AP Euro Farming Test

Why did Adam Smith believe competition would benefit all citizens, not just the rich?

Economic liberalism = increase in competition; lower prices and higher quality goods

The British saw the biggest increase in foreign trade with whom? (p.560)

The Colonies - the British empire = they don't need to trade with any foreigners, just their conquered territories There's no need to do business w/ anyone else

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

underemployed labor was abundant and very cheap (they would work for basically nothing), production was unregulated and far from guild standard -> procedures could be changed to how they saw fit to better the production

Primary Source on the Test:

"Let us now pay a visit to a house inhabited by prosperous peasants...in about 1625.... Propped against the wall, or hanging from it, there are various agricultural tools.... There are shelves bearing dishes, jugs, and the Bible.... A spinning wheel dominates one corner of the room...[where] textiles are spun.... Urban growth was due predominantly to immigration, as the mortality rate in the city was higher than it was in the country. Such density of population encouraged the spread of illness.... Pots, pans, and cutlery were on the increase.... Many items cost less than they had in the past.... To confront a famine situation, people began growing plants which previously had been little cultivated in Europe, such as rice.... Maize was imported into Europe by Columbus in 1493.... War encouraged the spread of the potato.... In the sixteenth century [sugar] became a luxury seasoning.... Tea...became popular in England.... In the second half of the seventeenth century the first coffee shops appeared." ~ Rafaella Sarti, historian, "Material Conditions of Family Life," 2001

How did the slave trade affect Africa? (p.563-564)

African Rulers - were able to benefit from the demand for slaves - they opened the access to firearms and manufactured goods by trading away their people (or their prisoners) Negative - rulers were selling their enemies people - wars among African States - population decimated - economy crushed

How was Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas unique? (p.567)

Also particularly among African-born slaves in the Caribbean, elements of African religious belief and practice endured and often incorporated with Christian traditions. Its a new mix

Identify and describe the wars fought between Great Britain and France between 1701-1763? In general, why were they fighting? Why did Britain prevail? (p.558-560)

England - supports whoever is against their rival (France) as a way to weaken them and promote England Fighting for supremacy of Europe and the Americas - whoever dominates becomes a world power Wars - Spanish Succession, Austrian Succession, Seven-Year's War - England -> supports whoever is against France (mostly Prussia) Loser = France -> lost the Americas Reasons for Prevail: British Naval Power (built in large part on the rapid growth of the British shipping industry from the Navigation Acts)

How did Holland's geography and population force it to become a leader in agriculture?

Extremely densely populated - forced to seek maximum yields from their crops in order to feed the population -> this lead to new agricultural developments (draining swamps); also the pressure to be connected to the global market and commerce = each region was able to specialize

What was the cause and effect of the English Navigation Acts ? (p.558)

Laws about Navigation - English What are they: only British ships can import goods into England/english colonies - must send all goods to England Cause - want to increase military power and economic wealth Effect - England has virtual monopoly; great Naval power = experienced seamen

Why did merchants feel they were at a major disadvantage during the putting out system?

Little control in rural labor - couldn't control workers; drunk, lazy, not productive; accused workers of stealing materials ----- also the rural workers tried to go around them sometimes

What was the role of women in guilds in the 1700's?

Most guilds were hostile towards women and did not accept them - if accepted: small needlework and textile production ("women's" work); Eventually -> all-female seamstress guilds emerged After that - male masters began to hire more female workers in defiance of the guilds

Why did food shortages, that used to result in famine, begin to decline in the 1700's?

New farming techniques = better food production -> better safeguarding for food supplies; transportation also limited the impact of local crop failure/famine (other supplies could be brought in)

How was the Enclosure Movement different from Open Field System?

Open field Crop rotation w fallow years No closed off fields/fences - communal living and lots of large fields Enclosure Crop rotation - rotating with other nutritious plants which helped replenish the land More productive - less workers all closed off w/ fences - less workers needed to manage the land -> land was privately owned not publicly worked

Why did European public health improve in the 1700's?

Plague "Mysterious" disappearance of the plague 1722 was the last epidemic experienced by Europe This had been a major killer in the past Small pox Preventative medicine was developed GIVE cowpox to prevent smallpox Water supply Better cleaning systems - drainage of swamps Reduction of insect populations Sewage Better systems for drainage and maintenance Better public health and reduced water-borne diseases Transportation of crops Lessened the impact of famine and crop failure Lands w/ food could help those w/out Less starvation New farming methods Increased food supply Nutritious new foods (potato) Wars Less destructive and carried less epidemics

How did the Enclosure Movement change the English countryside?

Social upheaval = Proletarianization - large number of small peasant farmers converted into landless, rural wageworkers; eliminated their common rights and access to the land

What was the condition of the peasants like in Western Europe during the 1700's?

The condition of peasants in Western Europe was better than in Eastern Europe. In Western Europe, Peasants could gain money through the cottage industry. In the East peasantry was very close to slavery. However, in both places the conditions for women were worse than men.

How did labor reflect traditional gender roles during the putting out system?

Weaving = family enterprise; men - head of family, operated the loom; women/children - auxiliary tasks -> threading and mounting ------- PATRIARCHAL

What was the "industrious revolution" and what caused it?

What - a shift from producing household goods to earning wages; reduced self-sufficiency but increased purchasing ability ------- Causes - spread of the cottage industry, increased female employment

Describe the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas? Which region saw the most slaves imported and which saw the least? (p.562-563)

Where they come from - Africa Where they're going - Portugal and the Caribbean (90%) (only like 3% went to the US )