physiology

Presents a 2-D map of sound and this is processed inparallel to the brain: One processing _______ One processing _______

- one processing time-difference between L and R - one processing intensity-difference U and D`

Consider that the basilar membrane is narrow and rigid at the _____ of the cochlea near the oval window and is wider and more flexible at the _____ (farthest point)

Consider that the basilar membrane is narrow and rigid at the base of the cochlea near the oval window and is wider and more flexible at the apex (farthest point)

_____ _____ have relatively high thresholds and respond to dissolved chemicals from nearby

Contact chemoreceptors

_____ _____ _____, are involved in pain, itch and temperature

Free nerve endings

_______ ______, are for touch and pressure

Ruffini endings

There are also _______ _______ - i.e. visual system

Sensory systems

Stretch-activated channels - e.g. bristle sensillum ofinsects

When the tip of the bristle is moved, it compresses the mechanoreceptor membrane and opens stretch-activated channels What ions typically flow through these channels???????????

____ ____ (phonoreceptors) transduce sound into electrical signals (audition).

auditory receptors

We have little _______ between taste and smell during eating.

awareness

Hair cells lack _____; instead they synaptically excite axons of sensory neurons that project to the CNS

axons

Taste receptor cells have no _____ (epithelial cells).

axons

The _____ _____ contains the auditory hair cells.

basilar membrane

______ or _____ forces are transduced into a change in membrane potential.

bending or shearing

Each olfactory receptor is a ____ sensory neuron with a cell body in the olfactory epithelium

bipolar

Interoceptors and exteroceptors classified by location in the _______

body

Figure 14.13 shows responses of neurons in a _____ ____ ____ to different stimuli

tarsal taste hair

Vertebrate taste receptors are grouped together in _____ ____

taste buds

Hair cells are covered by a flap - _____ ______

tectorial membrane

Taste receptors have much higher _____ than olfactory receptors.

thresholds

Owls can use time differences as small as __ microseconds

10

____ ______ ____ detect angular acceleration of head and body

3 Semicircular canals

Individual taste receptor cells only last _______

5-10 days

A sound-pressure wave has _____ and _____.

A sound-pressure wave has frequency and amplitude.

Vertebrate olfactory receptors _____ neurons!

ARE

Adjacent to Merkel disks are _____ _____ which are for sensitive touch

Adjacent to Merkel disks are Meissner corpuscles which are for sensitive touch

______ taste transduction is less clear and may have manymechanisms - G protein-coupled receptor

Bitter

The _____ ____ contributes to sound localization(outer hair cells involved)

Cochlear amplifier

Displacement in one direction ______ the hair cell,displacement in the opposite direction ______.

Displacement in one direction depolarizes the hair cell,displacement in the opposite direction hyperpolarizes.

________ _______ are the most sensitive and areadapted to respond to external chemicals from adistance

Distance chemoreceptors

In Drosophila, a large family of ____ _____ _____ ___ has been described

G protein coupled receptors

1) _____ _____ _____ are relatively insensitive andnondiscriminating - avoidance behavior

General chemical sensors

Golf α-GTP binds to and activates ____ _____, which synthesizes ______

Golf α-GTP binds to and activates adenylyl cyclase, which synthesizes cAMP

_______ _____have at least 50 different proteins in severalsubfamilies

Gr proteins

In Ionotropic sensory transduction, a sensory stimulus is received and transduced into an ____ ____, and both reception and transduction are performed by the ____ _____

In Ionotropic sensory transduction, a sensory stimulus is received and transduced into an electrical signal;, and both reception and transduction are performed by the same molecule

In metabotropic sensory transduction, the sensory receptor molecule acts just like a _____ receptor in activating a metabolic _______

In metabotropic sensory transduction, the sensory receptor molecule acts just like a neurotransmitter receptor in activating a metabolic cascade

_______ ______ - blood glucose, carotidbody

Internal chemoreceptors

_____ ______ ______ is the structure that contains hair cells

Organ of Corti

____ _____, like sacculus and utriculus, detect linear movement and acceleration

Otolith organs

____ _____is an encapsulated nerve ending found subcutaneously and in deep dermal layers

Pacinian Corpuscle

______ is the pitch or frequency of the sound is encoded by the place of maximum vibration

Place theory

_______ _____ ______ (phasic) generate a short burst of APs at the onset of the stimulus but adapt rapidly and completely ceasing impulse discharge

Rapidly adapting receptors

____ ______, is a decrease in time in the response of a receptor to a steadily maintained stimulus

Receptor adaptation

Receptors can adapt ____ or _____

Receptors can adapt slowly or rapidly

_________ ______ _______ (tonic) tend to discharge a train of APs throughout the duration of the stimulus,usually with some decrease in AP frequency

Slowly adapting receptors

____ taste depends on H + ions entering through a cationchannel. Mechanism inside cell unclear.

Sour

_______ ______ _____ opens ion channels near the outer endsof the stereocilia, depolarizing the cell

Stretching tip links

______ taste is mediated by a G-protein-coupled receptormolecule

Sweet

____ _____ - sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, spicy/hot

Taste qualities

The binding of an odorant to the receptor initiates the exchange of ____ in place of GDP on the ______ subunit of a G protein

The binding of an odorant to the receptor initiates the exchange of GTP in place of GDP on the alpha subunit of a G protein

The movement of the _____ relative to the ______ displaces and stimulates the associated hair cells (SSC)

The movement of the endolymph relative to the ampulla displaces and stimulates the associated hair cells (SSC)

Look at table 14.1 The sensory modality or quality of sensation associated with a stimulus depends solely on which ______ are stimulated, rather than on how they are stimulated e.g. light

The sensory modality or quality of sensation associated with a stimulus depends solely on which receptors are stimulated, rather than on how they are stimulated

_____ _____ and ____ _____difference

Time difference and sound intensity difference

________ is also mediated by a G protein receptor stimulatedby glutamate or aspartate.

Umami

A Dense network of _____ _____ _____ lies on top ofthe otolith membrane

calcium carbonate crystals

The _________ decodes auditory information

cochlea

The ______ is a coiled tube that develops as an out-pocketing of the vestibular labyrinth.

cochlea It is divided longitudinally into three major compartments.

Auditory localization requires _____ of the responses of 2 ears.

comparison

The "_____ _______" is an old term for humans and is inaccuratefor non-human animals (balance, temperature).

five senses

Receptor neurons have fine unmyelinated axons that extend into the olfactory bulb of the ________, where theysynapse with second-order cells.

forebrain

A vertebrate _____ _____ has a tuft of microvilli at its apical end, resembling microscopic hairs

hair cell

Most (80-95%) of the afferent neurons synapse with the ____ _____ ___ - represent 20% of the 24,000 total.

inner hair cells

In otoliths, the ______ contain the hair cells and arecovered by a gelatinous membrane.

macula

Odorant molecules are absorbed into the ______ layer.

mucus

Some receptor cells are neurons, others are ________ cells that synaptically excite neurons

nonneural

Auditory map - owl can localize mice within 1 degree in thedark

okay

Transduction occurs at the surface membranes of the _____ ____ in the mucus layer

olfactory cilia

Displacement of stereocilia in opposite directions produces _____ voltage effects.

opposite

_______ - motor protein in the cell membrane responsiblefor outer hair cell's shortening and lengthening. Micelacking prestin show a dramatic loss in auditorysensitivity.

prestin

Best classification is by the form of effective stimulus energy at the receptor surface -______ _______

receptor type

Mechanism for ____ reception is the simplest - Na + ions enter through non-voltage-gated Na + channels to depolarize the cell

salt

Sensory receptors are often clustered together in ______ ________.

sense organs

Insect surface receptors are organized in _______ (hairs,pegs, plates or pits)

sensilla

Receptors are usually classified by _________ _________

sensory modality

A __________ is specialized to transduce stimulus energy from the environment into a neuralsignal

sensory receptor cell

Amount of depolarization depends on the sound _____ and ______

sound and intensity

Neurons in the owl midbrain are _____-_____ -responding to sound only from a particular direction

space specific

The _______ is the most widespread organ of equilibrium(even in jellyfish)

statocyst

A dense mineral structure (the ______) contacts and stimulates mechanosensory receptors that surround the statocyst

statolith Provides information about gravity and acceleration.

Transduction in hair cells occurs by movement of the ______

stereocilia

Sound induces a _____ wave that covers much of the length of the cochlea

traveling

Most common auditory organ in insects is the _________ (several different locations in the body)

tympanal organ e.g. noctuid moths - maximum sensitivity at 50-70kHzand has A1 and A2 cells with different decibel thresholds