physiology
Presents a 2-D map of sound and this is processed inparallel to the brain: One processing _______ One processing _______
- one processing time-difference between L and R - one processing intensity-difference U and D`
Consider that the basilar membrane is narrow and rigid at the _____ of the cochlea near the oval window and is wider and more flexible at the _____ (farthest point)
Consider that the basilar membrane is narrow and rigid at the base of the cochlea near the oval window and is wider and more flexible at the apex (farthest point)
_____ _____ have relatively high thresholds and respond to dissolved chemicals from nearby
Contact chemoreceptors
_____ _____ _____, are involved in pain, itch and temperature
Free nerve endings
_______ ______, are for touch and pressure
Ruffini endings
There are also _______ _______ - i.e. visual system
Sensory systems
Stretch-activated channels - e.g. bristle sensillum ofinsects
When the tip of the bristle is moved, it compresses the mechanoreceptor membrane and opens stretch-activated channels What ions typically flow through these channels???????????
____ ____ (phonoreceptors) transduce sound into electrical signals (audition).
auditory receptors
We have little _______ between taste and smell during eating.
awareness
Hair cells lack _____; instead they synaptically excite axons of sensory neurons that project to the CNS
axons
Taste receptor cells have no _____ (epithelial cells).
axons
The _____ _____ contains the auditory hair cells.
basilar membrane
______ or _____ forces are transduced into a change in membrane potential.
bending or shearing
Each olfactory receptor is a ____ sensory neuron with a cell body in the olfactory epithelium
bipolar
Interoceptors and exteroceptors classified by location in the _______
body
Figure 14.13 shows responses of neurons in a _____ ____ ____ to different stimuli
tarsal taste hair
Vertebrate taste receptors are grouped together in _____ ____
taste buds
Hair cells are covered by a flap - _____ ______
tectorial membrane
Taste receptors have much higher _____ than olfactory receptors.
thresholds
Owls can use time differences as small as __ microseconds
10
____ ______ ____ detect angular acceleration of head and body
3 Semicircular canals
Individual taste receptor cells only last _______
5-10 days
A sound-pressure wave has _____ and _____.
A sound-pressure wave has frequency and amplitude.
Vertebrate olfactory receptors _____ neurons!
ARE
Adjacent to Merkel disks are _____ _____ which are for sensitive touch
Adjacent to Merkel disks are Meissner corpuscles which are for sensitive touch
______ taste transduction is less clear and may have manymechanisms - G protein-coupled receptor
Bitter
The _____ ____ contributes to sound localization(outer hair cells involved)
Cochlear amplifier
Displacement in one direction ______ the hair cell,displacement in the opposite direction ______.
Displacement in one direction depolarizes the hair cell,displacement in the opposite direction hyperpolarizes.
________ _______ are the most sensitive and areadapted to respond to external chemicals from adistance
Distance chemoreceptors
In Drosophila, a large family of ____ _____ _____ ___ has been described
G protein coupled receptors
1) _____ _____ _____ are relatively insensitive andnondiscriminating - avoidance behavior
General chemical sensors
Golf α-GTP binds to and activates ____ _____, which synthesizes ______
Golf α-GTP binds to and activates adenylyl cyclase, which synthesizes cAMP
_______ _____have at least 50 different proteins in severalsubfamilies
Gr proteins
In Ionotropic sensory transduction, a sensory stimulus is received and transduced into an ____ ____, and both reception and transduction are performed by the ____ _____
In Ionotropic sensory transduction, a sensory stimulus is received and transduced into an electrical signal;, and both reception and transduction are performed by the same molecule
In metabotropic sensory transduction, the sensory receptor molecule acts just like a _____ receptor in activating a metabolic _______
In metabotropic sensory transduction, the sensory receptor molecule acts just like a neurotransmitter receptor in activating a metabolic cascade
_______ ______ - blood glucose, carotidbody
Internal chemoreceptors
_____ ______ ______ is the structure that contains hair cells
Organ of Corti
____ _____, like sacculus and utriculus, detect linear movement and acceleration
Otolith organs
____ _____is an encapsulated nerve ending found subcutaneously and in deep dermal layers
Pacinian Corpuscle
______ is the pitch or frequency of the sound is encoded by the place of maximum vibration
Place theory
_______ _____ ______ (phasic) generate a short burst of APs at the onset of the stimulus but adapt rapidly and completely ceasing impulse discharge
Rapidly adapting receptors
____ ______, is a decrease in time in the response of a receptor to a steadily maintained stimulus
Receptor adaptation
Receptors can adapt ____ or _____
Receptors can adapt slowly or rapidly
_________ ______ _______ (tonic) tend to discharge a train of APs throughout the duration of the stimulus,usually with some decrease in AP frequency
Slowly adapting receptors
____ taste depends on H + ions entering through a cationchannel. Mechanism inside cell unclear.
Sour
_______ ______ _____ opens ion channels near the outer endsof the stereocilia, depolarizing the cell
Stretching tip links
______ taste is mediated by a G-protein-coupled receptormolecule
Sweet
____ _____ - sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, spicy/hot
Taste qualities
The binding of an odorant to the receptor initiates the exchange of ____ in place of GDP on the ______ subunit of a G protein
The binding of an odorant to the receptor initiates the exchange of GTP in place of GDP on the alpha subunit of a G protein
The movement of the _____ relative to the ______ displaces and stimulates the associated hair cells (SSC)
The movement of the endolymph relative to the ampulla displaces and stimulates the associated hair cells (SSC)
Look at table 14.1 The sensory modality or quality of sensation associated with a stimulus depends solely on which ______ are stimulated, rather than on how they are stimulated e.g. light
The sensory modality or quality of sensation associated with a stimulus depends solely on which receptors are stimulated, rather than on how they are stimulated
_____ _____ and ____ _____difference
Time difference and sound intensity difference
________ is also mediated by a G protein receptor stimulatedby glutamate or aspartate.
Umami
A Dense network of _____ _____ _____ lies on top ofthe otolith membrane
calcium carbonate crystals
The _________ decodes auditory information
cochlea
The ______ is a coiled tube that develops as an out-pocketing of the vestibular labyrinth.
cochlea It is divided longitudinally into three major compartments.
Auditory localization requires _____ of the responses of 2 ears.
comparison
The "_____ _______" is an old term for humans and is inaccuratefor non-human animals (balance, temperature).
five senses
Receptor neurons have fine unmyelinated axons that extend into the olfactory bulb of the ________, where theysynapse with second-order cells.
forebrain
A vertebrate _____ _____ has a tuft of microvilli at its apical end, resembling microscopic hairs
hair cell
Most (80-95%) of the afferent neurons synapse with the ____ _____ ___ - represent 20% of the 24,000 total.
inner hair cells
In otoliths, the ______ contain the hair cells and arecovered by a gelatinous membrane.
macula
Odorant molecules are absorbed into the ______ layer.
mucus
Some receptor cells are neurons, others are ________ cells that synaptically excite neurons
nonneural
Auditory map - owl can localize mice within 1 degree in thedark
okay
Transduction occurs at the surface membranes of the _____ ____ in the mucus layer
olfactory cilia
Displacement of stereocilia in opposite directions produces _____ voltage effects.
opposite
_______ - motor protein in the cell membrane responsiblefor outer hair cell's shortening and lengthening. Micelacking prestin show a dramatic loss in auditorysensitivity.
prestin
Best classification is by the form of effective stimulus energy at the receptor surface -______ _______
receptor type
Mechanism for ____ reception is the simplest - Na + ions enter through non-voltage-gated Na + channels to depolarize the cell
salt
Sensory receptors are often clustered together in ______ ________.
sense organs
Insect surface receptors are organized in _______ (hairs,pegs, plates or pits)
sensilla
Receptors are usually classified by _________ _________
sensory modality
A __________ is specialized to transduce stimulus energy from the environment into a neuralsignal
sensory receptor cell
Amount of depolarization depends on the sound _____ and ______
sound and intensity
Neurons in the owl midbrain are _____-_____ -responding to sound only from a particular direction
space specific
The _______ is the most widespread organ of equilibrium(even in jellyfish)
statocyst
A dense mineral structure (the ______) contacts and stimulates mechanosensory receptors that surround the statocyst
statolith Provides information about gravity and acceleration.
Transduction in hair cells occurs by movement of the ______
stereocilia
Sound induces a _____ wave that covers much of the length of the cochlea
traveling
Most common auditory organ in insects is the _________ (several different locations in the body)
tympanal organ e.g. noctuid moths - maximum sensitivity at 50-70kHzand has A1 and A2 cells with different decibel thresholds