Physical Science Chapter 23
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(C2H4) ethene is sometimes called Ethylene
Petroleum
A mixture of hydrocarbons and small amounts of other substances found deep within earth. It's a fossil fuel and the liquid part of it is called crude oil
Nucleotides
Are complex molecules that make up a DNA and that contain are complex molecules that make up a DNA and that contain one of four organic bases organic bases, a sugar, and a phosphate to unit
Carbohydrates
Are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms. Include the sugars and starches.
Proteins
Are large organic polymers formed from organic monomers called amino acids.
Polymers
Are long chains of monomers
Polyester
Are synthetic fibers made from an organic acid that has two -COOH groups and an alcohol that has two -OH groups. Is strong because chains are closely packed together.
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Aromatic compounds are so named because most of them have a distinct smell. There are different smells and flavors and it is due to the different functional groups.
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Benzene Rings confused together like the naphthalene molecule. Tetracycline antibiotics are based on a fused ring system containing four fused rings.
Yes
Can polymers contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen?
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Esters of the alcohol glycerin are used to make commercial soaps. Other esters can be made into fibers for clothing and still others are used in flavors and perfumes.
Lipids
Fats, oils, and related compounds make up the group of organic compounds known as ______. Ex. Butter, corn oil etc. Are long hydrocarbon chains, but they are not polymers.
Sugars
Form a major group of carbohydrates and provide energy soon after eating. Many types such as fructose, sucrose and glucose.
Amine
Forms when an amine group (-NH_2) replaces a hydrogen atom in hydrogen carbon. They are essential for life.
Crude oil
Found in petroleum and is dark, flammable, and foul-smelling. Mixture of thousands of organic compounds
Substituted hydrocarbon
Has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms, or groups of atoms, of other elements
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Hemoglobin ,which carries oxygen in your blood, has 4 chains that coil around each other.
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Hydrocarbon polymers: Polyethylene Polypropylene Polystyrene
Saturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons containing only single-bonded carbon atoms
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Hydrocarbons produce more than 90% of the energy that humans use. They are also important in medicines, foods, and clothing.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that contain at least one double or triple bond
Ending -yne
Triple bond
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Unsaturated fats with one double bond are called monounsaturated, and those with two or more double bonds are called polyunsaturated.
Mercaptans (thiols)
When the group -SH replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. Have powerful odors.
Process of Processing crude oil
1. Extract the crude oil its underground source. 2. Once it is obtained, chemists and Engineers separate the crude oil into fractions containing compounds with similar boiling points. (The separating process is called fractional distillation).
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A carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer energy level. Therefore, a carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds with atoms of carbon or with other elements. Recall that a covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
Hydrocarbon
A compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Example: natural gas methane is one of these.
Depolymerization
A process that uses heat or chemicals to break the long with polymer chain into its monomer fragments
Monomer
A small molecule that can combine with itself repeatedly to form a long chain
Ester
A substituted hydrocarbon with a -COOC- group.
Halocarbon
A substituted hydrocarbon with a halogen, such as chlorine or bromine, in place of a hydrogen atom
Aromatic compounds
All compounds that contain a Benzene structure
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Also called DNA, is an essential biological polymer found in the nuclei of cells that codes and stores genetic information
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Amino acids, like glycine and cysteine, are the monomers that combine to form proteins.
Cholesterol
Another lipid, found in meats, eggs, butter, cheese, and fish. Some is produced by the body to build cell membranes
Isomers
Compounds that have identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes
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Cyclo- means circular
Ending -ene
Double bond
Starches
Is a carbohydrate that is also a polymer, it is made of monomers of the sugar glucose.
Benzene
Is a cyclic hydrocarbon with carbon atoms that are joined with alternating single and double bonds
Nucleic acid
Is an organic polymer that controls the activities and reproduction of cells
Alcohol
Is formed when -OH groups replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. Are an important group of organic compounds
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Larger carbon chains have higher boiling points.
Saturated fats
Like saturated hydrocarbons, are saturated with hydrogen and contain only single bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated fats
Like unsaturated hydrocarbons, and have double or triple bonds
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Mono- means one
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Monomers of most biological polymers are usually larger and more complex in structure than those used to make plastic. Many important biological compounds in your body are polymers. Among them are proteins and starches.
Organic Compounds
Most compounds containing the element carbon
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Organic acids formed when a carboxyl group (-COOH) is substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. Ethanoic acid, also known as acetic acid, is an organic acid found in vinegar.
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Other functional groups can be added to hydrocarbons. Each group has unique properties three common groups are amines, mercaptans and halocarbons.
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Oxygen is found in the air, in water, and in many substituted hydrocarbons. Oxygen can form single and double bonds with carbon and single bonds with hydrogen. Some compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen include alcohols, organic acids, and esters.
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Pentane, isopentane, and neopentane have exactly the same chemical formula ( C5H12) but are arranged very differently. They are isomers.
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Properties of isomers: -Generally, melting points and boiling points lower as the amount of branching in an isomer increases.
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Proteins account for 15% of your total bodyweight.
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Recall that mixing an acid and a base will yield water and a salt. In a similar way, alcohols and organic acids combine to form water and ester.
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Rubbing alcohol, a substituted hydrocarbon, is used for rubbing aching muscles.
Ending -ane
Single bond
Methane, ethane , propane, butane...
Some saturated hydrocarbons:
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The Benzene symbol is a circle in a hexagon.
Glycogen
The energy from starches can be stored in liver and muscles in the form of this compound
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The fractions that condense on the upper plates and contain from 5 to 10 carbons are used for gasoline and solvents.
Functional groups
The groups of atoms used in the substitution
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The number of carbon atoms in a straight-chain hydrocarbon is indicated by the root of its name Ex: meth-1 eth-2 prop-3.
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The properties of polymers depend mostly on which monomers are used to make them. Some polymers are made entirely of carbon and hydrogen
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The sharing of these six electrons cause the Benzene molecule to be very stable.
