Physical Education: Content Area 5091 Form 1 Category II. Management, Motivation, and Communication

In his work on developing the affective domain in physical activity settings, Don Hellison proposes that students move developmentally through five levels of personal and social responsibility. Which of the following correctly sequences Hellison's developmental levels? A. Respect, effort, self-direction, caring, outside the classroom B. Outside the classroom, caring, effort, self-direction, respect C. Effort, self-direction, respect, outside the classroom, caring D. Caring, respect, outside the classroom, effort, self-direction

A. Respect, effort, self-direction, caring, outside the classroom Option (A) is correct. Don Hellison's model for teaching personal and social responsibility was developed to progressively establish a respectful and supportive physical activity environment that develops social skills and values. The first level is respect, which focuses on increasing empathy and awareness of the impact of one's behaviors on others. The second level is effort, which focuses on participation in activities and taking on new challenges. The fourth level is caring, which focuses on showing support and compassion without expecting anything in return. The last, and most advanced, level focuses on transferring knowledge outside of the classroom into other areas of students' lives.

Which of the following is an important principle of assertive communication? A. Taking responsibility for one's feelings by using "I" statements B. Elaborating on closed-ended questions to make sure one's answers are clearly understood C. Taking responsibility for others' actions and statements D. Using caring tag questions such as "Does that make sense?" or "Is that OK?"

A. Taking responsibility for one's feelings by using "I" statements Option (A) is correct. Blaming others using "you" statements will generally lead to a defensive response; "I" statements, however, show you are taking responsibility for your behavior and feelings and focusing on the problem. A closed-ended question should be answered as such; an informational question should be answered with as much information as possible. While an assertive speaker recognizes that there is someone else in the conversation and acknowledges his or her concerns, the speaker cannot take responsibility for the other person's actions. Assertive communicators think and talk positively about themselves and avoid qualifying statements and tag questions, which can weaken a person's position.

Which of the following is the best initial step for teachers to take in developing effective behavioral management plans for students? A. Teachers should consider their own philosophy concerning behavior management. B. Teachers should examine their own strengths and weaknesses as behavior managers. C. Teachers should establish behavior management goals for their own setting. D. Teachers should determine measurable behaviors to see if they can be achieved.

A. Teachers should consider their own philosophy concerning behavior management. Option (A) is correct. A teacher's philosophy of behavior management forms the basis for the behavior management model the teacher will adopt in the classroom. After teachers have considered their philosophy concerning behavior management, they will be able to examine strengths and weaknesses, establish goals, and finally determine measurable behaviors they wish to achieve.

Which of the following best describes the most appropriate way for a physical education teacher to divide the class for activities under the sport-education model? A. The teacher places students on teams that are balanced in terms of gender, ethnicity, athleticism, and skill. B. The students are placed into four groups by counting off; they are assigned to stations and rotate through each station during the class period. C. The teacher places students on teams for a tournament, ensuring that the most skilled students are on half the teams so that they can play more competitive games. D. The teacher allows students to choose their own partners for a dual sports unit.

A. The teacher places students on teams that are balanced in terms of gender, ethnicity, athleticism, and skill. Option (A) is correct. This method allows the teams to be evenly mixed, although it takes a lot of planning on the part of the teacher.

Students in a physical education class can best demonstrate personal and social responsibility when they are A. allowed input on class rules and expectations B. provided a handout of gymnasium protocols C. assigned a variety of partners throughout the year D. instructed where to line up and wait for the teacher

A. allowed input on class rules and expectations Option (A) is correct. Although some protocols should be provided for students, allowing students input in the making of class rules and expectations sends the message that the students are capable of making decisions and, in turn, this teaches them to take responsibility and to have ownership. Students are more likely to follow rules and meet expectations when they have had input in developing the rules and expectations. The other options do not describe a strategy for promoting students' personal or social responsibility.

When a teacher is creating and posting rules for an elementary school physical education class, which of the following is the optimal number of rules to list? A.5 B.10 C.15 D.20

A.5 Research shows that for optimal effectiveness, a maximum of five rules should be posted at one time. Any more than five can be overwhelming for elementary school students and difficult to remember. The correct answer, therefore, is (A).

Which of the following tips are helpful to a new physical education teacher trying to establish a positive and orderly learning environment? Select all that apply. A.Greet students at the gym entrance as soon as they arrive. B.Get to know students' names as soon as possible. C.Wait outside the locker room as students dress for class. D.Have class rules posted clearly at all teaching stations. Correct Answer: A, B, D

A.Greet students at the gym entrance as soon as they arrive. B.Get to know students' names as soon as possible. D.Have class rules posted clearly at all teaching stations. Option (C) is incorrect because teachers should be in the locker room directly supervising students as they change both before and after physical education class. The correct answers are (A), (B), and (D), which are all helpful in establishing a positive and orderly environment.

According to recent research, in a typical physical education class, most students are engaged in vigorous activity approximately what percent of the time? A.Less than 40% B.Between 40% and 60% C.Between 60% and 80% D.More than 80%

A.Less than 40% Research on classes that ranged in length from 30 to 40 minutes found less than 40 percent of the time being spent on vigorous physical activity. The correct answer, therefore, is (A).

Which of the following best describes the effect of sports participation on personality? A.Players are not affected in a predictable way. B.Players who pursue individual sports become more introverted. C.Players who participate in team sports become more extroverted. D.Players tend to become more individualistic.

A.Players are not affected in a predictable way. Sports participation can affect players in a variety of ways, but research does not support the common notion that sports participation changes or develops participants' personalities in any particular way. The correct answer, therefore, is (A).

When teaching a forward roll, which of the following types of mats may best be used to assist the student? A.Wedge B.Block C.Folding panel D.Cylinder

A.Wedge When teaching a forward roll, a teacher may use a wedge mat to assist the student. The correct answer, therefore, is (A).

Which of the following tasks can a teacher use at the beginning of each school year to establish a supportive classroom environment? A. Applying predetermined consequences consistently for inappropriate behavior B. Developing and maintaining clearly established classroom rules C. Providing timely verbal cues for desired student behavior D. Providing a lengthy list of rules and routines to establish control

B. Developing and maintaining clearly established classroom rules Option (B) is correct. At the beginning of the school year, the most important piece in establishing a supportive classroom environment is to develop and maintain clearly established classroom rules. Applying predetermined consequences consistently for inappropriate behavior and providing timely verbal cues for desired student behaviors should all occur throughout the year. Providing a lengthy list of rules and routines to establish control of the class is ineffective in developing and maintaining a supportive classroom environment.

Which of the following of Mosston and Ashworth's teaching styles incorporates students working in pairs? A. Command B. Reciprocal C. Learner-initiated D. Practice

B. Reciprocal Option (B) is correct. According to Mosston and Ashworth, reciprocal teaching is when students work in pairs with one student performing and the other providing feedback. Command teaching is when the teacher makes all the decisions. Learner-initiated teaching is when the student plans his or her own progress, while the teacher is there to advise or support. Practice teaching is when students carry out tasks that are prescribed by the teacher.

Which of the following does a physical education teacher accomplish by using appropriate wait time? A. Interactions between students decrease. B. The number of student responses increases. C. The effectiveness of classroom management increases. D. The contributions of low-performing students decrease.

B. The number of student responses increases. Option (B) is correct. Using wait time purposefully builds time for all students to think and take in the information. Allotting for appropriate time will allow students to analyze the question and come up with the most appropriate responses. Student-to-student interaction increases by using appropriate wait time and classroom management decreases because more students are engaged. "Low performers" generally need the extra time to process information and formulate a response.

In creating an emotionally safe environment for students to learn fitness, which of the following techniques is the most effective for a physical education teacher to use to promote student learning, participation, and performance? A.Giving standardized fitness tests in both the fall and spring, posting fitness score results on the wall of the gymnasium, and awarding students who were successful B.Giving a fitness test in the fall, using it as a guide to assist students in creating individual fitness plans for the school year, and rewarding students who show improvement C.Doing fitness-based warm-ups every day throughout the year and allowing different students to lead the class in the warm-ups D.Having students take standardized fitness tests and sending letters home to the parents of the students who did not perform well to inform the parents of the importance of their child's fitness

B.Giving a fitness test in the fall, using it as a guide to assist students in creating individual fitness plans for the school year, and rewarding students who show improvement Implementing a yearlong individualized fitness program will positively impact student learning, participation, and performance. While all of the answer choices could be done, they would not be the best to promote an emotionally safe environment; especially (A) and (D). The correct answer, therefore, is (B).

Which of the following is the best first step for minimizing misbehavior in a physical education class? A.Making sure the class witnesses punishments so that all students know what will happen if they misbehave B.Setting clear expectations of behavior and explaining the consequences and rewards with consistent follow-through C.Sending misbehaving students to the principal's office or having them sit out so that they cannot disrupt the class D.Sending notes home to the parents of misbehaving students to let them know of all incidents

B.Setting clear expectations of behavior and explaining the consequences and rewards with consistent follow-through Being proactive is the best first step in handling misbehavior in class. Teachers must be able to anticipate at least some level of misbehavior in the classroom and, by being proactive, can prevent much of it from occurring in the first place. The correct answer, therefore, is (B).

Which of the following is a key principle of teacher-student communication? A.Teachers should reinforce the fact that they are in charge. B.Teachers should treat students with respect. C.Teachers should speak in a louder tone to students than to their colleagues. D.Teachers should do most of the talking in their discussions with students.

B.Teachers should treat students with respect. The most important feature of communication is respect. If students feel that a teacher respects them, they are most likely to show respect in return. The correct answer, therefore, is (B).

Participation by students in a physical education class should be motivated by which of the following? A.A reward system with candy, pizza, or trinkets as prizes B.The intrinsic reward of feeling a sense of accomplishment C.The teacher's constant redirection of inappropriate behavior D.Peer pressure to compete with others for the best score

B.The intrinsic reward of feeling a sense of accomplishment In physical education class the motivation should be the feeling of accomplishment more so than receiving a prize. Extrinsic rewards can lead to attitude and self-esteem problems over time. The correct answer, therefore, is (B).

The best time to establish classroom management expectations is A.after a problem occurs B.at the beginning of the school year C.at the end of the class period D.at the beginning of every class

B.at the beginning of the school year Classroom management expectations should be established at the beginning of the school year and reinforced throughout the school year. The time described in choices (A) and (C) are too late, and establishing expectations at the beginning of every class would be time-consuming and repetitive. The correct answer, therefore, is (B).

A signed consent form should be obtained from the parent or guardian of a student who is going on a sport or adventure field trip because the form A.signifies that the parent or guardian assumes primary responsibility for anything that might happen on the trip B.shows the teacher that the parent or guardian knows what activity is planned for the student and does not object C.prevents a parent or guardian from successfully suing the teacher if a student is injured D.relieves the school district of responsibility for the student

B.shows the teacher that the parent or guardian knows what activity is planned for the student and does not object Consent forms are primarily informational documents. The teacher is still primarily responsible for the student's safety during the trip. The correct answer, therefore, is (B).

Which of the following actions by a teacher will best contribute to the affective development of physical education students? A. Providing a variety of activities that focus on flexibility B. Personalizing tasks to meet the needs of each student C. Planning activities that build confidence and competence in skills D. Designing problem-solving experiences

C. Planning activities that build confidence and competence in skills Option (C) is correct. A student's affective involvement is developed through the design of a task as well as the appropriateness of the task for the individual learner. Confidence and competence with the content, as well as the social and emotional involvement of the learner in the task, have been shown to have a positive impact on students' affective development. All other options are effective strategies to use for content development, but they have little to do with affective development.

Which of the following is the most appropriate personal goal a physical education teacher can set to attain during classes? A. Class time will be divided equally between explanation and student activity. B. Time spent waiting for drills will be limited to no more than 50 percent of the class time. C. There will be verbal and nonverbal interaction between the teacher and every student. D. Warm-up stretching will be omitted to enable the entire class time to be devoted to student activity.

C. There will be verbal and nonverbal interaction between the teacher and every student. Option (C) is correct. The most appropriate goal among the options is for a physical education teacher to make verbal or nonverbal contact with each student in the class. It's inappropriate to divide class time equally between explanation and activity and to have students waiting in line for drills half of the time. Omitting warm-ups is also inappropriate and a safety concern.

Two students in a physical education class have a minor, nonphysical conflict. Which of the following is the best way for the teacher to handle the situation? A.Immediately punish both of the students involved in the conflict B.Ask both students to tell their sides of the story so the teacher can decide who is wrong C.Promote the use of "I" statements so the students can work through the issue themselves D.Ignore the situation if it did not disrupt the class

C.Promote the use of "I" statements so the students can work through the issue themselves The best way for the teacher to handle this particular situation is to assist the students in using "I" messages so they can work through the situation themselves. Teachers need to reinforce with their students the need to become personally and socially responsible when working through conflicts, which can free the teacher's time and teach the students valuable lessons for the future. The correct answer, therefore, is (C).

Which of the following is the most effective way for a high school physical education teacher to reinforce positive behavior in the gymnasium? A. Using external rewards when necessary, and then slowly withdrawing them B. Placing a student's name on a star board to let the student know that he or she was acting appropriately during class C. Using free time to initially create compliance and a heightened awareness of appropriate behavior D. Asking students to evaluate their own behavior in writing or verbally at the end of the week

D. Asking students to evaluate their own behavior in writing or verbally at the end of the week Option (D) is correct. An effective behavioral technique is to develop high school learners' reflective skills. Teachers should ask students to evaluate their own behavior and responses in writing or verbally at the end of class or the end of the week. External rewards are effective only when they are perceived as valuable to the student and directly related to the activity. Using free time and putting students' names on the board work as reinforcers to initially create compliance and a heightened awareness of appropriate behavior with students at an elementary level.

Which of the following is the most effective technique for a teacher to use when monitoring student behavior during a physical education class? A. Keeping movement patterns predictable during activity and instruction B. Monitoring each group of students while providing equal amounts of attention to all students C. Terminating one activity, starting another, and then returning to the first activity to keep the students' interest D. Scanning the class frequently from the perimeter of the teaching area from right to left

D. Scanning the class frequently from the perimeter of the teaching area from right to left Option (D) is correct. The most effective technique that a teacher can use to monitor student behavior is to scan the class frequently from the perimeter of the designated teaching area from right to left. Scanning the teaching area at regular intervals will usually curtail discipline problems. It is good practice for a teacher to vary the way he or she walks through the teaching area during an activity and to stand in various places throughout class instruction. Flip-flopping from activity to activity should be avoided because, as a practice, it could have adverse effects on student learning and, instead, a consistent progression of activities is preferred.

Which of the following variables is generally the strongest predictor of student success in a physical education class? A. The way the physical education setting is arranged B. The way students perceive how success will affect their grades C. The way students are partnered during activities in class D. The way students perceive their teacher's expectations for their success

D. The way students perceive their teacher's expectations for their success Option (D) is correct. While there are different variables that impact student success in physical education, the most important variable has to do with teacher expectations. Students often perform better when the teacher expects that they can succeed.

Which of the following statements is an example of providing evaluative feedback during a soccer unit? A. Point your toe. B. Use your instep, not the toe. C. Keep your eyes up. D. You are not dribbling with the correct part of your foot.

D. You are not dribbling with the correct part of your foot. Option (D) is correct. It is evaluative because it tells the performer exactly what he or she is doing incorrectly, while the other options tell the performer what to do.

During the start of a volleyball unit, the teacher notices that a student who usually participates in class is no longer motivated. The teacher can best address the situation by A. sending the student to the school nurse for the remainder of the volleyball unit B. taking away participation points from the student for the volleyball unit C. assuming that the student does not have the basic skills to participate in the volleyball unit D. asking the student's classroom teacher whether he or she has noticed changes in the student's behavior

D. asking the student's classroom teacher whether he or she has noticed changes in the student's behavior Option (D) is correct. The best action for the teacher to take in the situation described is to talk to the student's classroom teacher to see whether he or she has noticed changes in the student's behavior. Communicating and collaborating with colleagues is helpful in understanding what is going on with a student and it allows the teacher to meet all the students' needs and to plan instruction accordingly.

The most effective way for a physical education teacher to maximize students' motivation to participate in class is to A. support and develop skills of the highly skilled performer B. collect valid and reliable data to understand student needs and fitness levels C. emphasize student participation in competitive sports D. provide students with a variety of activities

D. provide students with a variety of activities Option (D) is correct. A physical education teacher must provide a variety of activities that appeal to all students across all ability levels. This will keep interest levels and participation levels at their highest. Catering to one group of students does a disservice to all others.

When an activity is being observed in a physical education class, a teacher should follow which of the following practices regarding teacher placement in a gym? A.Staying in one place until students stop moving B.Staying toward the center of the gym C.Moving in and out of the activity D.Moving along the perimeter of the gym

D.Moving along the perimeter of the gym The best placement of the teacher in this case would be to have the teacher move about the perimeter of the gym. Staying in one place would not allow the teacher to see all the students at close range. Staying in the center would cause the teacher to have his or her back to some students, and the teacher could get in the way in a small space. The correct answer, therefore, is (D).

A teacher wants to hold a field day for the entire school; however, there is not enough money in the budget for this event. What should the teacher do? A.The teacher should not hold the field day. B.The teacher should use the physical education budget to host the field day instead of buying supplies. C.The teacher should contact the parents and ask them to donate money for the field day. D.The teacher should present a budget and description of the field day to the Parent-Teacher Association and school administrators to see if money can be obtained.

D.The teacher should present a budget and description of the field day to the Parent-Teacher Association and school administrators to see if money can be obtained. A prepared plan may be taken seriously by the PTA and would be a better choice than not holding the field day at all or placing an undue burden on the parents to pay for it. The physical education budget needs to be used for what the money was budgeted for. It cannot be substituted for other uses. The correct answer, therefore, is (D).