Physiology BRS final

Use the values below to answer the following question. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure = 47 mm Hg Bowman space hydrostatic pressure = 10 mm Hg Bowman space oncotic pressure = 0 mm Hg At what value of glomerular capillary oncotic pressure would glomerular filtration stop?

37 mmHg

A 5-year-old boy swallows a bottle of aspirin (salicylic acid) and is treated in the emergency room. The treatment produces a change in urine pH that increases the excretion of salicylic acid. What was the change in urine pH, and what is the mechanism of increased salicylic acid excretion?

Alkalinization, which converts salicylic acid to its A− form

Which of the following substances inhibits gastric emptying?

CCK

One gram of mannitol was injected into a woman. After equilibration, a plasma sample had a mannitol concentration of 0.08 g/L. During the equilibration period, 20% of the injected mannitol was excreted in the urine. The woman's

ECF volume is 10 L

Which of the following substances is secreted in response to an oral glucose load?

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

When parietal cells are stimulated, they secrete

HCl and intrinsic factor

Which of the following substances has the highest renal clearance? (A) Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) (B) Inulin (C) Glucose (D) Na+ (E) Cl−

PAH

Secretion of K+ by the distal tubule will be decreased by (A) metabolic alkalosis (B) a high-K+ diet (C) hyperaldosteronism (D) spironolactone administration (E) thiazide diuretic administration

Spironolactone administration

A 45-year-old woman develops severe diarrhea while on vacation. She has the following arterial blood values: pH = 7.25PCO2 = 24 mm Hg [HCO3−] = 10 mEq/LVenous blood samples show decreased blood [K+] and a normal anion gap. The correct diagnosis for this patient is

metabolic acidosis

A 49-year-old male patient with severe Crohn disease has been unresponsive to drug therapy and undergoes ileal resection. After the surgery, he will have steatorrhea because

micelles do not form in the intestinal lumen

Slow waves in small intestinal smooth muscle cells are

oscillating resting membrane potentials

Which of the following is true about the secretion from the exocrine pancreas?

pancreatic enzyme secretion is increased by CCK

A 44-year-old woman is diagnosed with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Which of the following findings is consistent with the diagnosis?

peptic ulcer disease

Which of the following would best distinguish an otherwise healthy person with severe water deprivation from a person with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

plasma osmolarity

Which of the following is an action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the renal tubule?

stimulation of adenylyate cyclase

Which of the following substances must be further digested before it can be absorbed by specific carriers in intestinal cells?

sucrose

A 38-year-old male patient with a duodenal ulcer is treated successfully with the drug cimetidine. The basis for cimetidine's inhibition of gastric H+ secretion is that it

blocks H2 receptors on parietal cells

At which nephron site is the tubular fluid glucose concentration highest?

bowman's capsule

At which nephron site is the tubular fluid inulin concentration lowest?

bowman's capsule

At which nephron site does the amount of K+ in tubular fluid exceed the amount of filtered K+ in a person on a high-K+ diet?

collecting duct

At which nephron site is the tubular fluid inulin concentration highest during antidiuresis?

collecting duct

A man presents with hypertension and hypokalemia. Measurement of his arterial blood gases reveals a pH of 7.5 and a calculated HCO3− of 32 mEq/L. His serum cortisol and urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) are normal, his serum aldosterone is increased, and his plasma renin activity is decreased. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his hypertension?

conn syndrome

A woman runs a marathon in 90°F weather and replaces all volume lost in sweat by drinking distilled water. After the marathon, she will have

decreased plasma osmolarity

Which of the following would cause an increase in both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF)?

dilation of afferent arteriole

A 58-year-old man is given a glucose tolerance test. In the test, the plasma glucose concentration is increased and glucose reabsorption and excretion are measured. When the plasma glucose concentration is higher than occurs at transport maximum (Tm), the

excretion rate of glucose increases with increasing plasma glucose concentrations

Which of the following causes hyperkalemia? (A) Exercise (B) Alkalosis (C) Insulin injection (D) Decreased serum osmolarity (E) Treatment with β-agonists

exercise

To maintain normal H+ balance, total daily excretion of H+ should equal the daily

fixed acid production plus fixed acid ingestion

Which of the following is the site of secretion of gastrin?

gastric antrum

Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits

gastric emptying

Secretion of which of the following substances is inhibited by low pH?

gastrin

Cholecystokinin (CCK) has some gastrin-like properties because both CCK and gastrin

have 5 identical C-terminal amino acids

A patient has the following arterial blood values: pH = 7.52 PCO2 = 20 mm Hg [HCO3−] = 16 mEq/L Which of the following statements about this patient is most likely to be correct? (A) He is hypoventilating(B) He has decreased ionized [Ca2+] in blood (C) He has almost complete respiratory compensation(D) He has an acid-base disorder caused by overproduction of fixed acid(E) Appropriate renal compensation would cause his arterial [HCO3−] to increase

he has decreased ionized Ca+ in blood

Compared with a person who ingests 2 L of distilled water, a person with water deprivation will have a

higher rate of H2O absorption in the collecting ducts

Jared and Adam both weigh 70 kg. Jared drinks 2 L of distilled water, and Adam drinks 2 L of isotonic NaCl. As a result of these ingestions, Adam will have a

higher urine flow rate

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

hyperaldosteronism

Which of the following is characteristic of saliva?

hypotonicity relative to plasma

decreased blood [K+] is a result of

increased circulating levels of aldosterone

Which of the following would produce an increase in the reabsorption of isosmotic fluid in the proximal tubule?

increased filtration fraction

Which of the following changes occurs during defecation?

internal anal sphincter is relaxed

Peristalsis of the small intestine

involves contraction of circular smooth muscle behind the food bolus and relaxation of circular smooth muscle in front of the bolus

Micelle formation is necessary for the intestinal absorption of

vitamin D

A woman has a plasma osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L and a urine osmolarity of 1200 mOsm/L. The correct diagnosis is

water deprivation

what is the site of secretion of intrinsic factor?

Gastric fundus

Which of the following is the site of Na+-bile acid cotransport?

Ileum

Which of the following is transported in intestinal epithelial cells by a Na+- dependent cotransport process?

alanine

At which nephron site is the tubular fluid/plasma (TF/P) osmolarity lowest in a person who has been deprived of water?

thick ascending limb

Which of the following causes a decrease in renal Ca2+ clearance? (A) Hypoparathyroidism (B) Treatment with chlorothiazide (C) Treatment with furosemide (D) Extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion (E) Hypermagnesemia

treatment with chlorothiazide

Which of the following abolishes "receptive relaxation" of the stomach?

vagotomy

Which of the following substances is released from neurons in the GI tract and produces smooth muscle relaxation?

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)