Physio - Lab Final Extra Credit

Which of the following statements is correct about people with blood type O?

- Their plasma has anti A and anti B antibodies. - They can DONATE blood to other people with A, B, AB, and O blood type

Which of the following statements is correct about people with blood type A?

- Their red blood cells have A antigen tags. - Their plasma has anti B antibodies. - They can donate blood to other people with AB and A blood types.

Which of the following statements is correct about people with blood type AB?

- Their red blood cells have A antigen tags. - Their red blood cells have B antigen tags. - They can receive A, B, AB, and O blood.

When grip strength increases,

- action potential voltage increases - action potential frequency increases - the number of active motor units increase

Select all of the following antibodies found in the blood of a person with blood type O.

- anti- A antibodies - anti- B antibodies

Select all of the following antibodies found in the blood of a person with blood type A.

- anti-B antibodies

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by

- causing skeletal muscle cells to uptake glucose - causing liver cells to uptake glucose

Which of the following is/are classified as a formed element of blood? Check all that apply.

- platelet - red blood cell - white blood cell

When your body temperature is low, you rely on ________ to regulate your body temperature.

- shivering -sweating - breathing heavy - increasing metabolic rate

Resistant and nonresistant E. coli bacteria samples were spread on the agar plates below and incubated for 24 hours. Select the true statements from the list below.

-The resistant E. coli strain grows on streptomycin negative plates. -The nonresistant E. coli strain grows on streptomycin negative plates -The resistant E. coli strain grows on streptomycin positive plates.

Excess insulin in the blood can induce (select all that apply)

-hypoglycemia -insulin shock

If the tidal volume is 375 mL, and the anatomical dead space is increased to from 150 mL to 375 mL, how much fresh air enters the alveoli, (i.e., what is the new alveolar ventilation)?

0 mL

According to Rubner's surface rule, the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate should be:

0.67.

Observations from animals of different sizes reveal that the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate is:

0.75.

Please match each measurement with its equivalent answer. 1. 0.515 meters = 2. 1 meter = 3. 0.015 meters = 4. 0.001 meter = 5. 0.01 meter =

1. .000515kilometers 2. 1000 millimeters 3. 15 millimeters 4. 1 millimeter 5. 1 centimeter

Please match the question with the correct answer choice. 1. What is normal body temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? 2. What is normal body temperature on the Celsius scale? 3. What is the boiling point of water on the Celsius scale? 4. What is the freezing temperature on the Fahrenheit scale? 5. What is the boiling point of water on the Fahrenheit scale?

1. 98.6º F 2. 37º C 3. 100º C 4. 32º F 5. 212º F

Match the following structures with the correct hormone or hormone precursor 1. Parathyroid cells 2. Parafollicular cells 3. Follicular cells 4. Colloid

1. PTH 2. Calcitonin 3. Thyroid Hormones 4. Thyroglobulin

Place the three components of blood that separate from each other when a blood sample is centrifuged from most superior to inferior. 1. Plasma 2. Formed elements 3. Buffy coat

1. Plasma 3. Buffy Coat 2. Formed elements

Blood Typing Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Blood is composed of two parts: the formed elements and plasma. Blood cells and cell fragments make up the formed elements. An individual's blood type is genetically determined by the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Antibodies are plasma proteins that provide various immunological functions. One of these functions is agglutination, which is the process of clumping foreign cells together for the purpose of destruction and removal from the body. When blood is mismatched during a blood transfusion, the antibodies in the recipient's blood will react with the antigens on the donor's blood cells. The foreign blood cells will agglutinate, or clump together. This process makes it possible to determine blood types in order to avoid a transfusion reaction that occurs when mismatched blood is given from a donor to a recipient. During the blood typing procedure, blood is mixed with three types of antisera: anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh. The antisera represents the antibodies that would be found in the plasma. If agglutination occurs then that indicates that the presence of the antigen specific for that type of antibody. For example, if a sample of blood reacts with anti-A and anti-Rh that would indicate that the blood is type A+. If the blood reacts with anti-A, anti-B, but not anti-Rh that would indicate that the blood is type AB−. If the blood reacts only with anti-Rh that would indicate that the blood is O+. 1. What determines a person's blood type? 2. __________ occurs when blood is mismatched during a transfusion. 3. What would you expect to happen if a transfusion recipient had blood type O and a donor had blood type AB?

1. Presence of antigens on the RBC 2. Agglutination 3. Agglutination of the donor blood would occur

Use the dropdown menu to select the answer that best completes each statement. 1. Unit of alternating light and dark striations between Z -discs (lines) 2. Layer of connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber 3. Cellular organelle in muscle fiber corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum 4. Cordlike part that attaches a muscle to a bone 5. Protein found within thick filament 6. A small bundle of muscle fibers within a muscle

1. Sacromere 2. Endomysium 3. Sacroplasmic reticulum 4. Tendon 5. Myosin 6. Fascicle

Introduction Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Blood pressure is the force exerted against the blood vessel walls as blood passes through them. The easiest way for blood pressure to be measured in a clinical setting is with a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) and, traditionally, a stethoscope. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (denoted as mm Hg), which refers to the amount of pressure needed to move a column of mercury over a short distance. Although measurements are recorded in mm Hg, modern-day sphygmomanometers do not employ a column of mercury to measure pressure. Typical blood pressure cuffs make use of an anaeroid gauge to take a blood pressure reading. Blood pressure is measured by placing the sphygmomanometer around the brachium (upper arm) and inflating the cuff 20-30 mm Hg above the expected systolic pressure. This is done to restrict blood flow into the brachial artery in the lower part of the arm. The diaphragm of the stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery and the valve of the cuff is partially opened to deflate the cuff slowly. Soft tapping sounds should be heard with the stethoscope. These tapping sounds are referred to as the "sounds of Korotkoff" and are indicative of blood reentering the restricted artery. The reading on the gauge at the point that the first tapping sounds are heard is recorded. This measurement represents the maximal pressure in the artery and coincides with ventricular contraction (systole) therefore this reading is the systolic pressure. As blood flow into the restricted artery returns to normalcy, the tapping noises will fade away. The point at which the sounds of Korotkoff can no longer be heard is recorded. This measurement represents the lowest pressure in the artery and coincides with ventricular relaxation (diastole) therefore this reading is the diastolic pressure. Blood pressure measurements are reported as systolic pressure/diastolic pressure. Normal blood pressure is represented by a systolic pressure <120 and a diastolic pressure <80. If either the systolic pressure or the diastolic pressure are persistently elevated then that could indicate prehypertension (systolic 120-139 or diastolic 80-89) or hypertension (systolic >139 or diastolic >89). Certain situations may cause short-term deviations in blood pressure measurements. For example, moderate exercise will cause an immediate increase in blood pressure due to increased cardiac output. Postural changes can also have short-term effects on blood pressure. For example, moving from a reclining position to standing up will cause an immediate decrease in venous return to the heart, which will immediately decrease cardiac output and blood pressure. In these situations and under normal conditions, however, blood pressure will return to standard values within a few minutes. 1. What is the name of the instrument used to measure blood pressure? 2. When measuring blood pressure, the cuff is placed on what part of body? 3. When measuring blood pressure, the stethoscope is placed over what artery? 4. When measuring blood pressure at which point do you hear the first sounds of Korotkoff? 5. After a few minutes of moderate exercise, what happens to a blood pressure reading? 6. A blood pressure reading of 100/65 would be considered 7. A blood pressure reading of 140/80 would be considered 8. The measurement that coincides with the maximal pressure in the brachial artery is called what? 9. The measurement that represents the lowest pressure in the brachial artery is called what? 10. Suddenly moving from a reclining position to a standing position has what effect on blood pressure?

1. Sphygomomanometer 2. Brachium 3. Brachial artery 4. When deflating the cut and the artery is partially open 5. It will be higher than normal 6. Normal 7. Hypertensive 8. Systolic pressure 9. Diastolic pressure 10. Causes blood pressure to drop

Which of the following resting blood pressures would be considered hypertension?

135/90 mmHg

Which of the following hemoglobin results would be within the normal range?

15 g/100 mL

If the tidal volume is 375 mL and the anatomical dead space is 150 mL, what is the alveolar ventilation?

225 mL

If the tidal volume is 375 mL and the anatomical dead space is increased to from 150 mL to 350 mL, what is the new alveolar ventilation?

25 mL

Bacteria from three different cultures were plated on agar plates containing ampicillin, an antibiotic. The number of colonies that grew on each plate can be seen in the graph below. If you assume that 100 bacteria were plated on each plate, what percentage of the bacteria on plate B were resistant to ampicillin?

3%

Which one of the four recorded motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) corresponds to the strongest muscle contraction?

4

A hematocrit of _______ would be about normal.

45%

In a normal healthy person, blood glucose levels are usually maintained at:

70 to 110 mg/dl.

If the alveolar ventilation is (mean tidal volume - 150 mL) * breathing rate, what was the alveolar ventilation immediately after exercise?

About 12000 mL.

If the volume of the anatomical dead space is not changed by exercise, how much extra air entered the alveoli due to the exercise-induced increase in tidal volume?

About 200 mL

If the volume of the anatomical dead space volume is about 150 mL, how much fresh air entered the alveoli during each breath when the volunteer was at rest?

About 300-400 mL.

If the alveolar ventilation is (mean tidal volume - 150 mL) * breathing rate, what was the alveolar ventilation at rest?

About 4000 mL/min

Considering Andy and Bev, when did their blood glucose levels show maximum values?

About 60 minutes after drinking the soda.

When did Chris's blood glucose level show a maximum value?

About 90 minutes after drinking the soda.

If normal resting blood glucose level is less than 100 mg/dl, which of the volunteers showed normal resting blood glucose level?

Andy and Bev

During the blood pressure lab, five minutes of time elapses between positional changes before blood pressure is measured. If blood pressure was measured immediately after the patient went from a sitting to a standing position a decrease in pressure would have been measured instead of the increase seen after a few minutes. Why do you think blood pressure would decrease immediately upon standing?

As the body stands, gravitational pressures pull the blood down into the legs

If the pressure of the fluid decreases as it travels against gravity, in other words, in a standing person the pressure of fluid decreases as it gets further away from the ground, what area of the lung will the blood pressure be at its lowest in a standing person?

At the apex of the lung, superior to the heart.

Let's say you inoculate four agar plates, each containing a different antibiotic (A, B, C, and D), and you add a swab from a lesion taken from a patient. After incubating the plates, you observe that plate A has only a few colonies, while the others all have many colonies. How do you interpret the results?

Bacteria in the patient's sample are susceptible to antibiotic A but not B, C, and D

How does an antibiotic act as a selective agent in promoting bacterial resistance?

Bacteria with a random mutation that allows resistance to that antibiotic are able to survive exposure and reproduce, passing the resistance mutation on to subsequent generations of bacteria.

Tim has an accident and needs a fast blood transfusion. Tim's blood type is "B". The hospital ran out of type B blood, but they have AB type, A type, and O type blood. Which type would Tim receive as it will provide the least issues for him?

Blood Type O

According to your data, what happens to blood glucose levels during the two hour period of the experiment?

Blood glucose levels initially increase and then decrease.

According to your data, what happens to blood glucose levels when you ingest glucose?

Blood glucose levels initially increase.

When breathing through the plastic tube, what change did the volunteer make in order to maintain a constant amount of air entering the alveoli?

Both breathed deeper and increased tidal volume.

Which of the three volunteers had the highest blood glucose level at the beginning of the experiment?

Chris

If the decline in blood sugar levels indicates an increase in insulin secretion, what does this tell you about Chris if his blood sugar level showed a peak 90 minutes after drinking the soda?

Chris either secreted less insulin than Andy and Bev or his insulin had less effect.

Based on the higher initial blood glucose level, the longer time taken for blood glucose levels to peak after drinking soda and the slow decline in blood glucose levels, which volunteer had abnormal insulin action?

Chris.

Look at your data. How did exercise change the expiratory reserve volume?

Exercise decreased the expiratory reserve volume.

Exercise increases the amount of air entering the alveoli by more than 50%. How is breathing rate affected to achieve this?

Exercise increases the breathing rate.

How will you select and grow a resistant strain of E. coli in this experiment?

Expose a sample of E. coli to streptomycin by inoculating it onto a streptomycin positive plate. Any colonies that grow will carry a mutation for resistance.

What is taken out from the interstitial fluid into hepatocytes in the presence of insulin?

Glucose

Although hormones and neurotransmitters are similar chemical compounds, they can be differentiated by their point and mechanism of release, their target localization, and the timing of their response. Categorize the following descriptions as either being characteristic of a hormone or a neurotransmitter.

HORMONE - released into the bloodstream - potentially affects several body organs - takes longer to cause a response in target cells NEUROTRANSMITTER - released at synapses of target cells - usually has relatively local, specific effects - produces a very quick response in target cells

Why do you think the mice consumed more oxygen per minute when they were first put into the cage?

Handling disturbed and stressed the mice.

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary - antidiuretic hormone - oxytocin

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary - growth hormone - adrenocoricotropic hormone - thyroid stimulating hormone - prolactin -LH - follicle stimulating hormone

Considering Andy and Bev, what caused blood glucose levels to drop about 1 hour after they drink the soda?

Insulin stimulated body cells to take up glucose from the blood.

When compared with normal breathing, what happened to the mean tidal volume when the volunteer breathed through the tube?

It increased.

When a person moves from a sitting position to a standing position, blood pressure increases within a few minutes. What causes this increase in pressure?

More skeletal muscles are active while in a standing position thus more pressure is needed to get oxygen rich blood to these active muscles

Do you think that breathing through the plastic tube changed the amount of effort put into the process of breathing?

No, it should not significantly change the effort.

In a person who is lying down, gravity will create the lowest blood pressure:

None of the other options is correct. The effect of gravity will be less than in a standing person.

Major endocrine glands with only endocrine function - thyroid - pituitary - adrenals - parathyroids

Organs that have other (nonendocrine) primary functions - ovaries - testes - pancreas

E. coli bacteria was spread on both agar plates and incubated for 24 hours. If you wanted to grow up a large quantity of streptomycin resistant E. coli, what would you do next?

Pick a colony of bacteria from the streptomycin positive plate and grow it on a streptomycin positive plate.

Bacteria from three different cultures were plated on agar plates containing ampicillin, an antibiotic. The results can be seen below. In which of the cultures were 100% of the bacteria susceptible to the antibiotic?

Plate C

During a breath, air enters both the conducting zone (airways with no gas exchange) and the respiratory zone (alveoli). The average conducting zone volume is 150 ml. According to your data, when the subject was lying down, what was the average amount of air that entered the respiratory zone?

Respiratory volume is tidal volume minus conducting zone. The air that enters the alveoli would be around 210 ml.

During a breath, air enters both the conducting zone (airways with no gas exchange) and the respiratory zone (alveoli). The average conducting zone volume is 150 ml. According to your data, when the volunteer was standing, what was the average amount of air that entered the respiratory zone?

Respiratory volume is tidal volume minus conducting zone. The amount of air that enters the alveoli would be around 363 ml.

Using the terms/phrases provided, complete the information about ABO blood types concerning antigens, antibodies, and incompatible donor types.

TYPE A - RBC antigen A - Plasma antibody Anti B - incompatible donor types- B and AB TYPE B - RBC antigen B - Plasma antibody- anti A - incompatible donor types- A and AB TYPE AB - RBC antigens A and B - Plasma antibodies neither Anti-a nor Anti- B - incompatible donor types- none TYPE O - RBC antigen neither A nor B - Plasma antibodies- both anti A and anti B - incompatible donor types- A, B, AB

Which of the following do you think would be increased by breathing through the plastic tube?

The anatomical dead space

Which of the following is true?

The anatomical dead space is not really changed by exercise.

E. coli bacteria was spread on both agar plates and incubated for 24 hours. What does this image tell you about the bacteria?

The bacteria was susceptible to streptomycin.

For each mouse, you have multiple valves for the oxygen consumed per minute. Looking at general trends, which value was the highest?

The first value recorded for the mouse

Look at the final graph. How did the oxygen consumption of the smallest mouse compare with that of the largest mouse?

The smallest mouse used more oxygen/hour/gram than the largest mouse.

When a person is lying down, blood pressure is uniform and the capillaries in the lung are open. What happens to the surface area for gas exchange when a person lies down?

The surface area for gas exchange increases when the person lies down.

What happened to the amount of fresh air entering the alveoli when the volunteer lay down and the tidal volume decreased?

The volume of air entering the alveoli decreased.

How do you think a sample of 1 gram of liver cells compares between the largest and smallest mouse?

There are about the same number of cells as a gram of a liver in both mice, regardless of total size.

When a person moves from a sitting position to laying down blood pressure decreases within a few minutes. What causes this decrease in blood pressure?

While laying down, blood is no longer having to travel against gravity to get from the heart to the brain

Assuming that a mouse loses heat across its body surface, if a smaller animal has fewer cells per square inch of surface area than a larger mouse, these cells must have:

a high metabolic rate to generate enough heat to maintain body temperature.

If breathing through the tube increased the tidal volume by about 200 mL, what was the volume of the tube?

about 200 mL

In your experiment, breathing through the tube increased the tidal volume by:

about 200 mL

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lung and the pulmonary blood supply takes place:

across the walls of the alveoli.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between the blood and the air in the (human) lungs across the walls of:

alveoli

You are breathing normally and then inhale an extra 50 mL of fresh air. This will result in:

an extra 50 mL of fresh air entering the alveoli.

Blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries is dependent upon the blood pressure; if blood pressure is low, the capillaries will close. Therefore, in a standing individual, the pulmonary capillaries will most likely be closed:

at the apex of the lung, superior to the heart.

The stethoscope is placed over the ________ artery in the antecubital space when taking blood pressure.

brachial

In the Shoulder elbow movement lab, this muscle is the prime mover for forearm flexion of the arm at the elbow joint.

brachialis

In the shoulder elbow movement lab, this muscle is the antagonist for forearm extension of the arm at the elbow joint.

brachialis

In order to determine the hematocrit, blood is placed in a

centrifuge

According to your results, changing body position from standing to lying:

decreased the tidal volume.

When a fluid (such as blood) travels against the force of gravity, the pressure:

decreases

Pulmonary capillaries close if the arterial blood pressure:

decreases.

In the Shoulder elbow movement lab, this muscle is the antagonist for adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.

deltoid

The last Korotkoff sound occurs when the blood pressure is equal to

diastolic pressure

Look at your data for vital capacity, both at rest and immediately after exercise. Exercise:

did not really change vital capacity.

GLUT-2 transporter molecules are used to:

draw glucose int a cell at a normal rate from the blood plasma.

If inhibiting thyroid hormone release with PTU (propylthiouracil) in an experiment, the ____ group receives PTU and the ____ group receives no PTU.

experimental; control

The _________ is the test to determine percentage of red blood cells.

hematocrit

The plastic tube caused the anatomical dead space to artificially:

increase in size.

As the magnitude of stimulation increases, the skeletal muscle will contract with ________ force due to the ________ number of muscle fibers contracting.

increased; increased

If you artificially increase the anatomical dead space by 200 mL, you can maintain a constant alveolar ventilation by:

increasing the tidal volume by 200 mL.

During exercise, the increase in the body's oxygen requirements is met by:

increasing tidal volume and breathing rate.

Beta cells are located in the pancreas and secrete:

insulin

People with Type I diabetes may have:

low blood insulin levels.

In a person who is lying down, if more capillaries are open, the tidal volume will be:

lower than when standing, because the increased surface area allows more efficient gas exchange.

In order to measure frequency in the EMG simulator you should

measure the distance between two consecutive peaks of the same type in the green plot.

After exercise, less (stale) air is left in the lungs due to the larger tidal volume that is exhaled. This means that with the next inhalation:

more fresh air will enter the alveoli and mixed with less stale air.

If a mouse liver (gram for gram) has the same number of cells in it, no matter the size of the animal, then one cell from a small animal will consume:

more oxygen per minute than the same cell in a large animal.

According to your data, the largest mouse consumed:

more oxygen per minute than the smallest mouse.

When compared with a small animal, such as a mouse, a larger animal, such as an elephant, consumes:

more oxygen.

The smallest mouse should have consumed:

more oxygen/hour/gram than the largest mouse.

Look at your data for each volunteer and compare the first value, at time zero, and the last value, after 2 hours. According to your data, at the END of the experiment:

only Chris had blood sugar levels that were much higher than at the beginning of the experiment.

In the Shoulder elbow movement lab, this muscle is the antagonist for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.

pectoralis major

Which of the following do you think would be the most common artery palpated to determine heart rate.

radial artery

The air in the anatomical dead space:

remains constant, is not available for gas exchange, but is the first to leave when you exhale.

Look at your data for tidal volume, both at rest and immediately after exercise. Exercise:

significantly increased the tidal volume.

When testing insulin levels on swimming fish, hypoglycemia results in

slow, lethargic movements.

Blood pressure measurements are expressed as a fraction. The top number of this fraction indicates what?

systolic pressure

During exercise, an increase in the rate of breathing will increase:

the alveolar ventilation.

During exercise, an increase in tidal volume will increase:.

the alveolar ventilation.

The alveolar ventilation is:

the amount of air that moves in or out of the alveoli in one minute.

The tidal volume is:

the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during any one normal breathing cycle.

Two agar plates, one containing the antibiotic streptomycin and one without antibiotics, are inoculated with E. coli. After incubation, the streptomycin negative plate has many bacterial colonies, while the streptomycin positive plate has only a few colonies. Samples of the colonies from the positive plate are placed on another positive plate, and after incubation many colonies grow. In this experiment, what is the selective agent?

the antibiotic streptomycin

In this lab, oxygen consumption is measured by the movement of soap bubbles, which is caused by

the decrease in volume of air in the cage as oxygen is used by the mouse.

Blood flow to a group of alveoli will decrease if:

the level of oxygen in the alveoli decreases.

In this lab, metabolic rate is determined by measuring:

the rate of oxygen consumption.

After a few minutes, the rate of oxygen consumption decreased because:

the stress level of the mouse decreased, and it became relaxed.

Metabolism is defined as:

the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring within an organism.

At the alveoli, the diffusion of gases between the air and blood is facilitated by:

the thin respiratory membrane plus the large surface area plus the low oxygen levels in the pulmonary arteries.

The alveolar ventilation is:

the volume of air that enters the alveoli.

The anatomical dead space is:

the volume of air trapped in the conducting airways.

In the Shoulder elbow movement lab, this muscle is the prime mover for forearm extension of the arm at the elbow joint.

triceps brachii

In the shoulder elbow movement lab, this muscle is the antagonist for forearm flexion of the arm at the elbow joint.

triceps brachii