Physiology Exam 2
Each hemoglobin molecule can bind ________ O2
4
Concentration of creatine phosphate in the resting muscle cell is about _________ times higher than ATP
5
If you stretch smooth muscle 2X (or _________) normal length can still develop tension - actin still overlaps myosin.
200%
Acetylcholinesterase ____________ continual stimulation of the membrane
prevents
Myasthenia gravis is a disease caused by
production of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors
Adrenal medulla hormones ______ sympathetic neural effects
reinforce
Sympathetic effect on Urinary bladder
relaxes muscle of wall
Dual innervation is ______________ for autonomic antagonism
required
Transport of Ca++ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum __________ ATP.
requires
What's bad about using aerobic processes or pathway?
requires O2, ATP production is slow
The withdrawal reflex A) is monosynaptic B) is caused by stretching muscle spindles in a muscle C) is caused by tapping the patellar tendon D) response is due to EPSPs occurring in motor neurons going to the agonist (flexor muscle) E) A and D
response is due to EPSPs occurring in motor neurons going to the agonist (flexor muscle)
Parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest, - digest and move thru the tract - defecation and urination, getting rid of wastes
Ca++ pump on SR and on cell membrane is ____________ causes long contractions (since Ca++ in cytosol for long time)
slow
Smooth muscle contractions are ________ so you don't need a rapid mechanism to turn on the contraction like you do in skeletal muscle
slow
Smooth muscle has _________ contractions - longer twitches than skeletal or cardiac muscle
slow
More myoglobin
slow oxidative fibers
Which type of muscle can contract without an action potential occurring in the cell membrane?
smooth
Which type of muscle when stretched two times resting length, is still able to contract?
smooth
During contraction: A band length (the length of myosin filaments)
stays constant
Erythyropoietin (EPO)
stimulates red blood cell production
At rest; we build up the concentration of creatine phosphate; it is a way to __________ energy in the cell. When ATP is needed, creatine phosphate can quickly transfer its high energy and phosphate to an ADP
store
Receptors
stretch receptors (mechanoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors - found in the organs (GI tract has all of these receptors)
Clinician taps the patellar tendon -
stretches muscle (the quadriceps)
Which of the following does not normally occur in the body and is described as due to depletion of transmitter? A) psychological fatigue B) synaptic fatigue or neuromuscular fatigue C) muscle fatigue
synaptic fatigue or neuromuscular fatigue
Delayed hypersensitivity
takes longer for a reaction. The rash to poison ivy, the reaction to a TB test
T tubules
transverse tubules - run deep into fiber - are invaginations or in turnings of the cell membrane
Which of the following is most associated with multiunit smooth muscle? A) many gap junctions B) pacemaker potentials C) slow waves D) most common type of smooth muscle E) typically contracts with nervous stimulation
typically contracts with nervous stimulation
Sarcomere
unit of contraction, smallest unit that can contract
______________ bladder becomes full and the muscle stretched and it can still contract and empty, if it was skeletal muscle and was stretched a lot may not be able to _____________________.
urinary, contract and empty
How is skeletal muscle "inhibited", that is, how is a particular skeletal muscle contraction prevented from occurring?
IPSPs occur in the central nervous system
Which of the following can cause atrophy of a muscle? A) damage or disease of the nerve supply to the muscle B) inability to use the muscle because the muscle is immobilized C) both A and B
both A and B
Which of the following is a (are) neurotransmitters? A) serotonin B) dopamine C) both A and B
both A and B
Take muscle off the bone and stretch the muscle to not overlap of myofilaments -
can't generate any tension
Electrical synapses are really important in _________ muscle and in a certain type of _______ muscle
cardiac, smooth
Elevated hematocrit occurs with polycythemia which occurs at high altitude. Decreased oxygen in the blood causes an increase in rbc production and increased oxygen _____________ so that tissues get enough ________.
carrying capacity, O2
Vaccines __ production of memory cells. A. cause B. do not cause
cause
Beta 1 receptors on heart
activation increases activity of the heart (increase heart rate and force of contraction)
How is Ca++ decreased in the ICF cytosol?
active transport pump on SR moves Ca++ into SR (high concentration in SR, Ca++ stored in SR). decreases (Ca++) in the cytosol which decreases Ca++ bound to troponin. Troponin loses its Ca++ and the regulatory proteins go back to "blocking position"
Actin filament
actually contains 3 different proteins (actin, tropomyosin, troponin), the actin molecules are called the "backbone" of the filament
Phosphorylation
adding a phosphate group = PO4 or Pi
Fight or flight reaction also stimulates the _______________.
adrenal medulla
The sarcomere A) is the unit of skeletal muscle contraction B) extends from one Z line to the next Z line C) both A and B D) Neither A or B
both A and B
Which below is a way to prevent a neurotransmitter from restimulating a postsynaptic neuron? A) neurotransmitter could be broken down by enzymes B) neurotransmitter could be taken back up into the presynaptic neuron C) both A and B
both A and B
Which of the following can affect the amount of tension that can be developed in a skeletal muscle fiber? A) action potential frequency and summation in the muscle fiber B) length of the muscle fiber before the contraction C) both A and B
both A and B
How is the pupil constricted, that is, which fibers of the iris contract?
circular fibers
Clot reaction
clot pulls together. Platelets have actin and myosin and can contract. When platelet contract it strengthens the clot/compresses the clot
Another drug that affects reuptake of neurotransmitters
cocaine
Postsynaptic neuron
conducts the impulse away from the synapse
Presynaptic neuron
conducts the impulse to the synapse
Plasminogen activators
convert plasminogen to plasmin
The "granddaddy: parasympathetic nerve =
cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve
Gap junctions are associated with
electrical synapses
Preganglionics reach medulla, no postganglionics _____________ from medulla
emerge
Select the choice which has ALL correct matches
end plate potentials - skeletal muscle; summation of EPSPs - efferent neurons and interneurons; pacemaker potential - gradual depolarization of the membrane on its own; receptor potential - afferent neurons; slow wave potential - gradual alternating swings in (membrane) potential
Adrenal medulla is an ______________.
endocrine gland, because is secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
Crossed extensor reflex
flexion of one limb (affected limb) followed by extension of opposite limb
Blood vessel dilation means increased blood __________ and increased delivery of proteins to the area
flow
Cytosol
fluid around the organelles
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of ___________ O2 molecules
four
Fatigue
inability to maintain muscle tension at a given level despite sustained stimulation
Which of the following is located entirely within the central nervous system? A) afferent neurons B) efferent neurons C) interneurons D) A and B E) A, B, and C
interneurons
Autonomic nervous system is an _______________ system
involuntary
O2 binds to the
iron atom of the heme
Have ANS innervation since cardiac muscle ___________ an autonomic effector
is
Increased ISF means edema. Edema ________ excess ISF
is
It ____________ possible for impulses from the brain to affect autonomic activity
is
Myosin molecule
is 2 headed and the shaft or "tail" is a helix
Propranolol
is a beta antagonist - blocks beta 1 receptors on heart but not beta 2 receptors on the lung airways
End plate potential
is a depolarization caused by opening Ach gated channels - are chemically gated ion channels
No troponin in smooth muscle -
is a different way for "cross bridge activation" - means allows myosin to attach to actin
Kreb's or citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation "aerobic pathway"
need O2, lost of (30) ATP/molecule of glucose, slow (longer pathway) less ATP/min
ATP
need for contraction
A clot is _______ permanent - need it only until repair occurs
not
Location of muscarinic receptors
on effector cell membranes, cell membranes of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Medulla is modified __________ ganglionic neurons that don't develop long axons but its cells act similarly to postganglionic neurons
post
Sympathetic
prepares for emergency, "fight or flight" reaction
Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
True
Contraction occurs by the sliding filament mechanism - individual filament lengths do not change instead filaments slide:
actin slides past myosin
Which below lists the events occurring at the synapse in the proper order?
action potential in synaptic knob, opening of synaptic knob Ca++ channels, transmitter release into synaptic cleft, binding of transmitter to receptors on subsynaptic membrane, postsynaptic potential in postsynaptic cell
Steps of chemical synapse
action potential reaches terminal, voltage gated calcium channels are opened, calcium enters axon terminal, neurotransmitter is released and diffuses into the cleft, neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors, neurotransmitter is removed from synaptic cleft
Imagine you are able to keep skeletal muscle cells in a fluid bath that is exactly like extracellular fluid, except that it contains no Ca++. Assume that the muscle cells in this bath are healthy and undamaged. Assume also that you are set up to stimulate the skeletal muscle cells to cause action potentials in the cell membrane. Which below would occur when you depolarize the muscle cell membrane?
action potentials and contractions
Alpha 1 receptors on blood vessels
activation causes constriction of blood vessel
Beta 2 receptors on lung airways
activation causes relaxation of airways
All of the following are sympathetic effects (caused by sympathetic activity) except A) increased glucose release from the liver B) adjustment for near vision C) dilation of the pupil D) dilation of lung tubes E) contraction of arrector pili muscles
adjustment for near vision
Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called
adrenergic receptors
Provides the most ATP per molecule of glucose, but ATP production is relatively slow
aerobic pathway
Which of the following produces more ATP per molecule of glucose? A) aerobic pathway B) anaerobic pathway C) both A and B
aerobic pathway
Which of the following kills cancer cells and virus infected cells? A) antibodies B) cytotoxic T cells
cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following is found in smooth muscle? A) T tubules B) sarcomeres C) troponin D) myofilaments
myofilaments
In smooth muscle, cross bridge activation occurs and myosin attaches to actin because of a change in ___________.
myosin
In smooth muscle, cross bridge activation occurs due to a change in
myosin
It is the thicker myofilament and is made up of hundreds of golf club shaped molecules with double heads
myosin
The myofilament with cross bridges is
myosin
The thick filaments in skeletal muscle are made of
myosin
After the power stroke,
myosin does not automatically detach from actin. It remains in a "rigor complex" and a new, fresh ATP is needed for detachment; myosin is bound in the rigor complex unless ATP is "around"
Smooth muscle - change in _____________. Skeletal muscle - change in _______________.
myosin, actin
During contraction: I band length gets
narrower and narrower as thin filaments are slid past myosin toward center of the sarcomere
Gap junctions
tunnel-like, ions and therefore current can flow into the next cell and cause an action potential
You correctly tell the patient that epinephrine ____________ dilate the lung airways, but her inhaler has a more selective drug than epinephrine. The more selective drug in her inhaler is a ______________.
would, beta-2 agonist
EPO stimulates erythropoiesis =
rbc production/formation number /development
Lower hematocrit occurs with hemorrhagic anemia - lose blood (with _________) and plasma is replaced quicker than cells; until cells are replaced with hematocrit is __________.
rbcs, low
Which of the following is not a correct match? A) adrenergic - alpha and beta receptors B) cholingeric - muscarinic and nicotinic receptors C) receptors at ganglia - alpha receptors D) receptors at skeletal muscle - nicotinic receptors
receptors at ganglia - alpha receptors
Muscle spindles
receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Blood in veins is not really blue; it is dark _______.
red
If the hematocrit measured from a sample of centrifuged blood is 45, then the volume occupied by ____________ is 45% of the total blood volume
red blood cells
The adrenal medulla A) is modified preganglionic neurons B) decreases its secretions during the "fight or flight" response C) hormones reinforce parasympathetic effects D) secretes mostly acetylcholine E) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which of the following is most associated with autoimmune diseases? A) infection of helper T cells B) IgE antibodies attaching to mast cells C) self reactive T cells D) immediate hypersensitivity E) delayed hypersensitivity
self reactive T cells
"Contraction" to physiologist means
"turning on" the cross bridges, or means cb cycling
Ca++ brings in __________ charge, causes the rising phase of the action potential. Have "Ca++ mediated action potentials"
+
Autonomic nerves and hormones can stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle
True
Nonspecific immune responses
- attack invaders generally - examples are inflammation and interferon
Synaptic knob
- axon terminal of presynaptic neuron ends in a swelling - contains sacs called synaptic vesicles (membrane bound) - neurotransmitters -chemicals in synaptic vesicles, are chemical messengers of neurons
Parasympathetic effect on smooth muscle (eye)
- constricts pupil; contracts circular fibers of iris - adjusts for near vision (lens flat)
parasympathetic effect on cardiac muscle
- decrease activity - decrease heart rate - no effect on force of contraction of vesicles
Sympathetic effect on GI tract
- decrease peristalsis - contraction of sphincters, closes "circular" doors
Reactions during sympathetic activity
-increased glucose levels in the blood -increased heart rate and force of contraction -increased metabolic rate - epinephrine causes increased metabolic rate -increase lung tubes (airways) size - dilate (tube diameter enlarges) - circular muscle relaxes -increase pupil size - dilate -increase mental activity or alterness
Formation of platelet plug
-platelets aggregate on contact with exposed collagen in damaged wall of the vessel -platelets release ADP which causes surface of nearby circulating platelets to become sticky
Each heme attached to __________ polypeptide
1
Difference of EPP and EPSP
1 EPP is normally sufficient magnitude (large enough, that is, enough depolarization) to cause 1 action potential
Troponin - globular 3 subunits
1 binds actin 1 binds tropomyosin 1 binds Ca++
Trace the events of one action potential in a somatic motor neuron to contraction of the skeletal muscle fiber
1) ACh is released from the somatic motor neuron, Ach binds to receptors on the motor end plate and causes an EPP, the EPP causes an action potential in the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle fiber 2) The action potential occurs in the sarcolemma near the motor end plate. The action potential gets to the interior of the cell via T Tubule. The action potential in the T tubule causes release of Ca++ from the SR 3) Ca++ binds to troponin 4) Tropomyosin is moved out of the way 5) Myosin cross bridges bind actin 6) Myosin cross bridges move and pull actin past myosin toward center of sarcomere 7) Myosin detaches and if Ca++ remains high in the cytosol go back to step 5)
NMJ steps
1) action potential occurs in the terminal button of the axon terminal 2) action potential in axon terminal opens voltage gated Ca++ channels, Ca++ diffuses in 3) Ca++ causes Ach vesicle exocytosis 4) Ach diffuses across cleft and binds to Ach receptors on muscle fiber membrane 5) more Na+ moves into than K+ moves out of the muscle fiber; causes depolarization 6) the depolarization is the end plate potential (or EPP) which causes current flow 7) current flow causes opening of voltage gated Na+ channels which causes 8) 8) action potential
Neuron A releases a transmitter that causes postsynaptic potentials in neuron B. Neuron B releases a neurotransmitter that causes postsynaptic potentials in neuron C. Transmitter X opens chemically gated ion channels that are permeable to Na+ and K+. Transmitter Y opens chemically gated ion channels that are permeable only to K+.
1) at the synapse between neuron A and neuron B; neuron A is the presynaptic neuron and neuron B is the postsynaptic neuron 2) action potentials in neuron A will cause excitatory postsynaptic potentials in neuron B 3) action potentials in neuron A will cause opening of voltage gated channels in the synaptic knob of neuron A 4) Action potentials in neuron B will cause inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in neuron C 5) temporal summation in neuronB can occur when neuron A fires action potentials repeatedly
Steps of chemical synapse
1. Action potential in synaptic knob 2. Causes opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels - Ca++ diffuses in 3. Ca++ causes release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft by exocytosis 4. Diffusion of neurotransmitter across cleft, binds to receptors on subsynaptic membrane 5. Binding of neurotransmitter to receptor causes ion channels to open - are chemically gated ion channels
How cross bridges move actin past myosin
1. Binding: myosin cross bridge binds to actin molecule 2. Power stroke: cross bridge bends, pulling thin myofilament inward 3. Detachment: cross bridge detaches at end of power stroke and returns to original conformation 4. Binding: cross bridge binds to more distal actin molecule; cycle repeats Head then detaches at 3; reattaches at point further down on actin filament or nearer to the Z line at 4. Then this cycle repeats
Removal of Ca++
1. Troponin loses Ca++. 2. regulatory proteins move back into its blocking position. 3. contraction is turned off (get relaxation). (decrease ICF cytosol Ca++ concentration)
Correct sequence that would occur at a single chemical synapse
1. action potential in synaptic knob 2. opening of synaptic knob Ca++ channels 3. neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft 4. binding of neurotransmitter to receptors 5. opening of chemically gated ion channels
In myosin filament
1/2 of filament the molecules are in one direction and in 1/2 of filament molecules are in other direction, so in the center of filament there are no heads
Lifespan of rbcs is about ________ days since the cells can't make proteins
120
A red blood cell lives about _____________ days because it ____________ a nucleus and _____________ replace enzymes and structural proteins
120, does not contain, cannot
Both (sympathetic and parasympathetic) have a "relay" of ________ neurons to reach effector cells
2
The adrenal medulla is the exception of the _________________.
2 neuron chain/relay rule
What are the hormones that the adrenal medulla secretes?
80% epi and 20% NE
Reciprocal innervation
A "wiring"/pathway so that when you stimulate the agonist (causes the movement) you also inhibit the antagonist (causes the opposite movement). (withdrawal reflex)
Which of the following remains the same size when the sarcomere shortens? A) I band B) H zone C) A band D) the I band and the H zone E) the A band and the H zone
A band
Part of the sarcomere that contains actin and myosin
A band
Within sarcomere
A band and I band, H zone in middle of A band
Creatine phosphate is important in the beginning of ALL contraction or exercise; provides _____________ before the metabolic processes "kick in"
ATP
Select all of the following that could occur at an axon to axon synapse A) presynaptic facilitation B) axon A causes increased transmitter from axon B C) presynaptic inhibition D) axon A causes decreased transmitter from axon B E) IPSP in axon B F) EPSP in axon B
A, B, C, D
Which of the following are correctly matched? A) cell body in ganglion, axon ends on smooth muscle - a postganglionic parasympathetic neuron or a postganglionic sympathetic neuron B) cell body in the central nervous system, axon ends on skeletal muscle - a somatic motor neuron C) cell body in the brain, axon ends in ganglion - a parasympathetic preganglionic neuron D) cell body in thoracic segment of spinal cord, axon ends in a ganglion - a sympathetic preganglionic neuron
A, B, C, D
Anaerobic exercise can cause A) hypertrophy of muscle B) oxygen debt C) lactic acid D) A and B E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
During a normal "fight or flight" reaction, which below would increase? A) blood glucose B) heart rate C) secretion of the adrenal medulla D) A and B E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
When an action potential occurs in the axon terminal of a somatic motor neuron, which of the following normally occurs? A) exocytosis of vesicles of acetylcholine B) an end plate potential in the motor end plate C) an action potential in the muscle fiber membrane D) A and B E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
Which of the following affects the amount of tension that can be developed in a skeletal muscle fiber? A) length of the muscle fiber before the contraction B) action potential frequency and summation C) muscle fatigue D) A and C E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
Which of the following describes single unit smooth muscle? A) has gap junctions B) electrical activity moves from cell to cell and cells of muscle mass respond together C) most common type of smooth muscle D) A and B E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
Which of the following is involved in hemostasis? A) blood clotting B) formation of a platelet plug C) constriction of the injured vessel D) A and B E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
Which of the following secretes acetylcholine? A) preganglionic sympathetic fibers B) postganglionic parasympathetic fibers C) preganglionic parasympathetic fibers D) B and C E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
Which of the following would cause increased erythropoietin secretion? A) high altitude B) loss of food C) decreased O2 delivery to the kidneys D) A and B E) A, B, and C
A, B, and C
Which of the following does or can occur during a withdrawal reflex? A) EPSPs in motor neurons going to the flexor muscle (the agonist) B) IPSPs in motor neurons going to the extensor muscle (the antagonist) C) action potentials in neurons going to the brain (in an ascending pathway) D) A,B, and C
A,B, and C
ATP ---->
ADP + Pi + energy
Smooth muscle innervation
ANS
Binding of __________ to myosin permits cross-bridge _________ in skeletal muscle.
ATP, detachment
In skeletal muscle, binding of _________ to myosin causes cross bridge _________.
ATP, detachment
Rigor mortis occurs because __________ levels in the skeletal muscle cell decrease and ___________ cannot detach from ____________.
ATP, myosin, actin
Parasympathetic neurons release _____ at effector organs
Ach
Preganglionics release
Ach
What chemical in the body normally stimulates those receptors?
Ach
What is released by the neuron going to the medulla to cause it to secrete its hormones?
Ach
What is the transmitter that causes the EPP?
Ach
Presynaptic inhibition
Axon A decreases transmitter release from axon B
Plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, are from
B cells
In smooth muscle, increased depolarization causes increased cytosolic which causes increased contraction
True
Select all correct matches A) released by all sympathetic postganglionic neurons - norepinephrine B) released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating the heart - norepinephrine C) released by neurons innervating the adrenal medulla - acetylcholine D) released by the adrenal medulla - 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine E) released by somatic motor neurons - acetylcholine F) nicotinic receptors - on cell bodies of neurons in ganglia G) binds muscarinic receptors - norepinephrine H) binds alpha receptors - acetylcholine
B, C, D, E, F
Where are interneurons located?
CNS
Lateral sacs contain ____________ which is released to cause contraction
Ca++
NMJ - ________ is in higher concentration outside the cell and lower in the "cytosol"
Ca++
Smooth muscle - Contraction is "turned off" by deactivation of cross bridges by removal of phosphate by myosin light chain phosphate when __________ decreases in the cytosol
Ca++
Smooth muscle - Cross bridges are activated by phosphorylation when __________ increases in the cytosol
Ca++
How does decreased ATP in skeletal muscle cells during rigor mortis occur?
Ca++ is increased in cytosol for myosin to attach to actin w/decreased ATP, myosin can't detach from actin
Binding of ________ to ___________ is what "turns on" causes contraction in skeletal muscle cells.
Ca++, troponin
Skeletal muscle contraction occurs when _________ binds to _____________.
Ca++, troponin
Inhibitory interneurons
Cause IPSPs in the motor neuron going to the extensor muscle (ex: the triceps - extend the joint if it contracted) - need to prevent contraction of this antagonist muscle. (withdrawal reflex)
Smooth muscle cells have Ca++ mediated action potentials
True
In addition to the synapse between axon A and axon B, now also consider the synapse between axon B with the cell body of neuron C. Which of the following could be correct? A) action potentials in axon A might increase the effect that axon B has on neuron C B) Action potentials in axon A might decrease the effect that axon B has on neuron C C) the way that axon A could affect transmitter release from axon B might be affecting Ca++ entry into axon B D) all of these are correct or might be possible
D
Smooth muscle cells lack T tubules
True
Smooth muscle has many inputs for contraction which all alter cytosolic
True
Smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic fibers
True
Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitter molecules
True
The Ca++ triggers contraction in smooth muscle comes from the ECF and the SR
True
Which of the following is true? A) the series-elastic component includes the tendon B) the series-elastic component acts like a spring between muscle and bone C) the series-elastic component must be stretched for muscle tension to be transmitted to the bone D) A and B E) A, B, and C
E
Which of the following needs to occur for skeletal muscle relaxation to occur? A) cessation of action potentials B) active transport of Ca++ into the SR C) breakdown of Ach by acetylcholinesterase D) actin and myosin slide back to original E) all of these
E
Ca++ comes from 2 sources:
ECF and the SR
The Ca++ to turn on contraction comes from the ________ and ________.
ECF, SR
The rate of rbc production is controlled by a hormone mostly from kidney called erythropoietin or ___________.
EPO
Which below is not a correct match or is the least correct match? A) IPSPs - increased K+ permeability B) EPSPs - closer to threshold C) IPSPs - further from threshold D) EPSPs - prevent action potentials E) EPSPs - increased Na+ and K+ permeability
EPSPs - prevent action potentials
The total or grand postsynaptic potential is the sum total of all the _________ occurring at one time
EPSPs and IPSPs
Because of reciprocal innervation, during the withdrawal reflex (or flexor reflex) that moves the hand from a hot stove or a foot from a sharp tack, when _________ occur in the motor neurons going to the agonist (to cause removal of the hand or foot), ____________ occur in the motor neurons going to the antagonist.
EPSPs, IPSPs
Constriction of damaged vessel
Endothelial cells (the innermost layer of vessels - from opposite sides) stick together - stops bleeding in small vessels. (form of hemostasis)
Myosin cross bridges
Essential for moving actin past myosin - something to grab actin with. (no cross bridges in the center)
The ATP that provides the energy for the power stroke is broken down during the power stroke?
False
During the action potential in a cell in the ventricle of the heart, Na+ enters during the plateau and causes the plateau
False (Ca++)
Smooth muscle contains troponin
False (cardiac)
Smooth muscle is found only in the heart
False (cardiac)
Single unit smooth is the least common type of smooth muscle
False (most)
The iris, ciliary muscle, and "goose bump" muscles are single unit smooth muscle
False (multiunit)
Smooth muscle has myofibrils
False (myofilaments)
Dephosphorylation of myosin causes contraction of smooth muscle
False (relaxation)
Multiunit smooth muscle has spontaneous electrical activity
False (single unit)
In smooth muscle, a change in actin "activates the cross bridges" or allows myosin to attach to actin
False (skeletal)
Smooth muscle cells have many nuclei
False (skeletal)
Smooth muscle has a single input for contraction
False (skeletal)
Pacemaker potentials are gradual oscillations in membrane potential
False (slow waves)
In smooth muscle, the Ca++ pump on the cell membrane and SR is fast
False (slow)
Smooth muscle cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells
False (smaller)
Skeletal muscle can develop tension after stretching 2 times normal length
False (smooth)
During the fight to flight reaction turn off things not as important like ________ movements, __________ secretions.
GI, GI
Slow waves
Gradual oscillations in membrane potential - an extrinsic stimulus (hormones and nerves) could "bump up" and depolarize more; cause action potentials and stronger contractions. (common in the gut)
As a clinician, you gave atropine to a patient before his surgery. Which of the effects listed would be likely or could occur in the patient after administration of atropine? A) increased saliva B) dilation of the pupil C) decreased GI motility D) dilation of lung airways E) inability to focus for near objects F) decreased ability to contract urinary bladder smooth muscle G) all of the choices listed H) all of the choices listed except A
H
Part of a sarcomere that contains only myosin
H zone
Which of the following contains myosin but not actin? A) sarcomere B) myofibrils C) A band D) I band E) H zone
H zone
Part of A band actin doesn't overlap into
H zone (is lighter than the rest of A band because it contains only myosin)
In which below does autonomic antagonism occur? A) liver B) arrector pili muscle C) adrenal medulla D) skeletal muscle E) GI sphincters F) smooth muscle of the GI tract G) most blood vessel smooth muscle H) salivary glands I) E and F
I
Part of the sarcomere that contains only actin
I band
Z line goes through the middle of the _____
I band
Period of contraction
INCREASE tension in isometric twitch shortens in isotonic twitch
Gut sphincter
Increases sympathetic contraction and decrease parasympathetic contraction
Spatial summation
Integration by a postsynaptic neuron of inputs (EPSPs and IPSPs) from multiple sources.
Threshold of initial segment
Lowest - has more voltage gated Na+ channels than other parts of the neuron; a change in membrane potential (depolarization) has more effect (more positives go in - positive cycle takes off).
Ca++
Much higher in the ECF than in the fluid of the cell
Single unit
Most common type of smooth muscle; with spontaneous electrical activity - cells are in sheets and contact each other via gap junctions - muscle mass responds as a unit; an action potential in one point in the muscle mass spreads throughout the entire mass; cells contract together.
Does the parasympathetic nervous system decrease glucose release from the liver?
NO, PS does not innervate the liver
Neurotransmitters are ________ in paracrines
NOT
Atropine blocks parasympathetic effects; it blocks parasympathetic effects since it blocks __________ receptors
Muscarinic
Ach stimulates both _______________ and ____________________ receptors
Muscarinic, Nicotinic
Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres?
No, that's why its called smooth!
Anemias
O2 carrying capacity of blood is reduced (reduced rbc number or Hgb/cell or both) means decrease in total Hgb
Autonomic antagonism
One division stimulates the organ, and the other inhibits the organ (opposite effects). (ex: heart rate)
Contains Ca++ in higher concentration than in the cytosol
SR
Multiunit
Small proportion of smooth muscle - the cells are separate and independent (like multiple units) - typically contract with nervous stimulation (ANS); hormones may have an effect. (NO gap junctions) (ex: iris, ciliary muscle, arrector pili, certain large blood vessels and airways)
Compare cross bridge activation in smooth muscle to skeletal muscle
Smooth - change in myosin - put a p group on myosin Skeletal - change in actin - yank tropomyosin out of way
Hormones (chemical messengers)
Specific chemical substances produced by Endocrine Glands that help regulate body functions.
Temporal summation
Summation by a postsynaptic cell of input (EPSPs or IPSPs) from a single source over time.
Continuous with the sarcolemma, run deep into the muscle fiber
T tubules
Smooth muscle lacks ____________.
T tubules
Interneurons of ascending pathway
Take information to the brain - become aware of pain, localize the pain, and can then send down impulses to stop the reflex. (withdrawal reflex)
Basal degree of tone (tension)
There are arterioles (blood vessels before the capillaries) in the smooth muscle - if there is a low level of tension (enough Ca++ in the cytosol for this low level) normally -> you can increase or decrease contraction.
Sympathetic nervous system connections/"wiring" allows for "mass discharge" -
can activate together and reinforce with adrenal medulla hormones
Could a drug that increases the effects of GABA make sense to use in this patient with organophosphate poisoning to prevent seizures?
Yes, the use of benzodiazepines is an important part of the treatment regimen if severe OP poisoning as it prevents, or at least reduces the duration of, convulsions
Would Ach increase at the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle due to organophosphate poisoning?
Yes
Does giving Jeremy atropine make sense?
Yes, atropine is an anticholinergic drug, which blocks the action of Ach on synaptic cleft and in CNS exerted through muscarinic receptor
The cause of rigid muscles and joints fixed after death?
Yes, because ATP production after death is 0 and myosin can't detach from actin
Could nicotine poisoning cause skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis?
Yes, because arteries become narrow making it harder for blood flow to heart and muscles. Nicotine helps muscles relax and reduces appetite
Are there other ways the transmitter can be removed from the synapse?
Yes, can be inactivated, broken down by enzyme
Does Jeremy's muscle weakness make sense?
Yes, increased release of Ach - no new signal, no new contraction
What if we looked at more than the monosynaptic reflex arc of the stretch reflex. Would there be reciprocal innervation?
Yes, there would be divergence of afferent neuron to inhibitory interneurons that cause IPSPs in motor neuron going to the antagonist muscle
Could Ach increase at synapse in the body due to organophosphate poisoning? Could Ach increase at synapse in the central nervous system (CNS) due to organophosphate poisoning? Could Ach increase in autonomic ganglia due to organophosphate poisoning?
Yes, yes, yes
Bilirubin
a bile pigment, is secreted into bile - colors plasma, colors urine, and bacterial action turns brown
On the myosin head is
a binding site for actin and an ATPase site (where ATP binds)
How does the message get from the neuron axon terminal to the muscle fiber
a chemical Ach is used to get message across the space (cleft)
A paracrine is best described by which of the following? A) a hormone that travels in the blood to reach its target cell B) a neurotransmitter C) a chemical that affects a nearby cell D) part of a gap junction E) part of an electrical synapse
a chemical that affects a nearby cell
What is plasmin? What does it do in the body?
a fibrinolytic enzyme, breaks down fibrin, breaks down clots
Antigen
a foreign molecule that causes the specific immune response, the antigen causes a response against itself
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Which neurotransmitter described below will cause an EPSP? A) neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to K+ B) neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to both K+ and Na+ C) both A and B
a neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to both K+ and Na+
Curare
a nicotinic antagonist. Blocks the effect of released Ach. No EPP. Can cause paralysis of respiratory muscles. Can kill
Oxygen debt
a reason you breathe deeply after strenuous/anaerobic exercise is over
Monosynaptic reflex arc
a reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS
Reflex
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus
Extrinisic blood clotting
a substance exposed in tissue with damage initiates it
Why is the response greater in a tetanic contraction compared to a twitch?
a twitch doesn't stretch the series elastic component completely and a tetanic contraction does
Can decrease heart rate by decreasing sympathetic activity, like taking your foot off the __________.
accelerator
Always a depolarization; a graded potential that occurs at the muscle fiber membrane below the axon terminal
acetylcholine
Neurotransmitters may be broken down by enzymes or removed from the synapse by reuptake to terminate the signal
acetylcholine
Released from somatic motor neuron axon terminals
acetylcholine
Eventually, a muscle fatigues -
after you stimulate a muscle for a period of time, finally get to a point where you can't get it to contract (or there is a reduced response)
Which of the following is most important in causing the osmotic pressure of the plasma? A) albumins B) fibrinogen C) globulins D) antibodies
albumins
Which of the following is most important in causing the osmotic pressure of the plasma? A) electrolytes B) albumins C) O2 and CO2
albumins
Intrinsic blood clotting
all factors are in the blood
Which area of the brain listed affects autonomic responses? A) hypothalamus B) cerebral cortex C) medulla of the brain stem D) all of these
all of these
A motor unit is
all the motor units in a single nerve
In allergies, certain people acquire immune reactions to ______________.
allergens
Why no nucleus in rbcs?
allows space for hemoglobin; rbcs sometimes called "sacs" or "bags" of hemoglobin
Adrenergic receptor to which phenylephrine binds
alpha 1
Phenylephrine nose spray stimulates ________ receptors.
alpha 1
Phenylephrine is an
alpha 1 agonist
Adrenergic receptors
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2
Stimulation of these receptors causes blood vessel constriction
alpha-1
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used as a treatment for
alzheimers disease
Histamine
an important mediator inflammation. Important in allergic reactions
The more strenuous or intense an activity, the more the ___________ pathway will supply the ATP for muscle contraction.
anaerobic
Which type of exercise is most likely to cause hypertrophy of skeletal muscle?
anaerobic
Produces lactic acid
anaerobic pathway
Which of the following produces ATP faster? A) aerobic pathway B) anaerobic pathway C) both A and B
anaerobic pathway
Supplies more and more of the ATP as the exercise becomes more and more strenuous or intense
anaerobic pathway (glycolysis)
Erythropoietin is used clinically to treat
anemia
An _____ binds to receptors but does not cause a response
antagonist
Which of the following is part of the invader that causes a specific immune response? A) interferon B) histamine C) antibody D) antigen
antigen
*There ___ examples in the body of subconscious or involuntary control of skeletal muscle.* a. are b. are not
are
T cells/lymphocytes
are 2 kinds. One kind is called helper T cells which secrete chemicals that activate other immune cells. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, especially infects helper T cells which weakens the immune response Other kind of T cell is called cytotoxic T cells which goes out and attacks a specific invader. It releases chemicals to kill the cell. Attacks virus infected cells and cancer cells
IPSPs
are a hyperpolarization or will decrease the depolarization caused by EPSPs
Platelets
are created when a cell in the red bone marrow fragments or sheds pieces
All of the following are plasma proteins except A) albumins B) globulins C) fibrinogen D) bilirubin
bilirubin
Monocytes
are released from red bone marrow, circulate (in the blood) for one or a couple of days; go into tissues and become large phagocytes called macrophages
Histamine blockers
are used to treat allergies (block histamine receptors on cell membranes, and therefore, block the effects of histamine)
Which of the following about motor units is true? A) a motor unit is all the motor neurons in a single nerve B) an increase in the number of motor units active decreases the strength of contraction of the muscle C) asynchronous recruitment of motor units helps prevent fatigue D) muscle contractions are graded because the muscle fibers in a single motor unit show different degrees of summation and tension at any given time
asynchronous recruitment of motor units helps prevent fatigue
Location of nicotinic receptors
at autonomic ganglia, on postganglionic neurons' cell body and dendrites
When could increase in erythropoietin occur?
at high altitudes, less O2 is in blood. With decrease O2 to kidneys increased erythropoietin secreted until blood carries enough O2 (can cause polycythemia)
Creatine phosphate is used to produce ATP
at the beginning of muscle contraction
If the nerve to a muscle were cut, the muscle would most likely
atrophy
Actin in smooth muscle
attached or "anchored" to dense bodies act like Z lines
In autoimmune disease there is an immune response to your own cells; you produce ____________ antibodies, self - reactive T cells which attack, not an invader, but "self"
auto
Autoantibodies and self-reactive T cells occur in
autoimmune diseaes
Self reactive T cells and autoantibodies cause
autoimmune diseases
Medulla
autonomic control centers are here like the cardiovascular and digestive centers
Which of the following requires a relay of 2 neurons to reach the effector? A) autonomic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) both A and B D) neither A or B
autonomic nervous system
Which of the following is a correct match? A) sympathetic nervous system - craniosacral division B) autonomic effector - skeletal muscle C) adrenal medulla - modified preganglionic neurons D) autonomic nervous system - efferent neurons
autonomic nervous system - efferent neurons
Smooth muscle has ________________.
autonomic nervous system innervation
Action potential is initiated at
axon hillock/initial segment trigger zone
Which white blood cell is similar to a mast cell?
basophil
B cells/lymphocytes
become cells called plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the blood. Antibodies are transported by the blood to the specific invader. Antibodies do not directly kill the invader, but its well described as "marks" it for "destruction" or killing. Antibodies can also neutralize toxins
The ATP that supplies the energy for the power stroke is broken down to ADP and phosphate ion __________ the power stroke
before
In a patient with high blood pressure and asthma, which of the following would be used to block receptors on the heart but not receptors on the airways?
beta 1 antagonist
To selectively block sympathetic effects on the heart in a patient with high blood pressure and asthma, which of the following would be the best choice? A) alpha 1 agonist B) alpha 1 antagonist C) beta 1 agonist D) beta 1 antagonist E) beta 2 antagonist
beta 1 antagonist
As a clinician, which beta blocker should you use on hypertensive patient who has asthma?
beta 1 antagonist (atenolol)
Adrenergic receptor found on the heart but not on lung airways
beta-1
Being a competent health care provider you tell the patient that you could successfully treat (decrease) her faster than normal heart rate with which of the following? A) beta-1 agonist B) beta-2 agonist C) beta-1 antagonist D) beta-2 antagonist E) alpha-1 agonist
beta-1 antagonist
Adrenergic receptor found on lung airways
beta-2
The rest of the heme is transformed into ___________ pigments - mostly bilirubin
bile
During cross bridge cycling and just after the power stroke, which below causes detachment of myosin from actin?
binding of ATP to myosin
Which of the following is closest in time to an end plate potential? A) action potential in somatic motor neuron B) action potential in T tubule C) Ca++ release from SR D) binding of acetylcholine to receptors on muscle fiber membrane E) acetylcholine release from somatic motor neuron
binding of acetylcholine to receptors on muscle fiber membrane
Agonist
binds to a receptor and acts like the natural agent, it stimulates the receptor, "mimics" the natural chemical, causes a response
Monomamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
block the action of monoamine oxidase and therefore decrease norepinephrine breakdown and would increase norepinephrine
Curare
blocks ACh receptors
Atropine
blocks Muscarinic receptors on ANS effector cell membranes
Curare
blocks nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle cell membranes
Skeletal muscle attaches to _____________
bone (the skeleton)
After birth, erythropoiesis occurs in the
bone marrow
After a strenuous exercise is over, we breathe deeply for a period of time, indicating an increased need for oxygen. During that time of deep breathing, molecules of which below are regenerated? A) creatine phosphate B) glycogen C) both A and B
both A and B
Spatial and temporal summation can occur during A) excitatory postsynaptic potentials B) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials C) both A and B
both A and B
A relay of 2 efferent neurons to reach its effector cells
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Preganglionic neurons are cholinergic
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Synapse in ganglia
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Synapse outside the CNS
both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Can decrease heart rate faster if increase parasympathetic activity or impulses like using the _________.
brake
Cardiac muscle anatomy
branching fibers, sarcomeres are present
EPSPs > IPSPs and get to threshold
break the vase
When ATP binds, the rigor complex is _____________.
broken
Once contraction is turned on; how is it turned off?
by decreasing Ca++ in ICF cytosol
Where else in the body is acetylcholine released?
by somatic motor neurons at skeletal muscle (not ANS)
IPSPs _____ be summed A) can B) cannot
can
Relaxes that we are not aware of __________ help maintain homeostasis
can
The sympathetic nervous system A) is always excitatory (increases the activity of all organs it innervates) B) is part of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system C) dominates in quiet, relaxed situations (like sitting in an easy chair reading a book) D) controls voluntary (skeletal) muscle E) causes responses that prepare the body for muscular activity during an emergency
causes responses that prepare the body for muscular activity during an emergency
The histamine released in an area where inflammation is occurring
causes the area to be red, warm, and swollen
A muscle fiber is a muscle
cell
Preganglionic
cell body in CNS fiber goes out to a ganglion
Postganglionic
cell body in ganglion fiber goes out to effector cells
Sarcolemma
cell membrane of muscle cell
Gap junctions are present in cardiac muscle and can spread from _____ to __________.
cell, cell
Pacemaker potentials occur in
certain smooth muscle cells and certain cardiac muscle cells
4 polypeptides =
chains of amino acids
At the chemical synapse
chemicals are used to get the message across the space
Fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called
cholingeric receptors
The military nerve gas sarin has been used during military conflicts. Sarin causes inhibition of the enzyme that breaks down Ach. If the effect of sarin you are seeing is the result of stimulation of muscarinic receptors on the iris, what should you expect pupils to look like?
constricted
Which of the following is a sympathetic effect? A) adjustment for near vision B) constriction of gut blood vessels C) both A and B
constriction of gut blood vessels
Sympathetic effect on Blood vessels
constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure
Parasympathetic effect on bronchial tubes or bronchioles
constricts slightly
Vaccines
contain antigens and cause the production of memory cells
Both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle cells
contain myofilaments
I band
contains only actin
Action potential and refractory period can be over when muscle is still ________________.
contracting
Ca++ is trigger to turn on ___________________.
contraction
Sympathetic effect on arrector pili muscle
contracts - hair stands on end, causes "goosebumps"
Isotonic
contracts and shortens, tension remains relatively constant
Parasympathetic effect on urinary bladder
contracts smooth muscle of bladder wall, releases sphinctor
The relationship in which many presynatic neurons have synapses with one postsynaptic neuron is called
convergence
Which of the following affects transmission at the neuromuscular junction by blocking the neurotransmitter sites on skeletal muscle? A) black widow venom B) curare C) toxin which causes botulism D) nerve gases and organophosphate insecticides E) all of these
curare
Which of the following affects transmission at the neuromuscular junction by increasing the release of acetylcholine? A) curare B) myasthenia gravis C) black widow spider venom D) nerve gases and organophosphate insecticides E) toxin which causes botulism
curare
Sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle cell
Fluid surrounding the organelles
cytosol
Whether contraction turned on or off depends on Ca++ concentration in the ____________.
cytosol
The lymphocyte that kills virus infected cells and cancer cells is the
cytotoxic T cell
Denervation atrophy
damage nerve to muscle so that lose nerve supply
EPP is always ______________.
depolarization
Which of the following is NOT associated with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)? A) GABA B) depolarization C) increased K+ permeability
depolarization
Which of the following must occur during an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
depolarization
Bone marrow failure
destruction due to toxins, radiation, chemotherapy, cancer invading bone marrow
The way neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft (to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic cell) is by
diffusion
Sympathetic effect on bronchial tubes or bronchioles
dilates (epinephrine - an old drug used for asthma to increase airflow)
Cells are suspended in plasma, that is, flow of blood keeps the cells distributed or _________________.
dispersed
Antibodies
do not directly kill the invader, but mark it for destruction
At rest the parasympathetic system is
dominant
Glycolysis "anaerobic pathway"
don't need O2, only 2 ATP/molecule of glucose, fast (shorter pathway) lots of ATP/min
What's good about using anaerobic pathway?
don't need O2, produces much more ATP than the aerobic pathway in a given time
A full blown fight or flight reaction would occur when you are in a dark alley and see a guy __________ the alley with a knife who is up to no good
down
Which of the following is true concerning smooth muscle? A) myosin cross bridges are activated and attach to actin when a phosphate dephosphorylates myosin B) an action potential must occur in all smooth muscle cell membranes before smooth muscle can contract C) during depolarization of the cell membrane, Ca++ enter the smooth muscle cell from the extracellular fluid D) most of the smooth muscle in the body is multiunit smooth muscle E) smooth muscle does not contain myofilaments
during depolarization of the cell membrane, Ca++ enter the smooth muscle cell from the extracellular fluid
Actin
each molecule is spherical; actin molecules form 2 chains. ebook describes as 2 strands "of pearls" twisted - each pearl is an actin molecule - each actin has a myosin cb binding site
Increased permeability causes the ___________________ of inflammation
edema/swelling
Motor
efferent
The autonomic nervous system consists of ___________ fibers
efferent
Which component of reflexes below directly sends the impulse to the muscle or gland? A) integrating center B) receptor C) Effector D) afferent neurons in afferent pathway E) efferent neurons in efferent pathway
efferent neurons in efferent pathway
Which white blood cell is the polymorphonuclear granulocyte that is most important in infections with parasites? A) lymphocyte B) monocyte C) basophil D) eosinophil E) neutrophil
eosinophil
Which of the following descriptions concerning white blood cells is FALSE? A) basophils contain histamine B) neutrophils are important phagocytes C) eosinophils are transformed into macrophages in the tissues D) lymphocytes are important in specific immune response E) granulocytes are produced in and released from red bone marrow
eosinophils are transformed into macrophages in the tissues
Adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
Nitric oxide is the transmitter released by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers to cause ____________.
erection
Inadequate ____________ in kidney disease causes anemia
erythropoietin
Which of the following is FALSE about erythropoietin? A) erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis B) erythropoietin is secreted from the kidney C) erythropoietin secretion would normally decrease as a person travels to higher and higher altitudes D) erythropoietin secretion increases after loss of blood E) erythropoietin is a hormone
erythropoietin secretion would normally decrease as a person travels to higher and higher altitudes
Hemolytic anemia
excessive rupture of red blood cells. Hemolysis (red blood cell rupture) occurs in sickle cell anemia
Vaccines
expose you to an antigen but don't cause the disease. Can be killed or weakened bacteria or virus or altered toxin in a vaccine
Which of the following symptoms that were discussed with organophosphate poisoning should you NOT expect to occur in your patient if your patient was poisoned by muscarine? A) increased salivation B) increased gut movements C) constricted pupils D) bronchospasm E) failure of the diaphragm to contract
failure of the diaphragm to contract
*Increasing skeletal muscle length so that there is no overlap of thick and thin filaments increases the force of contraction because the actin filaments can slide in a greater length.* a. true b. false
false
An action potential must occur in smooth muscle before it can contract
false
An agonist binds to receptors but does not cause a response A) true B) false
false
Because of dual innervation and autonomic antagonism, there is less precise or slower control over an organ than if one division of the autonomic nervous system innervated the organ
false
Which of the following was identified in lecture as an important inhibitory transmitter? A) acetylcholine B) serotonin C) dopamine D) norepinephrine E) gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
The preganglionic fiber leaves CNS, so the postganglionic fiber must be outside the CNS. Where the synapse is in a ____________.
ganglion
Which of the following is associated with electrical synapses? A) paracrines B) GABA C) serotonin D) dopamine E) gap junctions
gap junctions
Which of the following is associated with electrical synapses? A) paracrines B) hormones C) neurotransmitter chemicals D) gap junctions
gap junctions
The shape of rbcs allows more surface area for _________ diffusion (O2 and CO2) into and out of cell than if rbcs were round
gas
Plasma contains
gases globulins nutrients electrolytes
During contraction: H zone
gets smaller and can disappear when/if actin filaments meet at center
Antibodies are included in which type of blood protein listed? A) fibrinogen B) globulins C) albumins
globulins
Cardiac muscle
has sarcomeres and striated
Smooth muscle
have myofilaments (actin and myosin)
All if the following describe smooth muscle EXCEPT A) Ca++ enters the cell from the extracellular fluid during depolarization B) can have sustained contractions with relatively small amounts of ATP used C) hormones can cause contraction D) can have a basal degree of tension (tone) E) have shorter twitches than skeletal muscle
have shorter twitches than skeletal muscle
The cross bridge of myosin are
heads of the myosin molecules
Muscles depend on nerve stimulation to keep them ____________.
healthy
Cardiac muscle location
heart
Sympathetic can dilate the pupil without __________ going up
heart rate
The _________ the load the __________ the velocity of shortening
heavier, lower
HIV infects which cells?
helper T cells
Titin
helps return the muscle fiber to resting length after stretching
Which part of the hemoglobin molecule is transformed into bile pigments? A) globin B) iron C) heme (minus the iron) D) all of these
heme (minus the iron)
Which of the following is NOT a correct match? A) heme - protein part of hemoglobin B) iron of the heme - where oxygen binds C) red blood cell life span - 120 days D) mature red blood cell - no nucleus E) shape of red blood cell - biconcave disc
heme - protein part of hemoglobin
Which of the following is correctly matched? A) life span of red blood cells - 3 to 5 years B) hemoglobin - carried in the nucleus of mature red blood cells C) iron - transformed into bile pigments when old red blood cells are phagocytized D) hemoglobin - each molecule can carry four oxygen molecules E) globing part of hemoglobin - nonprotein part of hemoglobin
hemoglobin - each molecule can carry four oxygen molecules
Smooth muscle lack striations
hence are called "smooth", no myofibrils, no sarcomeres to cause banding (striations)
Which type of exercise produces more lactic acid?
high intensity anaerobic exercise
Cerebral cortex
higher centers can affect autonomic activity
Which of the following is not a correct match? A) produced by high intensity exercise - white fibers B) with myoglobin - red fibers C) larger diameter fibers - white fibers D) produced by endurance exercise - red fibers E) higher resistance to fatigue - white fibers
higher resistance to fatigue - white fibers
Autonomic reflexes are very important in _____________.
homeostasis
Effects of adrenal medulla hormones
hormones reinforce sympathetic neural effects
Plasma contains
hormones, nutrients, wastes, gases, electrolytes, proteins
Smooth muscle contraction can be caused by
hormones, stretch, and chemicals
Myosin filament
hundreds of myosin molecules called "golf club shaped"
Which of the following is not or is least associated with the end plate potential? A) hyperpolarization B) motor end plate C) acetylcholine D) chemically gated channels
hyperpolarization
Effect on organs
if sympathetic stimulates parasympathetic inhibits
Albumins
important for the osmotic pressure of plasma
Globulins
important for transport, also antibodies are globulins
Fibrinogen
important in blood clotting
Norepinephrine (NE)
in CNS, in autonomic nervous system
ACh (acetylcholine)
in CNS, released by neurons innervating skeletal muscle cells, in autonomic nervous system
ANS with synapse outside CNS -
in ganglia
Autonomic neurons synapse
in ganglia (outside the central nervous system)
Where besides bone marrow is this white blood cell produced?
in lymphatic tissue
M line
in middle of H zone, supports myosin filaments
Smooth muscle location
in walls of hollow organs; also iris, ciliary muscle, arrector pili ("goosebumps") muscles
There is an optimum length of muscle for force generation (an optimum overlap of thick and thin filaments) -
in which the greatest number of cross bridges can attach, when actin overlaps myosin but not itself
Lengthening contraction
in which the load is greater than the tension generated by cross bridge cycling - on the way down from a sit up is an example
A normal, healthy patient is given atropine before surgery to repair a wrist injury. The patients heart rate will likely ____________ due to the effect of atropine.
increase
An increase in the number of motor units active in a muscle cell will __________ the strength of contraction in the muscle.
increase
In a bacterial infection neutrophils _____________.
increase
In a parasitic infection eosinophils _____________.
increase
sympathetic effect on liver
increase glucose release
Black widow spider venom
increase release of Ach - no new signal, no new contraction
Sympathetic effect on adrenal medulla
increase release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Parasympathetic effect on intestinal glands
increase secretion for digestion
Hypertrophy
increase size of organ by increasing cell size (not cell number!)
Living at high altitude causes the hematocrit to be ____________ compared to normal
increased
All of the following are causes of anemia except A) iron deficiency B) B12 deficiency C) excessive destruction of red blood cells D) bone marrow failure E) increased erythropoietin
increased erythropoietin
Decreased O2 to kidneys causes
increased erythropoietin release increased rbc # in blood increased O2 carrying capacity of blood
If the sympathetic nervous system stimulates an organ, the parasympathetic nervous system usually __________ the organ
inhibits
What is the effect of organophosphate insecticide in the body?
inhibits the enzyme that breaks down Ach
Which of the following is normally the site of action potential initiation in the postsynaptic neuron because its threshold is lower than other parts of the cell?
initial segment (or axon hillock)
Integrating center
integration in the cell body; the cell body is in the CNS
A protein released by cells infected with a virus protects other cells from infection by other viruses. This describes
interferon
Another non-specific response - is against viruses - _________________
interferon, this non-specific immune response is not via wbcs
Which of the following is not required for a patellar tendon (knee-jerk) reflex? A) afferent pathway B) efferent pathway C) effector D) interneuron E) receptor
interneuron
Which of the following is required for a withdrawal reflex, but not for a patellar tendon reflex? A) afferent neuron B) efferent neuron C) integrating center D) effector E) interneuron
interneuron
Tropomyosin
is a rod or threadlike molecules that lies on the surface of the actin strand and is believed to physically prevent myosin cross bridges from attaching to actin
An interferon would be a ______ immune response against ________
nonspecific, viruses
The skeletal muscle end plate potential (EPP)? A) is usually a hyperpolarization B) is usually, but not always, a depolarization C) sometimes a depolarization D) is always a deplolarization E) is always a hyperpolarization
is always a depolarization
The adrenal medulla A) secretes mostly acetylcholine B) is modified preganglionic neurons C) is an endocrine gland which secretes hormones into the blood D) A and B
is an endocrine gland which secretes hormones into the blood
Multiunit smooth muscle
is innervated by the autonomic nervous system
Myosin in smooth muscle
is longer than in skeletal muscle
The autonomic nervous system
is made up of motor neurons
Muscle fatigue _________ caused by rigor complexes in muscle due to total depletion of ATP in the muscle cell.
is not
Acetylcholinesterase
is on the subsynatic membrane; breaks down Ach
Sympathetic neurons release ________ at effector organs
norepinephrine
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
is the coming close together, or junction, of a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber or muscle cell
Power stroke
is the tilt or movement of the cross bridge
Binding of Ca++ to troponin -
is what "turns on" muscle contraction
The initial segment of the neuron _____ normally the site of action potential initiation because it _______ voltage gated Na+ channels
is, has many answer explanation: a change in membrane potential has a big effect here since it opens more doors for Na+
The initial segment (near where the axon arises from the cell body of a neuron) __________ normally the site of action potential initiation in the postsynaptic neuron because its threshold is relatively ________.
is, low
If a muscle is not allowed to shorten during a contraction, it is called an _______ contraction.
isometric
When you are trying to pick up a 300 pound weight, but cannot, which type of contraction would be occurring?
isometric
Which of the following is most correct match? A) isotonic contraction - muscle remains the same length B) isometric contraction - tension increases C) isotonic contraction - trying to pick up a 300 lb weight but cannot D) isometric contraction - picking up a weight
isometric contraction - tension increases
In ____________ contractions tension increases but the muscle does not shorten. In ___________ contractions the muscle shortens.
isometric, isotonic
Which type of contraction below could pick up a load? A) isotonic contraction B) isometric contraction
isotonic
Which of the following is NOT true about the histamine that is released during inflammation? A) it decreases blood vessel permeability B) it dilates blood vessels C) it causes swelling of the inflamed tissue D) it causes the inflamed area to become warm
it decreases blood vessel permeability
ATP is not split during power stroke;
it is split before myosin attaches to actin. ATPase is on myosin's head. ATP is split by myosin. This transforms myosin into high energy molecule - has stored energy, is like you pulled back the wire bale on an old fashioned mouse strap and set it - has stored energy that it will release with contact. This charged state of myosin attaches to actin and energy is released and the cross bridge moves (power stroke)
A synapse is either one or the other all the time - that is, ____________________________.
it it always excitatory or it is always inhibitory
Inflammation
it's a series of events, occurs in response to invaders
Which of the following is not a correct match? A) produced by endurance exercise - red fibers B) produced by high intensity (anaerobic) exercise - white fibers C) largest diameter fibers - red fibers D) myoglobin present - red fibers E) large amounts and high activity of glycolytic enzymes - white fibers
largest diameter fibers - red fibers
There is a single motor neuron axon from the CNS to the effector. Somatic motor neurons are ____________ in diameter and are _______________ for quick responses.
largest, myelinated
Creatine phosphate as a source of ATP won't ________________.
last long
Isometric contraction
length stays the same, tension changes
Compared to the neuromuscular junctions of a normal person, the neuromuscular junctions of a patient with myasthenia gravis have
less functioning Ach receptors than normal and smaller amplitude end plate potentials
Your patient wants to know how they are different from a normal, healthy person. You correctly tell the patient that compared to a normal person, a person with myasthenia gravis has _________________ at the neuromuscular junction
less functioning Ach receptors than normal on skeletal muscle cells and smaller amplitude (less depolarization) end plate potentials
Compress muscle so that there is too much overlap of myofilaments (when actin overlaps itself) -
less than maximum cross bridge attachment occurs, less maximum tension generated
Increased permeability (widened capillary pores)
lets the proteins out, also increases osmotic pressure of ISF
Skeletal muscle is striated or striped, has
light and dark bands because myofibrils are striated
Plasma proteins are made by the ___________.
liver
Which of the following would NOT be a cause of anemia? A) decreased erythropoietin B) excessive destruction of red blood cells C) vitamin B12 deficiency D) bone marrow destruction E) living at high altitude
living at high altitude
Paracrines
local hormones that act on neighboring cells
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are _________ compared to sympathetic preganglionic fibers
long
Summation of twitches in skeletal muscles can occur because the mechanical events are ____________ the electrical events
longer than
What's good about using aerobic processes or pathway?
lots of ATP/glucose
Identify the location of the receptors that nicotine could stimulate?
skeletal muscle cells, autonomic ganglia
Myasthenia gravis
make antibodies against own Ach receptors. Ach can't find a receptor, broken down before finds receptor, get muscle weakness
Dual innervation and autonomic antagonism occur in _______ organs of the body
many
Smooth muscle has ___________ inputs
many
Convergence
many presynaptic knobs synapsing with one postsynaptic neuron
In "allergy" a certain type of antibody attaches to __________ cells. When the allergen is introduced again, allergen binding to IgE antibodies attached to mast cells cause the mast cells to release histamine
mast
Rigor mortis
means "stiffness" "death"
Leukocyte
means "white cell" (have no hemoglobin are are colorless unless stained
Have 1:1 transmission at the neuromuscular junction
means 1 action potential in somatic motor neuron causes 1 action potential in muscle cell membrane (which causes contraction - and of its only one action potential in the muscle cell, then it will cause a twitch)
Specific response
means directed at a specific bacterium, specific virus, not all bacteria, not all viruses. Must "recognize" the antigen - the response depends on recognition of the specific antigen
Fibrinolysis
means to break, so means breakdown of fibrin
Stretch opens ________________ gated channels, causes depolarization and increase (Ca++) in the cytosol and causes a contraction which can resist the stretch; happens in smooth muscle of certain blood vessels
mechanically
Which of the following best describes or is most associated with an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
membrane potential moves further from threshold
The motor end plate is usually located in the ___________ of the muscle fiber
middle
Long distance running increases the machinery for aerobic respiration; increase number of __________________, increase _______________, increase capillaries to deliver O2. Not much increase in muscle mass. Increases oxidative fibers which use the aerobic pathway
mitochondria, myoglobin
Which type of white blood cell leaves the blood after a day or two and becomes the cell called a macrophage? A) basophil B) eosinophil C) neutrophil D) lymphocyte E) monocyte
monocyte
All of the following are associated with a withdrawal reflex except A) interneurons B) reciprocal innervation C) EPSPs in motor neurons going to the agonist D) IPSPs in motor neurons going to the antagonist E) monosynaptic reflex
monosynaptic reflex
More depolarization - increased Ca++ in cytosol - _____________ contraction
more
The trigger zone of the initial segment is the site of action potential initiation because it has ___________ voltage-gated Na+ channels compared to other areas of the neuron
more
Graded potential
more Na+ goes in than K+ out, causes a depolarization called an "end plate potential" or EPP
All below describe fast glycolytic fibers compared to slow oxidative fibers except A) larger muscle cell diameter B) larger amount of glycogen C) smaller number of mitochondria D) lower resistance to fatigue E) more myoglobin
more myoglobin
Dual innervation of an organ by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system and autonomic antagonism allows _______________ the organ than if only one division of the autonomic nervous system innervated the organ.
more precise or more rapid control of
Polysynaptic
more than one synapse
Which of the following neurons are adrenergic?
most postganglionic sympathetic
Of the events listed below, which is closest in time to myosin cross bridges binding to actin? A) action potential in sarcolemma B) release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum C) movement of tropomyosin D) action potential in T tubule E) release of acetylcholine from the somatic motor neurons
movement of tropomyosin E --> A --> D --> B --> C ---> cb binding
Smooth muscle size/anatomy
much smaller than skeletal muscle fibers, are called spindle-shaped, have a single nucleus
Muscarinic
muscarine stimulates (poison from mushrooms)
Atropine blocks ______________ receptors
muscarinic
Cholinergic receptor on the cell membranes of autonomic effector cells
muscarinic
Vitamin B12 deficiency
need intrinsic factor from the stomach to absorb this vitamin which is needed for rbc production. If are without intrinsic factor get vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
A single motor neuron is required to reach the organs it innervates, so there is no synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS)
neither sympathetic or parasympathetic
Treatment for myasthenia gravis
neostigmine which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor prevents Ach from being broken down before it can find a receptor
A ganglion is a collection of ______________________ outside the CNS.
nerve cell bodies
Somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber come close together here; it includes a space
neuromuscular junction
A ____________ is an excitatory neurotransmitter and a ___________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to both K+ and Na+, neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to K+
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
neurotransmitters
breathing requires contraction and then relaxation of respiratory muscles and then a new contraction - can't have a new contraction if the receptors for Ach are blocked, if Ach is not released, or if the membrane remains depolarized. If the membrane remains depolarized, can't get a ___________ signal for a _________ breath.
new, new
Nicotinic
nicotine stimulates (from tobacco)
Unstable membrane potentials
occurs in smooth muscle. It's called spontaneous electrical activity - changes occur in membrane potential on its own, that is, without a stimulus from outside the muscle
Hyperpolarization in subsynaptic membrane
often caused by increased K+ permeability - becomes more negative as K+ moves out, goes more toward Ek+ causes an inhibitory postsynaptic potential - slightly more negative, is slightly further from threshold
Which of the following best describes multiunit smooth muscle? A) nervous stimulation can cause contraction B) has many gap junctions C) most common type of smooth muscle D) often has pacemaker potentials E) often has slow waves
often has slow waves
Depolarization in subsynaptic membrane
often/usually due to the opening of cation channels, a new channel Na+ and K+ both move through causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential - slightly closer to threshold
Parasympathetic system ganglia located _____ or ____ effector organs and are called "terminal ganglia"
on, near
A twitch is the response to ___________ action potentials
one
In a normal person, a single action potential in a somatic motor neuron would cause __________ action potentials in a skeletal muscle fiber that the somatic motor neuron innervates.
one
_________ synaptic knob fires action potentials during temporal summation
one
A motor unit refers to
one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Divergence
one neuron synapsing with many other neurons
A single EPSP (that is from 1 synaptic knob)
only changes membrane potential 0.5 mV - so you probably need 30 or more synaptic knob firings to get the membrane to threshold
The classical chemical synapse is 1 way because
only the presynaptic knob has the transmitter and the subsynaptic membrane of postsynaptic cell has receptors for the transmitter. Goes from presynaptic --> postsynaptic neuron
Of the events listed which occur at the synapse, which happens last? a. release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft b. binding of neurotransmitter to receptors c. opening of synaptic knob Ca++ channels d. opening of chemically gated ion channels
opening of chemically gated ion channels
Which of the events occurring at the synapse listed below happens first? A) diffusion of transmitter across the synaptic cleft B) neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft C) binding of neurotransmitter to chemically gated channels D) opening of synaptic knob voltage gated Ca++ channels
opening of synaptic knob voltage gated Ca++ channels
Autonomic nerves and hormones can stimulate _______ inhibit smooth muscle
or
Which of the following is a correct match? A) curare - increases acetylcholine release B) toxin which causes botulism (and is in Botox) - destroys acetylcholine receptors C) myasthenia gravis - decreases acetylcholine release D) black widow spider venom - decreases acetylcholine release E) organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases - inhibit acetylcholinesterase
organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases - inhibit acetylcholinesterase
Dual innervation
organs that receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
1 synaptic knob fires several times:
other synaptic knobs fire too - EPSPs can be summed. Whole cell body depolarizes, causes current flow. Initial segment or axon hillock, if brought to threshold, fires an action potential which propagates down the axon
Pacemaker potentials exist in some cells of the heart; occurs in the _______________ of the heart
pacemaker
Fibers of which division of the autonomic nervous system are found in cranial nerve X (the vagus nerve)?
parasympathetic
The more relaxed a person is, the more active the __ nervous system is. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most active during quiet, relaxed situations (like reading a book in an easy chair)?
parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most responsible for "internal housekeeping" functions?
parasympathetic
Postganglionics release
parasympathetic - Ach sympathetic - norepinephrine
Cranial nerve X (the vagus) is an important
parasympathetic nerve
Causes adjustment for near vision
parasympathetic nervous system
Causes contraction of the circular fibers of the iris
parasympathetic nervous system
Causes contraction of the muscle of the wall of the urinary bladder and causes urination
parasympathetic nervous system
Causes contraction of the pupil
parasympathetic nervous system
Causes increased secretion of intestinal digestive glands
parasympathetic nervous system
Which fibers are cholingeric?
parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
In which person would you expect a higher than normal hematocrit? A) person that lives in the mountains at a very high altitude B) person that lives with chronic blood loss C) both A and B D) neither A or B
person that lives in the mountains at a very high altitude
__________________ of myosin causes cross bridge activation
phosphorylation
In smooth muscle, cross bridge activation is by
phosphorylation of myosin
Which of the following causes the cross bridges of myosin to attach to actin in smooth muscle? A) dephophorylation of myosin by a phosphate B) phosphorylation of myosin C) Ca++ binding to troponin D) Ca++ binding to tropomyosin E) Ca++ binding directly to actin
phosphorylation of myosin
________________ of ________________ activates the cross bridges (allows myosin to bind to actin) in smooth muscle.
phosphorylation, myosin
The liquid portion of blood is
plasma
_____________ is straw colored due to bilirubin; it is about 90% water
plasma
B cells become _____________ which secrete antibodies
plasma cells
Which below is NOT involved in blood clotting, but in breaking down the clot after it is A) thrombin B) immediate hypersensitivity C) plasmin D) prothrombin E) active factor X
plasmin
Cardiac muscle - have action potentials with a plateau; Ca++ enters the cell during the _____________.
plateau
Function of wbcs
protect from invasion and cancer
Withdrawal reflex
protects from harm. Tissue damage could threaten homeostasis - for example, a burn of the skin can cause loss of ECF volume
Interferon
protein (cytokine) released by cells infected with a virus, protects other cells from infection by that virus and other viruses
Hemoglobin
protein part = globin Non protein part = heme
Write the steps of the final common pathway in blood clotting
prothrombin ----> thrombin fibrinogen ------> fibrin
Active factor X changes
prothrombin to thrombin
Cardiac muscle - Ca++ binds to troponin which _________ tropomyosin out of the way like in ___________ muscle
pulls, skeletal
Cell membrane of a muscle cell
sarcolemma
From Z line to Z line
sarcomere
The region from one Z line to the next Z line in a skeletal muscle cell is a
sarcomere
Unit of contraction
sarcomere
Which of the following shortens when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts? A) myosin filaments B) actin filaments C) A band D) sarcomere
sarcomere
A myofibril is made up of repeating units called _________________.
sarcomeres
Plamsa minus clotting factors (or the fluid left after clotting occurs) =
serum
What's on top of clot (or is squeezed out of clot, or on top of a clotted sample of blood) =
serum
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are relatively _________ compared to parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
short
Isometric and isotonic contractions start out the same, but in an isotonic contraction, once tension exceeds the load, then the muscle starts _______________.
shortening
During isotonic contraction, the muscle
shortens
During contraction: sarcomere
shortens; the Z lines now are closer together
Which of the following does NOT describe or least describes smooth muscle? A) shorter twitches than skeletal muscle B) sustained contractions with relatively little ATP used C) contractions can occur without an action potential occurring D) contraction may be caused by a hormone E) may have a basal degree of tension (tone)
shorter twitches than skeletal muscle
Efferent - somatic nervous system
skeletal muscle
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion can increase or decrease the contraction of ______________; happens in the smooth muscle of certain blood vessels (the arterioles again which affects blood flow into their capillaries)
smooth muscle
Which of the following are not effectors? A) smooth muscle cells B) skeletal muscle cells C) cardiac muscle cells D) receptors E) glands
smooth muscle cells
Effectors
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
What neuron releases the transmitter to cause the EPP?
somatic motor
What innervates the skeletal muscle
somatic motor neurons which collectively make up the somatic nervous system
Causes the "knee-jerk" reflex
somatic nervous system
Causes the withdrawal reflex
somatic nervous system
Innervates skeletal muscle
somatic nervous system
No synapse outside the CNS
somatic nervous system
One efferent neuron to reach its effector cells
somatic nervous system
Withdrawal and cross extensor reflex are _________ reflexes; the effector is ___________.
somatic, skeletal
If two different synaptic knobs that release excitatory transmitters fire at the same time, it will or must cause
spatial summation
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells
Synapse
specialized junction between neurons (includes a space in the "typical" or chemical synapse)
Which of the following is the least associated with or is not part of inflammation? A) histamine B) redness, heat, and swelling C) neutrophils D) monocytes and macrophages E) specific immune response
specific immune response
Postsynaptic potentials add, to get a total or grand postsynaptic potential =
sum total of all presynaptic input
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
surrounds each myofibril
The ______________ nervous system is also called the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system, since its preganglionic fibers emerge from thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
sympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system causes the "fight or flight" reaction?
sympathetic
Heart
sympathetic - speeds heart rate parasympathetic - slows heart rate
Isometric
tension is generated but the muscle doesn't shorten
Isotonic contraction
tension stays the same, length changes
Axon endings lose myelin and form axon terminals with enlarged knobs called _______________________.
terminal buttons (it contains vesicles of Ach)
In which of the following is the response greater (increased tension or increased shortening)? A) tetanus B) a twitch
tetanus
Which of the following narrows when the sarcomere shortens?
the H zone and the I band
The Ca++ which triggers smooth muscle contraction is from which source?
the SR and ECF
A relay of two motor neurons to reach the effector cells occurs in _____________ nervous system
the autonomic
Actin filament
thin; light stripes
Tension
the force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object
Load
the force exerted on muscle by an object
Which of the following statements about iron is NOT correct? A) iron is found in the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule B) the iron of hemoglobin can bind oxygen (O2) C) when old or damaged red blood cells are phagocytized, the iron of hemoglobin can be recycled or stored D) iron deficiency can cause anemia E) the iron of hemoglobin is transformed into bile pigments
the iron of hemoglobin is transformed into bile pigments
Which below does not occur when a skeletal muscle fiber shortens? A) the sarcomere shortens B) the length of the I band shortens C) the myofilaments shorten D) the distance between the Z lines decrease E) the length of the A band remains the same
the myofilaments shorten
Oxyhemoglobin
the name for hemoglobin with O2
Deoxyhemoglobin
the name for hemoglobin without O2
An action potential occurs in the postsynaptic neuron if
the neuron membrane is depolarized to threshold
Twitches
the response to a single action potential not common in the body
Which of the following is FALSE concerning smooth muscle? A) certain smooth muscle cells can have a basal degree of tension (tone) B) smooth muscle has longer twitches than skeletal muscle does C) the source of the Ca++ which causes contraction in smooth muscle is entirely the extracellular fluid; there is no Ca++ released from the SR in smooth muscle D) a contraction can occur without an action potential occurring in some smooth muscle
the source of the Ca++ which causes contraction in smooth muscle is entirely the extracellular fluid; there is no Ca++ released from the SR in smooth muscle
Pacemaker potentials
the spontaneous depolarization of a single cell, when reaches threshold causes an action potential, then repolarizes, then starts to depolarize again. Notice the pacemaker potential is the depolarization to threshold
What happens at the postsynaptic cell?
the sum of all the presynaptic input - that is, all the EPSPs and IPSPs occur
Basophils
their granules stain with basic dyes
Clotting
there are 2 pathways of blood clotting
Tropomyosin and troponin are called "regulatory proteins" because
they cover the cross bridge binding sites on actin which keeps myosin from attaching to actin until the appropriate time - then they will move out of the way. So these 2 proteins regulate whether or not myosin cross bridges can attach to actin
Thin filaments slide inward over the stationary _____________ filaments
thick
Sympathetic effect on salivary glands (not autonomic antagonism)
thick, lots of mucus
Myosin filament
thicker; dark stripes
Parasympathetic effect on salivary glands
thin, watery
Blood clotting requires _____________ - which is present in an inactive form of blood
thrombin
________________ changes fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
Latent period
time after the stimulus causes action potential depolarization before mechanical events begin (it's longer in isotonic twitch - because you need to generate tension equal to and then greater than before the load so you can pick up the load)
Input for contraction or membrane activation to change/affect (_________________________) contractile activity
to increase or decrease
Why is the transmitter removed from the synapse? What's the point?
to stop the signal. have to turn signal off to get a new signal
Acetylcholinesterase - why is it there?
to terminate the signal
Function of the EPSP
to trigger action potentials in the posysnaptic cell, to get the membrane to threshold at the axon hillock
Which below affects the neuromuscular junction by preventing the release of acetylcholine? A) curare B) nerve gases and organophosphate insecticides C) toxin which causes botulism and is in Botox which is used for facial wrinkles D) myasthenia gravis E) black widow spider venom
toxin which causes botulism
The signal can go to the opposite side of the cord, get the reverse on this side - EPSPs in the neuron go to extensor I.e. the _____________ and IPSPs in neuron going to flexor I.e._______________. The extensor contracts and extends the arm - can push you away from the painful stimulus
triceps, biceps
Troponin binds actin and tropomyosin and holds ___________ in its blocking position
tropomyosin
When Ca++ binds to troponin, this pulls on _____________ - pulls it away from its blocking position
tropomyosin
In skeletal muscle, when Ca++ binds to _______ this pulls _________ away from the cross bridge binding sites on _____________.
troponin, tropomyosin, actin
*Local chemicals can affect the contraction of certain smooth muscle cells.* a. true b. false
true
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme on the postsynaptic membrane that breaks down acetylcholine
true
Because of the development of drugs which are selective beta antagonists, it is possible to block beta-1 receptors on the heart without blocking beta-2 receptors on lung airways
true
Fast glycolytic (white) fibers
use anaerobic pathway - Myoglobin: little (why white) - Mitochondria, capillaries: little - Glycolytic enzymes: high activity/lots - Glycogen: lots - need lots of glucose for contraction - Twitch rate: fast - ATPase activity: high/cb cycling fast - Fatigue resistance: low (fatigue fast) but recover quickly
What's bad about using anaerobic pathway?
use up more glucose for relatively little ATP produced, produce lactic acid
Curare-like drugs are old drugs but sometimes still used in medicine; the patient is ______________ until effect of the drug are gone
ventilated
Skeletal muscle is called __________________.
voluntary muscle
Example of isometric and isotonic contractions in the body
walking - isotonic contraction to pick up one leg and isometric contraction to keep the other leg straight
Regulation of red blood cell production
we lost about 3 million rbcs a second but the number is normally constant
Spatial summation occurs
when different synaptic knobs fire at the same time to cause the summation
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched? A) red blood cells - contain hemoglobin B) white blood cells - basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes C) platelets - formed when a cell in the bone marrow fragments D) red blood cells - percentage of the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells determines the hematocrit E) white blood cells - no nucleus
white blood cells - no nucleus
High intensity exercise causes development of a greater proportion of ________ muscle fibers, while endurance exercise causes the development of a greater proportion of _________ muscle fibers.
white, red
What happens if inhibit acetylcholinesterase?
will get continual stimulation of the membrane and no new signal
Which of the following is a monosynaptic reflex or has a monosynaptic reflex arc as part of the reflex? A) patellar tendon (knee-jerk) relflex B) withdrawal reflex C) both A and B
withdrawal reflex
You can get inflammation with tissue damage or injury (_______________ an invader), say the splinter or knife was sterilized.
without
In a hypothetical skeletal muscle cell, action potentials no longer occur in the transverse tubules. In this muscle cell, action potentials in the muscle cell membrane ___________ cause normal contractions of the muscle cell.
would not
Tip
you have 1 heart (beta-1 receptors) and 2 lungs (beta-2 receptors)
Boundary of sarcomere
z line to z line
Histamine's effects:
- Increased blood flow by vasodilation - Increased leakiness to protein (increased permeability of capillaries) - Increased leakiness to proteins means increased osmotic pressure of the ISF - Increased fluid in the tissue space occurs (due to increased osmotic pressure of ISF)
Describe effects of histamine
- dilates blood vessels - Increase blood flow - cause warm + red area - widens capillary pores - increase proteins in ISF, increase ISF osmotic pressure, increase volume of ISF = edema
Sympathetic effect on smooth muscle (eye)
- dilates pupil; contracts radial fibers of iris "spokes" (occurs in fight or flight reaction, is also reflex in the dark) - adjusts for far vision
Beta 1 receptors
- found on heart muscle - stimulation increases heart rate and force of contraction
Beta 2 receptors
- found on lung airways - stimulation dilates lung airways (relaxes circular muscle)
Lymphocytes
- important in the specific immune response - they protect against specific invaders ( by reacting to specific antigens) - provide immune defense against targets for which they are specifically programmed
Sympathetic effect on cardiac muscle
- increase activity - increase heart rate - increase force of contraction
Parasympathetic effect on GI tract
- increase peristalsis - relaxation of sphincters, open "circular" doors
Adrenergic or sympathetic stimulation
- iris muscle - contract radial fibers (dilates pupil) - muscle of airways (of bronchioles) - relax (circular) muscle
Erythropoiesis
- is erythrocyte/rbc production - after birth occurs in red bone marrow
After a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, what happens at the subsynaptic membrane?
- opened ion channels (chemically gated ion channels) - causes depolarization or hyperpolarization
Neutrophils
- their granules don't stain much with either stain - neutrophils are expert phagocytes - important in infections with bacteria an in inflammation
Eosinophoils
- their granules stain with the red stain eosin - important in infections of parasites - can kill the parasite
Another way we need ATP for contraction - relaxation
1) charge myosin (energize or cock the head) 2) detach myosin from actin 3) Ca++ pump (active transport) on the SR, allows relaxation
ATP is needed for 2 functions
1) charge the myosin head - with ATP breakdown 2) detach myosin from actin - with ATP binding
Ways to make ATP
1) creatine phosphate 2) "aerobic pathway" 3) "anaerobic pathway"
The aerobic pathway can't keep up since:
1) enzymes can't make ATP fast enough 2) O2 is not delivered to cells by the cardiovascular system fast enough
Components of a typical reflex
1) receptor (sensor) 2) afferent pathway (path from sensor to control center) 3) integrating center (control center) CNS 4) efferent pathway (path from integrating center to effector) 5) effector (effector = muscle or glands)
A medical student in the emergency department suggests 2-PAM as a treatment for Elliot's nicotine poisoning. Explain why treatment with 2-PAM would or would not make sense?
2-PAM would not make sense in nicotine poisoning because it breaks down Ach not nicotine
_________ hemes in __________ hemoglobin molecule; each heme contains an iron atom which binds _________.
4, 1, O2
Which of the following would be a normal value for a hematocrit? A) 20% B) 25% C) 45% D) 80% E) 100%
45%
The cause of rigor mortis is decreased ____________ in skeletal muscle cells.
ATP
Which of the following binds to myosin and therefore breaks the rigor complex in skeletal muscle cells? A) Ca++ B) ATP C) troponin D) tropomyosin
ATP
Rigor mortis illustrates that a new -
ATP is needed for dissociation of the rigor complex - to dissociate myosin from actin
Presynaptic facilitation
Axon A increases transmitter release from axon B
Excitatory interneurons
Cause EPSPs in the motor neuron going to the flexor muscle (ex: the biceps - flexes to pull the hand away from the hot stove). (withdrawal reflex)
Gap junctions occur in single unit smooth muscle
True
In smooth muscle, a change in myosin "activates the cross bridges" or allows myosin to attach to actin
True
In smooth muscle, increased hyperpolarization causes decreased cytosolic which causes less contraction
True
Skeletal muscle would generate the most tension in a contraction, if before the contraction
actin overlaps myosin but not itself
You write a prescription for the drug neostigmine for this patient you have diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Could a side effect of neostigmine treatment be over-activity of muscarinic receptors causing increased gut motility, diarrhea, and excess salivation?
Yes, it makes sense
Does endotracheal intubation of the patient and mechanical ventilation make sense? That is, could the patient have an inability to contract the diaphragm?
Yes, muscle paralysis of diaphragm causes inability to respire so endotracheal intubation is necessary
Assuming "aging" of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme has not yet occurred, could 2-PAM reverse the paralysis of respiratory muscles?
Yes, pralidoxime has an important role in reversing paralysis of the respiratory muscles but due to its poor blood-brain barrier penetration has little effect
Could the patient have a problem breathing and getting fresh air to the lungs because of increased airway secretions?
Yes, the poison causes muscarinic manifestations such as bronchoconstriction. Increased secretion causes accumulation of secretion in the airway, that results in difficulty in breathing
Which myofilament contains troponin and tropomyosin?
actin
Myofibrils are striated due to the arrangement of ______________________.
actin and myosin
Hypothalamus
affects autonomic control centers in medulla. Fear, anger activates hypothalamus - acts on cardiovascular center in medulla to increase HR and increase arterial blood pressure
If a receptor potential causes an action potential in the _____________ neuron, the information (signal) goes to the CNS.
afferent
Sensory
afferent
Oxygen debt is "paid back" by deep breathing _____________ the exercise
after
The synapse in presynaptic inhibition and presynaptic facilitation in which below? A) axon to axon synapse B) electrical synapse C) axon to cell body synapse
axon to axon synapse
Chemical synapse
axon to dendrite or to cell body
Cholingeric receptors
bind ACh (muscarinic receptors, nicotinic receptors)
The autonomic nervous system controls which of the following? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) both A and B D) neither A or B
both A and B
Which of the following is a plasma protein? A) albumin B) fibrinogen C) both A and B D) neither A or B
both A and B
Postsynaptic potential
causes changes in membrane potential/voltage from resting membrane potential. It is a graded potential
Movement of Ca++ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells
causes relaxation ("turns off" contraction)
Which of the cells listed directly attack by a cell to cell interaction? A) B cells B) plasma cells C) helper T cells D) cytotoxic T cells
cytotoxic T cells
First source for supplying ATP. Important at the very beginning of muscle contraction
creatine phosphate
First source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction
creatine phosphate
Which of the following is the first (and fastest) source for supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction?
creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine)
Which of the following is not correctly matched? A) anaerobic pathway (glycolysis) - produces less ATP per molecule of glucose than the aerobic pathway B) aerobic pathway (Kreb's or citric acid cycle) - produces ATP at a slower rate (less ATP per minute) than the anaerobic pathway C) anaerobic pathway - does not require O2 (oxygen) D) creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine) - slowest and last source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction
creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine) - slowest and last source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction
Which of the following is correctly matched? A) anaerobic pathway - more ATP per molecule of glucose than the aerobic pathway B) aerobic pathway - supplies all of the ATP used when the exercise is most strenuous and none of the ATP used when the exercise is the least strenuous C) creatine phosphate - fastest and first source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction D) anaerobic pathway - produces ATP at a slower rate than the aerobic pathway E) aerobic pathway - produces more lactic acid than the anaerobic pathway
creatine phosphate - fastest and first source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction
A band
darker, contains myosin - part of it actin overlaps into
More hyperpolarization can ____________ the number of Ca++ channels open
decrease
Botulism toxin
decrease Ach release or "blocks" Ach release - used to prevent contractions/spasms - used for face lines or "wrinkles"
Atrophy
decrease muscle size - cells shrink can be replaced with connective tissue
sympathetic effect on intestinal glands
decrease secretion
Being a great health care provider you know that during this "anticholinesterase test" a __________________ in heart rate occurs in some patients that you should be prepared for, and therefore, you should have ___________ available in case that occurs.
decrease, atropine
More hyperpolarization - decreased Ca++ in cytosol - _______________ contraction or more relaxation
decreased
The stimulus for increased erythropoietin is ________________ O2 to the tissues including the kidney
decreased
Which of the following would not be part of a normal fight or flight reaction? A) dilation of the pupil B) dilation of the airways C) increased heart rate D) decreased blood glucose levels E) increased metabolism
decreased blood glucose levels
Which of the following does not normally occur during the "fight or flight" reaction? A) increased blood epinephrine levels B) increased blood glucose levels C) decreased metabolic rate D) increased heart rate
decreased metabolic rate
One test that had been used to help confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is an "anticholinesterase test" in which a patient is given a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Which result would indicate the patient has myasthenia gravis?
decreased muscle weakness during the antcholinesterase test, that is, the patient gets stronger during the test
The surgery has been delayed and the patient is mentioning symptoms they now have since the atropine was given. Being an awesome health care provider that is very knowledgeable, you tell the patient that __________ salvia secretion and decreased ability to focus for ____________ vision often occur due to administration of atropine in patients.
decreased, near
Gut wall
decreases sympathetic contraction and increases parasympathetic contraction
The skin rash from poison ivy is an example of
delayed hypersensitivity
All of the following describe cardiac muscle EXCEPT A) has autonomic innervation B) has gap junctions C) has action potential with plateau D) has cells with pacemaker potentials E) does not contain troponin
does not contain troponin
Autonomic neurons are
efferent or motor neurons
Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle has much shorter twitches
false
Fibrinolysis occurs when plasmin changes fibrinogen to fibrin. a. true b. false
false
In the organs innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the two divisions typically have the same, or very similar, effects on the organ
false
Skeletal muscle surrounds hollow organs because skeletal muscle can develop tension over a greater range of starting lengths than smooth muscle can
false
The autonomic nervous system is autonomous (or independent). There is no conscious control over autonomic functions or autonomic reflexes
false
The effectors of all reflexes are skeletal muscles A) true B) false
false
The function of the IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) is to cause action potentials
false
The norepinephrine or acetylcholine molecules released at a synapse are not normally broken down or removed from the synapse, but are allowed to build in concentration so that there is continual restimulation of the postsynaptic cell
false
The postsynaptic neuron sums up all the signals coming to it which then must result in the formation of at least one action potential
false
Myosin molecules are arranged in long protein filamentous structures called ____________.
myofilaments
Fast/slow refers to ATPase activity,
fast fibers split ATP faster, have fast cross bridge cycling rate and faster contraction
Generates more tension
fast glycolytic fibers
Higher ATPase activity
fast glycolytic fibers
Larger cell diameter
fast glycolytic fibers
More glycogen
fast glycolytic fibers
More myofibrils
fast glycolytic fibers
Creatine phosphate + ADP -------> ATP + creatine
fastest way ATP is made in the muscle cell
Asynchronous recruitment of motor units prevents ____________ - happens with postural muscles - have sunconscious switching of the motor units active during long term contractions
fatigue
The hematocrit is lower in females -
female 42% male 45%
Sympathetic is called the "thoracolumbar" division -
fibers emerge from thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord - T1 to L2
parasympathetic is called the "Craniosacral" division -
fibers use cranial nerves or emerge from sacral segments of the spinal cord S2 to S4
Thrombin changes
fibrinogen to fibrin
The basic event in blood clotting is to change ____ to _____ which forms the mesh of the clot.
fibrinogen, fibrin
Muscle length and force of contraction (the length before a contraction affects force of the next contraction), has to do with __________________.
filament overlap
Which of the following is a parasympathetic effect? A) dilation of lung airways (tubes) B) increased peristalsis in the GI tract C) both A and B
increased peristalsis in the GI tract
Fast glycolytic fibers have more ____________ than slow oxidative fibers.
glycogen
Z line
goes through middle of I band; actin filaments attach to the Z line on one end and extend toward middle of the sarcomere
Increase or decrease in cytosol caused by _____________ changes or variations in membrane potential
graded
During a lengthening contraction, the load is ____ the tension created by cross bridge cycling A) greater than B) less than C) the same as D) usually less than
greater than
Which of the following occurs with parasympathetic stimulation? A) dilation of the pupil B) adjustment for far vision C) arrector pili muscle contraction D) increased peristalsis in the GI tract E) contraction of sphincters in the GI tract
increased peristalsis in the GI tract
Uterine smooth muscle
increases estrogen contraction and decreases progesterone contraction
Inside a muscle cell. Contain actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres
myofibrils
Smooth muscle has
myofilaments
Divergence of afferent neuron to _____________ on opposite side of the cord
interneurons
Actin and myosin are in the form of long filamentous structures called _______________.
myofilaments
Next to T tubule the SR forms ___________ sacs
lateral - each T tubule is flanked by 2 lateral sacs
Which of the following does NOT describe or least describes smooth muscle? A) longer twitches than skeletal muscle twitches B) contraction may be caused by a hormone or a local chemical C) Ca++ enters the cell from the extracellular fluid during membrane depolarization D) can have sustained contractions with a relatively small amount of ATP used E) less able to develop tension when stretched than skeletal muscle
less able to develop tension when stretched than skeletal muscle
All of the other white blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow, but only some ____________ are produced in the red bone marrow
lymphocytes
Actin molecules are arranged in long protein filamentous structures called _______________.
myofilaments
All of the following release acetylcholine as the transmitter except A) sympathetic preganglionic neurons B) parasympathetic preganglionic neurons C) most sympathetic postganglionic neurons D) parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
most sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Parasympathetic effect on blood vessels
mostly no innervation, expect erection
ANS is purely _________ (or efferent)
motor
Muscle fiber membrane underneath somatic motor neuron axon terminal; is folded and has Ach receptors
motor end plate
Of the following events listed that are involved in skeletal muscle contraction, which would occur last? A) end plate potential B) action potential in T tubule C) movement of tropomyosin D) action potential in sarcolemma
movement of tropomyosin
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched? A) single unit smooth muscle - most common type of smooth muscle B) multiunit smooth muscle - cells typically contract with nervous stimulation C) multiunit smooth muscle - many gap junctions D) single unit smooth muscle - electrical activity can move from cell to cell E) multiunit smooth muscle - iris and ciliary muscle of the eye
multiunit smooth muscle - many gap junctions
Cholinergic receptor on the cell membranes of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
muscarinic
Jeremy's lower than normal heart rate when he first comes to the emergency department is due to stimulation of _______________ receptors on heart muscle cell membranes
muscarinic
These receptors are blocked by atropine
muscarinic
Which of the following is the cholinergic receptor that is found on autonomic effector cell membranes?
muscarinic
Assume in your patient with divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active. Which of the following drugs is correctly matched with its effect on your patient's heart rate? A) beta-1 agonist - decreased heart rate B) beta-1 antagonist - increased heart rate C) muscarinic antagonist - increased heart rate D) muscarinic agonist - increased heart rate
muscarinic antagonist - increased heart rate
Which of the following is a cholinergic receptor? A) alpha receptor B) muscarinic receptor C) both A and B
muscarinic receptor
A muscle cell
muscle fiber
Period of relaxation
muscle goes to beginning length or tension as Ca++ is removed from the cytosol
High intensity anaerobic exercise increases fiber diameter, increases glycolytic enzymes and does increase muscle mass since it increases ___________ number. Increases glycolytic fibers which use the anaerobic pathway.
myofibril
Are striated and take up about 80% of the muscle cell
myofibrils
High intensity anaerobic exercise increases the amount or number of __________ more than low intensity aerobic exercise does.
myofibrils
Iron deficiency
need dietary iron for rbc production since lose some iron daily
Cholinergic receptor at the autonomic ganglia
nicotinic
Cholinergic receptor on the dendrites and cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
nicotinic
Cholinergic receptors on the cell membrane of skeletal muscle cells
nicotinic
If you wanted to prevent all ANS control of effector organs, which antagonist below should you use? A) muscarinic B) nicotinic
nicotinic
Receptors on skeletal muscle are ___________
nicotinic
The Ach receptors on skeletal muscle cell membranes are
nicotinic
Which receptor type is located at the autonomic ganglia and on skeletal muscle?
nicotinic
What chemicals released by cells next to a platelet plug forming in an injured vessel prevent the platelet plug from continuing throughout the vessel?
nitric oxide and prostacyclin
Can have contraction with _________ change in membrane potential
no
Sympathetic ganglia are __________ on effector organs
no
Parasympathetic effect on adrenal medulla
no innervation
Parasympathetic effect on arrector pili muscle
no innervation
Parasympathetic effect on liver
no innervation
Should atropine have an effect at neuromuscular junction receptors in skeletal muscle?
no, it should not block receptors there
Interferon allows protection against many viruses, not just a single virus, therefore, it is __________________.
nonspecific
Which neurotransmitter below is removed from the synapse mostly by reuptake into the presynaptic knob? A) acetylcholine B) norepinephrine C) both A and B
norepinephrine
The ___________ endothelium next door releases nitric oxide and prostacyclin which inhibit platelet aggregation - keeps the platelet plug from continuing past damaged area
normal
Biconcave disc is the shape of rbcs; its described as a donut with a depression _______ a hole
not
In inflammation did ________ specifically recognize the microbe. However, did recognize the invader generally as foreign - certain molecular patterns in microbe cells that tell the phagocyte it is foreign
not
Parasympathetic nervous system is most active when we are _________ stressed
not
Disuse atrophy
not used e.g. immobilized in a cast or a bedridden patient
Which of the following increases peristalsis in the GI tract and causes relaxation of sphincters in the GI tract? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system C) parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems D) neither
parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
part of the nervous system that controls visceral functions
Which of the following is NOT or is least associated with allergies? A) immediate hypersensitivity B) mast cells C) histamine D) pathogenic antigens E) IgE antibodies
pathogenic antigens
Hematocrit
percentage of total blood volume taken up or occupied red blood cells packed downed by centrifuging
Causes the salivary glands to secrete a more watery salvia
parasympathetic nervous system
Fibers of which of the following use cranial nerves? A) sympathetic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) both D) neither
parasympathetic nervous system
Increases GI tract peristalsis and intestinal gland secretions
parasympathetic nervous system
Its preganglionic neurons are typically longer than the other division
parasympathetic nervous system
Which of the following constricts the pupil? A) sympathetic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system D) neither the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
In which of the following would you expect a higher than normal hematocrit? A) polycythemia B) hemorrhagic anemia C) both A and B D) neither A or B
polycythemia
Withdrawal reflex is what type of reflex?
polysnaptic reflex
All fibers release Ach except most ____________________.
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
Which of the following secretes mostly norepinephrine as a transmitter? A) preganglionic sympathetic neurons B) preganglionic parasympathetic neurons C) postganglionic sympathetic neurons D) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Subsynaptic membrane =
postsynaptic membrane underneath synaptic knob
Dual innervation with autonomic antagonism allows ___________ or more rapid control over an organ
precise
Imagine you are able to keep nerve cells in a fluid bath that is exactly like extracellular fluid, except that it contains no Ca++. Assume that the nerve cells in this bath are healthy and undamaged. Assume also that you are set up to stimulate the nerve cells to cause action potentials and that you can ass unlimited neurotransmitters to the nerve cell bath. What would the lack of Ca++ in the bath prevent?
presynaptic knob neurotransmitter release
There is conscious control over urination/ defecation - can send signals to _____________ the reflex
prevent
What is the function of IPSPs?
prevent action potentials
Hemostasis
prevention of blood loss
Which of the following is NOT a correct match? A) globing - protein part of hemoglobin B) heme minus the iron - becomes bile pigment C) iron of hemoglobin - recycled to red bone marrow or stored in the liver D) red blood cell life span - less than 3 days E) shape of red blood cell - biconcave disc
red blood cell life span - less than 3 days
The hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by
red blood cells
Most was are produced in ________________ all except lymphocytes
red bone marrow
Increased blood flow causes the _____________ and __________ of inflammation
redness, heat
Of the events involved in skeletal muscle contraction listed below, which occurs last? A) action potential in T tubule B) release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum C) action potential in sarcolemma D) end plate potential
release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
At the chemical synapse, calcium ion (Ca++) movement into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron causes which of the following? A) action potential in the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron B) release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft C) an excitatory postsynaptic potential in the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron
release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
The adrenal medulla
releases hormones that can affect cells that do not have autonomic innervation
Neurontransmitters are __________ by reuptake or broken down and _______________ by enzymes
removed, inactivated
Which of the following is present or occurs in skeletal muscle but NOT in smooth muscle? A) pacemaker potentials B) long twitches C) many different inputs to cause contraction D) basal degree of tone (or tension) E) sarcomeres
sarcomeres
Cardiac muscle has which of the following?
sarcomeres, gap junctions, and autonomic nervous system innervation
IPSPS > EPSPs
save the vase
Can have different effects of adrenergic stimulation on a _______ organ/a single effector
single
Pacemaker potentials occur in which type of muscle?
single unit smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Activation of cross bridges is different in smooth muscle than in ____________ muscle
skeletal
All of the following are autonomic effectors except A) glands B) skeletal muscle C) cardiac muscle D) smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
Gap junctions are NOT present in
skeletal muscle
Which of the following is not an autonomic effector? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) skeletal muscle D) glands
skeletal muscle
Which of the following is not controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) salivary gland D) muscle of the iris of the eye E) skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
Contraction is smooth muscle is still by _____________ of filaments
sliding
Smooth muscle has sustained contractions with less ATP used - have ____________ cross bridge cycling
slow
Which muscle type would be more resistant to fatigue?
slow
More resistant to fatigue
slow oxidative
More capillaries
slow oxidative fibers
More mitochondria
slow oxidative fibers
The older, more fragile red blood cells may rupture when squeezing through tight spaces (which is what rbcs do!). This happens especially in the _____________, but also in the liver
spleen
If the fibers have sarcomeres, then they are ____________. Sarcomeres cause the banding (or striations)
striated
Gut
sympathetic - slows peristalsis (and movement through gut) - contracts/constricts sphincters (circular muscle) - closes circular doors Parasympathetic - speeds peristalsis (and movement through gut) - relaxes sphincters (circular muscle) - opens circular doors
Divisions of the ANS
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Efferent - autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland
Causes "goosebumps"
sympathetic nervous system
Causes adjustment for far vision
sympathetic nervous system
Causes constriction of blood vessels
sympathetic nervous system
Causes contraction of arrector pili muscles
sympathetic nervous system
Causes contraction of the radial fibers of the iris
sympathetic nervous system
Causes dilation of the pupil
sympathetic nervous system
Causes the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla
sympathetic nervous system
Causes the salivary glands to secrete a thick saliva with lots of mucus
sympathetic nervous system
Dilates the pupil
sympathetic nervous system
Includes neurons that secrete epinephrine
sympathetic nervous system
Its preganglionic neurons are typically shorter than the other division
sympathetic nervous system
Postganglionic neurons are adrenergic
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following causes glucose release from the liver? A) sympathetic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) both C) neither
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following dilates the pupil? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is correctly matched? A) sympathetic nervous system - consists of postganglionic neurons B) Parasympathetic nervous system - consists of only preganglionic neurons C) sympathetic nervous system - cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) D) sympathetic nervous system - thoracolumbar divison
sympathetic nervous system - thoracolumbar division
The fiber or cell is jam-packed with myofibrils
take up about 80% of the cell
In skeletal muscle cells, the band that contains myosin is darker than the band that contains only actin
true
Stretch can cause contraction of some smooth muscle cells a. true b. false
true
Summation and tetanic contractions occur in skeletal muscle
true
The ATP that supplies the energy for power stroke is broken down to ADP and phosphate before that power stroke
true
The cerebral cortex of the brain can have an effect on autonomic activity
true
The summation of all the IPSPs and EPSPs occurring at a particular time will determine whether or not action potentials will occur in a postsynaptic neuron
true
There are reflexes which we are unaware of, which help maintain homeostasis
true
Slow oxidative (red) fibers
use aerobic pathway - Myoglobin: lots (why red) - Mitochondria, capillaries: lots - Glycolytic enzymes: low activity/little - Glycogen: little/nutrients delivered - Twitch rate: slow - ATPase activity: low/cb cycling slow - Fatigue resistance: high (fatigue slowly)