Physical Science

What are Newton's 3 Laws of Motion?

1. The Law of Inertia 2. The Law of Acceleratin 3. The Law of Reciprocal Actions

What are the two basic properties which differentiate the states of matter

1. Whether it can be compressed 2. Whether it takes the shape of its container

Why do flourescent lights use less energy than incandescent lights?

As the electricity stimulates the atoms, they flouresce on their own (it only takes a little bit of electricity). Incandescent lights require electricity to push through a filament which requires more energy to produce that same amount of light.

Natural Gas

As this biomatter breaks down, it can become gaseous and these pockets of natural gas form underground and these can be harvested, burned, and used for energy

What type of change is propone burning?

Chemical change: the fuel is a hydrocarbon (propane), when it bonds with oxygen it forms something completely new at a molecular level

What is at the neutral pH of 7?

Distilled water; it is neither acidic nor alkaline (basic)

Newton's Law of Acceleration

Force= Mass X Acceleration The more massive something is, the more force it exerts. The more acceleration it has, relative to the object it collides with, the more force it also exerts.

What are other forces that can effect or cause changes in motion?

Gravity, magnetism, and friction

crest

Highest point of a wave

Systems and System Models

How do components function together? There are different parts of a system that could be doing different things. Ex) Different rocks that are part of the earth that are moving in a certain way when we're talking about the rock cycle

What are 4 renewable energy sources?

Solar, wind, hydro-electric, and nuclear

Magnetism

The Earth spins because it has a liquid metal outer core and it builds up a magnetic field around itself. This magnetic field pulls ions and particles that are coming into the Earth's atmosphere down at the magnetic poles (Northern Lights)

What is an example of Newton's Law of Gravity?

The Sun is thousands of times more massive than the Earth, yet the moon orbits the Earth because the Earth actually exerts more gravitational pull on it. The reason is because the Earth is so much closer to the moon.

Frequency in regards to sound

The higher the frequency of the wave, the higher the pitch of the sound that we hear it as if it is an audible wave

Electromagnetism

The interaction between electricity and magnetism, each can be used to create the other

What are two products of magnetism?

The reason a compass points to the North and the reason we have the Northern Lights or Aurora Borealis.

What is an example of the Law of Conversation?

The sun rising over the ocean. The Sun's light has electromagnetic radiation (sunlight) which hits the ocean's surface and a large portion of it gets absorbed, but it doesn't go away- it changes forms usually into thermal energy or heat.

Wheel and Axle

Two different sized circular objects that are attached together and turn as one.

What gases exist in our air naturally?

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane

How do we produce electricity?

We can spin a magnet inside a coil, what we call a generator and cause electrons to build up on that coil

What wavelength is shorter than ultraviolet?

X-ray, even more damaging due to its short wavelength

Physical Change

a change from one state to another without a change in chemical composition

Acceleration

a change in velocity; -constant speed gives you a straight line on a graph -the faster they're going the more steeply inclined the line would be -the slower they're going the less steeply inclined the line would be

Charles' Law

a gas law which states there is a direct relationship between temperature and volume. As temperature rises, volume rises. As temperature decreases, volume decreases.

Boyle's Law

a gas law which states there is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume. As pressure goes up, volume goes down. As pressure goes down, volume goes up.

Experimental Group

a group of subjects upon which a hypothesis is tested

Control Group

a group which resembles the experimental group in all other ways, but on which the hypothesis is not tested (in some clinical trials control groups are given a placebo)

Solution

a homogeneous (even throughout) mixture in which one substance has dissolved into the other Ex) saline solution or salt water: the distribution of salt throughout the water is even so it's homogenous

Mixture

a material that can be separated by physical means into two or more substances

pH

a measure of the presence of hydrogen ions in a substance. It affects its propensity to bond with other substances

Electrolysis

a method of separating ions within a substance by passing electrical current through the substance. It involves the use of two electrodes called a cathode and an anode. The cathodes and anodes separate.

Graduated Cylinder

a much more accurate measurement of fluids and liquids. Device is longer, more narrow

Windmill

a renewable energy source whose blades get turned by the wind which goes through a gearbox which then goes into a generator and spins the generator.

Nuclear Power

a renewable energy source- a fission or fusion reaction can cause water to heat up and evaporate. The vapor causes pressure, spins the blade or a turbine, which then spins a generator

Lever

a simple machine that consists of a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum. The further you are from the fulcrum, the more mechanical advantage you have.

Incline Plane

a sloping surface, such as a ramp, that reduces the amount of force required to do work

Vacuum

a space where there is no matter: no solids, liquids, gas===> if an object is moving here then it causes displacement

compound

a substance composed of two or more elements Ex) NaCl: Sodium Chloride is made of sodium and chlorine. If you put sodium on a table you could burn a hole through it and chloride is the chlorine we put in pools, so both are very caustic--but when you put them together you get: table salt Ex) Carbon Dioxide: one part carbon, two parts oxygen

Element

a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means Ex) hydrogen, helium, iron, barium, mercury

Suspension

a system in which small particles are kept dispersed by the agitation or molecular motion in the surrounding medium/area Ex) muddy water in a river. The churning action of the water in the river gets the mud and the water mixed together, but if you scooped out a glass of that & you set it down on the counter and you came back an hour later, all the water is at the top and all the mud is at the bottom. They've separted because there's no longer agitation

Where do cleansers typically fall on the pH scale?

alkaline

Isotope

an atom that has different number of neutrons that its normal amount (the base number) Usually the number of neutrons will be the number of protons, but not always

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

Natural Resource

anything that is found in nature and is useful to humans -> anything we mine or get from quarries, anything we cut down and use as a building material Ex) water, timber, and minerals

Waves

are a progressive disturbance propated from point to point (with regularity between points) Ex) light waves, sound waves, waves going through a solid or liquid substance (earthquake or wave in ocean)

Chemical Properties

are organized by column Ex) alkaline metals, transitional metals, noble gases. One noble gas will want to react, bond, and behave in the same way as another noble gas.

Atomic Properties

are organized by row. Atomic number and mass increase as you move left to right and top to bottom. Ex) alkaline metals, transitional metals, noble gases

What is the smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element?

atom Ex) one atom of hydrogen still reacts, bonds, and behaves exactly the same way as if there was an entire canister of hydrogen

AMU

atomic mass unit is a measurement scale for the mass of subatomic particles which scientists use because measuring them in grams wouldn't be an effecient way (they are WAY too tiny) In regards to the mass of an atom, only protons & neutrons are discussed because electrons are TOO small

Fluorescent Light

atoms such as argon become excited by a small amount of electrical stimulation. These atoms on their own flouresce or glow, giving off light. Ex) neon signs

Ions

atoms whose particles have a positive or negative charge. It either has more electrons than protons or fewer electrons than protons

Structure and Function

can often be inferred from each other. Ex) lets say you've never encountered an airplane before and a scientist was looking at one. You might be able to figure out what that device does by looking at the different parts of it and kind of determining how it would move through the air. Ex) Scientists look at fossil evidence and try to determine how a creature might have lived, how it might have moved through it's environment by seeing how did the different parts fit together

Solid state of matter

cannot be compressed, does not take the shape of its container

Heat

causes molecular movement, the hotter a substance is, the faster its atoms move.

Compression

changes in volume Ex) if you squished down some playdoh (a solid) it may change it's form, but it does not change it's volume Ex) if you had a plastic water bottle and it's full of water and you stomp on it, the cap pops out the side and that's because the water has to go somewhere, it cannot be compressed Ex) air inside a plastic bottle, you can squish it and the cap doesn't pop off

What three ways can heat be transferred?

conduction, convection, radiation

What are some terms that we use to describe waves?

crest, wavelength, amplitude, and frequency

Thermal energy

depends on the quantity of a substance. The greater the quanity, the more energy it takes to heat it up. The more energy that is stored in the moving molecules of that thing.

Velocity

describes speed and direction Ex) 65 miles per hour East

Cause and Effect

empirical evidence is required, not simply correlation Ex) "when people eat X, they have higher blood sugar"

What is evidence of a chemical reaction taking place?

fire--you dont have to have fire to have a chemical reaction, but quite often they do show fire when that reaction is taking place

Covalent Bond

formed when atoms share one or more of their valence electrons. The particle orbits in the valence of the shell path of both of the atoms

What are some things that goes towards alkaline levels?

hand soap, ammonium, bleach, and lye

Neutron

has a neutral charge, lives in the nucelus. Rougly 1 unit AMU

Proton

has a positive charge and it's located in the nucleus. Has a mass of one AMU

balanced atom

has the same number of protons and electrons (protons are positive, electrons are negative so they all cancel each other out) Atom is left with a neutral or balanced charge

bonds

holds together the various atoms which make up molecules in a compound

Frequency

how often a crest passes a point. How many crests pass a given point per second.

filament

inside the lightbulb, usually made of a metal that provides more resistance meaning that it's harder for those electrons to travel through

Carbon 14

is an isotope created in the earth's atmosphere by cosmic rays. It can be used to date when a living thing died. All living things absorb carbon 14 when they respirate, but when they die this absorption stops and the organism's existing Carbon 14 begins to radioactively decay back into Carbon 12.

Speed

is an object's rate of motion Speed=Distance/Time Ex) Miles/Hour

Motion

is defined as a change in position. You start somewhere, you end up somewhere else

Energy

is the capacity to do work and is measured in calories

Temperature

is the measure of the kinetic energy in a substance's molecules. The faster the molecules move, the hotter that thing is. It is atomic motion.

What are the two types of energy?

kinetic energy and potential energy

The Greenhouse Effect

like water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane warm the earth by trapping some of the heat radiated from the Earth's surface

Newton's Law of Gravity

more massive either or both bodies are the greater the gravitational force between them. The farther apart two bodies are, the lesser the gravitational force between them.

Electron

much smaller than the proton & neutron. Has a negative charge. Orbits outside nucleus. Mass is about 1/1836th AMU. Travel is an orbital path called shells or valences

Patterns

observations can be used to describe phenomena Ex) when we see lightning we hear thunder => we see a correlation between them

Convection

occurs when cooler portions of a liquid or gas flow in to take the place of hotter, rising portions. It creates a cyclonic or circular action. Ex) a pot of boiling water

Conduction

occurs when heat is transferred due to fast moving atoms and molecules colliding with slower ones in a neighboring region Ex) a hot bowl of soup with a spoon inside the bowl

Radiation

occurs when heat is transmitted in the form of electromagenetic waves. It typically occurs with high intensity reactions. Ex) the Sun, which is a giant, nuclear fusion reaction, is radiating heat and electromagnetic energy outward Ex) Nuclear power plants

Refraction of light

occurs when light is bent while passing from one medium into another. Mediums can be solids, liquids, or gases.

Reflection of light

occurs when light returns after bouncing off an object

Ionic bond

one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other gains an electron to form a negative ion, creating an electrostatic force which holds them together. They are not sharing the electron-one lost it, one has it.

Chemical Change

one in which the chemical composition of a substance is altered. The compound you have after the change is not the same compound you had before the change

Shells and Valences

orbital path in which electrons travel. When a valence or shell gets filled up, that atom will add more shells to accommodate more electrons

Bunsen Burner

produces a controlled flame and it is often used to heat substances. Sometimes it changes the state of matter from a solid to a liquid. Sometimes it causes a chemical reaction, the heat or flame can be a catalyst

Hydroelectric Power Plant

renewable energy source where water flows through a dam. The water spins a turbine which then spins a generator

Solar Panels

renewable energy source which work by having tubes of fluid which get heated up. The heated fluid causes pressure which can spin a small blade or turbine which then spins a generator. The generator produces electricity.

Vector

represents velocity, it's drawn with a little arrow with the speed so it represents both the speed and the direction

The Law of Conservation of energy

says that energy changes forms, but is not created or destroyed. Different types of energy can get converted into one another, but you cannot create energy out of nowhere.

Explain what happens to a car underneath the Sun on a hot day?

similar to the Greenhouse Effect on Earth, light passes through the window glass fairly easily, it hits the cushions which gets converted to thermal energy. The thermal energy (heat) does not escape the glass as easily and it gets trapped inside

Catalyst

something that starts or accelerates a chemical reaction, often a spark.

How do sound waves differ from light waves?

sound waves require a medium and travel much slower than light waves

Fission

splitting atoms apart like a fissure; can be used to create power and energy

Quantum Theory

states that matter and energy have the properties of both particles and waves

The law of Conservation of Matter

states that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it simply changes forms

Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity

states that space and time are relative, not absolute, concepts. As things become extremely massive or move at extremely high rates of speed, some of the existing laws of physics break down which helps to explain some concepts that were difficult to explain prior to Theory of Relativity

Potential Energy

stored energy that can be later released as kinetic energy

Balance

tells us the mass of something. Typically, does not have to be calibrated. The balance on the Moon and the balance on Earth will balance out at the same place

Where can light come from?

the Sun, light bulbs, and excited atoms

Atomic Mass

the amount of matter that makes up an atom. You can estimate this by adding up its total number of protons and neutrons

Amplitude

the distance between a crest and a trough

Wavelength

the distance between one crest and the next successive crest. Some waves have longer and shorter waves lengths and that difference in wavelengths can affect can affect the properties of those waves

Radio waves

the longest wavelength of electromagnetic radation. These can have wavelengths as long as a kilometer, which pass right through walls and people

The Doppler Effect

the motion of objects emitting or reflecting sound waves changes their frequency

Atomic Number

the number of protons a particular type of atom has. This defines the type of element.

Fulcrum

the point across which that lever rotates

What does pH stand for?

the potential for hydrogen

Visual Spectrum

the range of wavelengths that our eyes can detect. Typically shorter wavelengths and goes in the order of the colors of a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Goes in the order of longest to shortest wavelengths.

Half-life

the time required for half the atoms of a particular substance to disintegrate

What is the most damaging of rays?

they don't make it through our atmosphere -gamma rays have the shortest wavelength of electromagnetic radiation that comes to us from the Sun

What happens to substances as they get hotter?

they spread out and become less dense. The molecules move more quickly, they don't want to run into each other so they move further apart, creating that space

Biomass

things that used to be alive, but got buried under ground and compressed over a long period of time. Plants and animals get compressed and they turn into oil, and we can refine that oil and make fuel out of it

How can you remember convection?

typically occurs with cyclonic action of liquids and gases--when a hot portion moves and a coolor portion takes its place.

Beaker

used to contain fluids, but does not give you a very accurate measurement

How is pH measured?

using a litmus test

How do we create magnets?

we pass electricity through certain kinds of steel such as metal and we can cause a charge to build up on the metal, we cause it to be magnetized

Infrared Radiation

what we generally think of as heat. When light strikes off an object it can give off heat and that heat that is coming off is this. It has a slightly shorter wavelength than radio, but still fairly long wavelength

imbalanced atom

when you have more or less protons than electrons you end up with a positive or negative charge

Scale

works on a spring that is being pressed by the pull of gravity. It has to be calibrated based on how much gravity is pulling down. The result will be different on the Moon because the Moon has left gravity to pull down.

Why is ultraviolet damaging to our skin and eyes?

It has a shorter wavelength than any of the waves and it has a much greater propensity to collide with other molecules and when these collisions occur, this can damage the molecules in your skin cells

What is happening when an object appears black?

It is absorbing all visible wavelengths

What is happening when as object appears white?

It is either reflecting or emitting all visible wavelengths

How does light interact with matter?

Matter generally absorbs light, and what we see as color is the particular wavelength that is not absorbed

What influence do neutrons have on an atom?

Neutrons will not affect the charge of an atom, whether you increase of decrease its neutrons because neutrons have a neutral charge. It will change the mass of an atom if you increase/decrease its neutrons.

What are non-renewable energy resources?

Oil, coal, and natural gas. Over millions of years these things do renew, but not over a human time scale. These all come from biomass

What type of change is boiling water?

Physical Change: the liquid water boils and becomes gaseous, it can cool down and become liquid again but you ALWAYS have h20- the compound never changes.

What are the three basic subatomic particles of atoms?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

Newton's Law of Reciprocal Actions

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What are the two reasons that matter changes it's state?

Temperature and pressure

What is the difference between heat and thermal energy?

A bathtub at 90 degrees has more thermal energy than a cup of coffee at 120 degrees because it takes more energy to heat that bathtub due to its size.

What is an analogy of the covalent bond?

A child comes to steal another child's ball, but the other one won't let go and they're both pulling on it and since they both won't let go of the ball, they were both held together.

What is the analogy for an ionic bond?

A child is playing with a ball and another child comes along and snatches it away. The other child who just had the ball stolen wants it back so he chases him around to try to get it.

Wedge

A device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the other end. A variation on the incline plane.

Conductor

A material that allows heat and electricity to pass through it such as copper wiring

Newton's Law of Inertia (1st)

An object in motion (or at rest) stays in motion along a straight path (or at rest) unless acted upon by a net external force

Pulley

A simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it. This allows us to pull with gravity and this is a mechanical advantage. It also reduces friction using the wheel and axle. It allows us to redirect force in any direction we want.

Screw

A simple machine that is an inclined plane wrapped around a central cylinder to form a spiral

What are two types of mixtures?

A solution and a suspension

Where do biological products typically fall on the pH scale?

Acid Ex) citric acid

Fusion

Bonding atoms together; can be used to create power and energy

electromagnetic spectrum

All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

What are 5 lab tools you should know for the exam?

Beaker, bunsen burner, graduated cylinder, balance, and scale

Gaseous state of matter

Can be compressed, does take shape of its container

Liquid state of matter

Cannot be compressed, does take the shape of its container

Stability and Change

Changes can occur gradually or quickly. Some things change in very slow ways: Ex) erosion over a long period of time may change a landscape from a flat plane into a valley or a canyon. Other changes occurs very quickly: Ex) An oil spill an cause a massive impact on an ecosystem

What are the two gas laws?

Charles' Law and Boyle's Law

Cathode

Electrode that has a negative charge, attracts positively charged ions.

Anode

Electrode that has a positive charge, it attracts negatively charged ions. remember A+.

What happens when you change the number of electrons, neutrons, or protons?

Electrons-can cause an atom to become an ion Neutrons-can cause an atom to become an isotope Protons-can change the element altogether

Energy and Matter

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but drives movement/cycling of matter. Ex) Thermal energy and gravity is what's causing rocks to move around in a system or in the rock cycle. Ex) Solar energy and gravity drives the water cycle to move.

Kinetic Energy

Energy in motion and energy that is actually doing work

Gravity

If a man dropped a bullet from his hand at the same time he shot a gun, both bullets would hit the floor at the same time due to gravity- they both have the same shape & mass.

How do we get coal?

If ground where oil exists has a lot of carbon and that carbon becomes saturated, then we get this. It can be use to produce power as well. It's very cheap, but it burns very, very dirty which causes a lot of pollution. Can be largest source of pollution and is used very widely to produce electricity

How can you remember conduction?

If heat is being transferred through a solid, typically conduction.

How can you remember radiation?

If you have a high intensity reaction like the Sun or a nuclear reaction

Friction

In a vacuum, every object falls at the same rate. When all that is acting on them is gravity, it doesn't matter how massive they are, it doesn't matter what shape they are. On the moon, a hammer and feather will drop a the same time.

What are the 6 simple machines?

Incline Plane, Wheel & Axle, Lever, Pulley, Wedge, and Screw

What are strong-force bonds?

Ionic and covalent

trough

Lowest point of a wave

What is the longest wavelength of visual light?

Red

What are simple machines used for?

Reduce required effort by minimizing friction or spreading effort over greater distance and time

Scale, Proportion, and Quantity

Scientific observations are dependent on these factors. Does a bucket of water behave in a certain way as a droplet of water?

How can electricity be generated and used to power a light bulb?

Something is always spinning the generator- it can be a wind turbine, coal burning, electric turbine. As this magnet inside the generator rotates, it causes electrons to build up charge on that coil. Those electrons want to go ground out, they want to bond with other atoms (they don't want to be free and by themselves) We have to give them a path to travel through (the conductor), the power line, and really what it's trying to do is push through the filament-friction between the electrons & the metal of the filament. Heat gets created from the friction and the metal gets hot enough that it glows

What two things could cause a wave to have a higher frequency?

Speed (the faster the wave, the higher the frequency) and wavelength (the distance between the crests) => shorter wavelength

What are the basic steps of the Scientific Method?

State the problem, form a hypothesis, observe and experiment, interpret the data, and draw conclusions