthesis and Respiration

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

cellular respiration formula

) C6 H12 06 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Endergonic

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

Food chain vs Food Web

A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another. ... Food webs consist of many interconnected food chains and are more realistic representation of consumption relationships in ecosystems.

Chromatography

A laboratory technique used to separate mixtures of molecules

Pallisade Layer

A layer of cells just below the upper surface of most leaves, consisting of cylindrical cells that contain many chloroplasts and stand at right angles to the leaf surface. It is the principal region of the leaf in which photosynthesis is carried out and lies above or to the outside of the spongy parenchyma.

Vein leaf cross section

A major lateral vein... ...stems, constitutes the shoot of the vascular plant body. Their principal function is to act as the primary site of photosynthesis in the plant. Leaves of dicots possess a network of interconnecting veins and minor veins between the larger veins of the leaf (a pattern called net venation).

Xanthophyll

A photosynthetic antenna pigment common in algae that is a structural variant of a carotenoid Produces yellowish colors

Catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Symbiosis

A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

Photosynthesis Formula

A simple word equation that can be used to describe the process of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen + water. A balanced chemical equation for the process can be written as 6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Overall, photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide into a carbohydrate.

Calorie

A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food

ATP formula

ATP + H20= ADP +Pi +energy * for forming ATP same formula, but backwards

difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Role of pigments in photosynthes

Because they interact with light to absorb only certain wavelengths, pigments are useful to plants and other autotrophs --organisms which make their own food using photosynthesis. In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, pigments are the means by which the energy of sunlight is captured for photosynthesis.

combustion vs respiration

Cellular Respiration and Burning (Combustion): Cellular respiration resembles ordinary combustion or burning in the breakdown of chemical bonds, use of oxygen, production of carbon dioxide, and release of energy, but there are some fundamental differences between the two processes.

Exergonic

Chemical reactions that release energy

Aerobic

Chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen

Cell parts where photosynthesis and respiration occurr

Chloroplasts

Anaerobic

Describes a process that does not require oxygen.

parts/layers of a leaf and how they relate to photosynthesis

Epidermis is thin and transparent- To allow more light to reach the palisade cells Thin cuticle made of wax --To protect the leaf without blocking out light Palisade cell layer at top of leaf -To absorb more light Spongy layer -Air spaces allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf, and increase the surface area Palisade cells contain many chloroplasts- To absorb all the available light

Stoma

Function. The gas exchange that occurs when stomata are open facilitates photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into usable energy. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere through the stomata and oxygen is released as a waste product

Van Helmont

In what is perhaps his best-known experiment, van Helmont placed a 5-pound (about 2.2-kg) willow in an earthen pot containing 200 pounds (about 90 kg) of dried soil, and over a five-year period he added nothing to the pot but rainwater or distilled water.

Carotene

Ingested- accumulates in stratum corneum. Color: Orangish yellow.

Ingenhousz

Jan Ingenhousz (1730-1799). Dutch-born physician, chemist, and plant physiologist. Showed light is essential to plant respiration and that the gas plants produce in light is oxygen. He is therefore recognized as the discoverer of photosynthesis.

Joseph Priestley

Joseph Priestley carried out an experiment that showed that plants produce oxygen. He put a mint plant in a closed container with a burning candle

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

Spongy Layer

Moist, loosely packed layer of cells containing chloroplasts.

How is cellular respiration useful in orgainisms

Oxygen is required for cellular respiration and is used to break down nutrients, like sugar, to generate ATP (energy) and carbon dioxide and water (waste). Organisms from all kingdoms of life, including bacteria, archaea, plants, protists, animals, and fungi, can use cellular respiration.

Why we need plants to survive

Plants make oxygen. One of the materials that plants produce as they make food is oxygen gas. This oxygen gas, which is an important part of the air, is the gas that plants and animals must have in order to stay alive. When people breathe, it is the oxygen that we take out of the air to keep our cells and bodies alive.

Commensalism

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Energy

The ability to do work or cause change

Where does ATP come from

The energy for the synthesis of ATP comes from the breakdown of foods and phosphocreatine (PC). Phosphocreatine is also known as creatine phosphate and like existing ATP; it is stored inside muscle cells. Because it is stored in muscle cells phosphocreatine is readily available to produce ATP quickly.

What happens when some organisms from food web are removed

The producer starts the food chain by capturing solar energy and producing chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose. You would also see an effect on the consumers of the frogs which are the snakes. They would lose an organism that they feed on which can cause their numbers to decrease.

Cuticle

The waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.

Why is constant energy in our body necessary

To stay alive, cells need a constant supply of energy. Animal cells get energy from food, while plant cells get energy from sunlight. All cells use chemical energy. is the energy stored in the bonds between atoms of every molecule. ... You eat food to restore the glucose supply in muscles.

Upper Epidermis

Upper epidermis. This is a single layer of cells containing few or no chloroplasts. The cells are quite transparent and permit most of the light that strikes them to pass through to the underlying cells. The upper surface is covered with a waxy, waterproof cuticle, which serves to reduce water loss from the leaf.

Dark Reactions

Using the energy (ATP) and carbon dioxide to make sugar and then storing it as starch Reactions of the Calvin cycle that do not require light also called the light-independent reactions

Why do things appear to be a particular color

We perceive things to be a certain color because of the way our eyes sense the various frequencies of light reflected off of them. Objects that appear red do not contain the color red. They only contain the molecules that affect the visible light waves so that only red is reflected.

Food Chain

a hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.

ADP

adenosine diphosphate adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups

Guard Cells

each of a pair of curved cells that surround a stoma, becoming larger or smaller according to the pressure within the cells.

Chlorophyll a/b

green, absorb all wavelengths of light in the red, blue, and violet range

Carnivore

organism that obtains energy by eating animals

Heterotroph

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer

Rf value

relationship between the distance moved by a molecule and the distance moved by the solvent is calculated in Thin Layer Chromotography. It is determined by the distance a substance travels

Trophic Level

step in the movement of energy through an ecosystem; an organism's feeding status in an ecosystem.

Light Reaction

the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP initial reactions in photosynthesis; begins with the absorption of light in the chloroplasts Utilizing solar energy to produce ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen.

Cellular Respiration

the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules

Photosynthesis

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant