Physiology Exam 2

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind ________ O2

4

Concentration of creatine phosphate in the resting muscle cell is about _________ times higher than ATP

5

If you stretch smooth muscle 2X (or _________) normal length can still develop tension - actin still overlaps myosin.

200%

Acetylcholinesterase ____________ continual stimulation of the membrane

prevents

Myasthenia gravis is a disease caused by

production of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors

Adrenal medulla hormones ______ sympathetic neural effects

reinforce

Sympathetic effect on Urinary bladder

relaxes muscle of wall

Dual innervation is ______________ for autonomic antagonism

required

Transport of Ca++ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum __________ ATP.

requires

What's bad about using aerobic processes or pathway?

requires O2, ATP production is slow

The withdrawal reflex A) is monosynaptic B) is caused by stretching muscle spindles in a muscle C) is caused by tapping the patellar tendon D) response is due to EPSPs occurring in motor neurons going to the agonist (flexor muscle) E) A and D

response is due to EPSPs occurring in motor neurons going to the agonist (flexor muscle)

Parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest, - digest and move thru the tract - defecation and urination, getting rid of wastes

Ca++ pump on SR and on cell membrane is ____________ causes long contractions (since Ca++ in cytosol for long time)

slow

Smooth muscle contractions are ________ so you don't need a rapid mechanism to turn on the contraction like you do in skeletal muscle

slow

Smooth muscle has _________ contractions - longer twitches than skeletal or cardiac muscle

slow

More myoglobin

slow oxidative fibers

Which type of muscle can contract without an action potential occurring in the cell membrane?

smooth

Which type of muscle when stretched two times resting length, is still able to contract?

smooth

During contraction: A band length (the length of myosin filaments)

stays constant

Erythyropoietin (EPO)

stimulates red blood cell production

At rest; we build up the concentration of creatine phosphate; it is a way to __________ energy in the cell. When ATP is needed, creatine phosphate can quickly transfer its high energy and phosphate to an ADP

store

Receptors

stretch receptors (mechanoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors - found in the organs (GI tract has all of these receptors)

Clinician taps the patellar tendon -

stretches muscle (the quadriceps)

Which of the following does not normally occur in the body and is described as due to depletion of transmitter? A) psychological fatigue B) synaptic fatigue or neuromuscular fatigue C) muscle fatigue

synaptic fatigue or neuromuscular fatigue

Delayed hypersensitivity

takes longer for a reaction. The rash to poison ivy, the reaction to a TB test

T tubules

transverse tubules - run deep into fiber - are invaginations or in turnings of the cell membrane

Which of the following is most associated with multiunit smooth muscle? A) many gap junctions B) pacemaker potentials C) slow waves D) most common type of smooth muscle E) typically contracts with nervous stimulation

typically contracts with nervous stimulation

Sarcomere

unit of contraction, smallest unit that can contract

______________ bladder becomes full and the muscle stretched and it can still contract and empty, if it was skeletal muscle and was stretched a lot may not be able to _____________________.

urinary, contract and empty

How is skeletal muscle "inhibited", that is, how is a particular skeletal muscle contraction prevented from occurring?

IPSPs occur in the central nervous system

Which of the following can cause atrophy of a muscle? A) damage or disease of the nerve supply to the muscle B) inability to use the muscle because the muscle is immobilized C) both A and B

both A and B

Which of the following is a (are) neurotransmitters? A) serotonin B) dopamine C) both A and B

both A and B

Take muscle off the bone and stretch the muscle to not overlap of myofilaments -

can't generate any tension

Electrical synapses are really important in _________ muscle and in a certain type of _______ muscle

cardiac, smooth

Elevated hematocrit occurs with polycythemia which occurs at high altitude. Decreased oxygen in the blood causes an increase in rbc production and increased oxygen _____________ so that tissues get enough ________.

carrying capacity, O2

Vaccines __ production of memory cells. A. cause B. do not cause

cause

Beta 1 receptors on heart

activation increases activity of the heart (increase heart rate and force of contraction)

How is Ca++ decreased in the ICF cytosol?

active transport pump on SR moves Ca++ into SR (high concentration in SR, Ca++ stored in SR). decreases (Ca++) in the cytosol which decreases Ca++ bound to troponin. Troponin loses its Ca++ and the regulatory proteins go back to "blocking position"

Actin filament

actually contains 3 different proteins (actin, tropomyosin, troponin), the actin molecules are called the "backbone" of the filament

Phosphorylation

adding a phosphate group = PO4 or Pi

Fight or flight reaction also stimulates the _______________.

adrenal medulla

The sarcomere A) is the unit of skeletal muscle contraction B) extends from one Z line to the next Z line C) both A and B D) Neither A or B

both A and B

Which below is a way to prevent a neurotransmitter from restimulating a postsynaptic neuron? A) neurotransmitter could be broken down by enzymes B) neurotransmitter could be taken back up into the presynaptic neuron C) both A and B

both A and B

Which of the following can affect the amount of tension that can be developed in a skeletal muscle fiber? A) action potential frequency and summation in the muscle fiber B) length of the muscle fiber before the contraction C) both A and B

both A and B

How is the pupil constricted, that is, which fibers of the iris contract?

circular fibers

Clot reaction

clot pulls together. Platelets have actin and myosin and can contract. When platelet contract it strengthens the clot/compresses the clot

Another drug that affects reuptake of neurotransmitters

cocaine

Postsynaptic neuron

conducts the impulse away from the synapse

Presynaptic neuron

conducts the impulse to the synapse

Plasminogen activators

convert plasminogen to plasmin

The "granddaddy: parasympathetic nerve =

cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve

Gap junctions are associated with

electrical synapses

Preganglionics reach medulla, no postganglionics _____________ from medulla

emerge

Select the choice which has ALL correct matches

end plate potentials - skeletal muscle; summation of EPSPs - efferent neurons and interneurons; pacemaker potential - gradual depolarization of the membrane on its own; receptor potential - afferent neurons; slow wave potential - gradual alternating swings in (membrane) potential

Adrenal medulla is an ______________.

endocrine gland, because is secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood

Crossed extensor reflex

flexion of one limb (affected limb) followed by extension of opposite limb

Blood vessel dilation means increased blood __________ and increased delivery of proteins to the area

flow

Cytosol

fluid around the organelles

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of ___________ O2 molecules

four

Fatigue

inability to maintain muscle tension at a given level despite sustained stimulation

Which of the following is located entirely within the central nervous system? A) afferent neurons B) efferent neurons C) interneurons D) A and B E) A, B, and C

interneurons

Autonomic nervous system is an _______________ system

involuntary

O2 binds to the

iron atom of the heme

Have ANS innervation since cardiac muscle ___________ an autonomic effector

is

Increased ISF means edema. Edema ________ excess ISF

is

It ____________ possible for impulses from the brain to affect autonomic activity

is

Myosin molecule

is 2 headed and the shaft or "tail" is a helix

Propranolol

is a beta antagonist - blocks beta 1 receptors on heart but not beta 2 receptors on the lung airways

End plate potential

is a depolarization caused by opening Ach gated channels - are chemically gated ion channels

No troponin in smooth muscle -

is a different way for "cross bridge activation" - means allows myosin to attach to actin

Kreb's or citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation "aerobic pathway"

need O2, lost of (30) ATP/molecule of glucose, slow (longer pathway) less ATP/min

ATP

need for contraction

A clot is _______ permanent - need it only until repair occurs

not

Location of muscarinic receptors

on effector cell membranes, cell membranes of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Medulla is modified __________ ganglionic neurons that don't develop long axons but its cells act similarly to postganglionic neurons

post

Sympathetic

prepares for emergency, "fight or flight" reaction

Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis

True

Contraction occurs by the sliding filament mechanism - individual filament lengths do not change instead filaments slide:

actin slides past myosin

Which below lists the events occurring at the synapse in the proper order?

action potential in synaptic knob, opening of synaptic knob Ca++ channels, transmitter release into synaptic cleft, binding of transmitter to receptors on subsynaptic membrane, postsynaptic potential in postsynaptic cell

Steps of chemical synapse

action potential reaches terminal, voltage gated calcium channels are opened, calcium enters axon terminal, neurotransmitter is released and diffuses into the cleft, neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors, neurotransmitter is removed from synaptic cleft

Imagine you are able to keep skeletal muscle cells in a fluid bath that is exactly like extracellular fluid, except that it contains no Ca++. Assume that the muscle cells in this bath are healthy and undamaged. Assume also that you are set up to stimulate the skeletal muscle cells to cause action potentials in the cell membrane. Which below would occur when you depolarize the muscle cell membrane?

action potentials and contractions

Alpha 1 receptors on blood vessels

activation causes constriction of blood vessel

Beta 2 receptors on lung airways

activation causes relaxation of airways

All of the following are sympathetic effects (caused by sympathetic activity) except A) increased glucose release from the liver B) adjustment for near vision C) dilation of the pupil D) dilation of lung tubes E) contraction of arrector pili muscles

adjustment for near vision

Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called

adrenergic receptors

Provides the most ATP per molecule of glucose, but ATP production is relatively slow

aerobic pathway

Which of the following produces more ATP per molecule of glucose? A) aerobic pathway B) anaerobic pathway C) both A and B

aerobic pathway

Which of the following kills cancer cells and virus infected cells? A) antibodies B) cytotoxic T cells

cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following is found in smooth muscle? A) T tubules B) sarcomeres C) troponin D) myofilaments

myofilaments

In smooth muscle, cross bridge activation occurs and myosin attaches to actin because of a change in ___________.

myosin

In smooth muscle, cross bridge activation occurs due to a change in

myosin

It is the thicker myofilament and is made up of hundreds of golf club shaped molecules with double heads

myosin

The myofilament with cross bridges is

myosin

The thick filaments in skeletal muscle are made of

myosin

After the power stroke,

myosin does not automatically detach from actin. It remains in a "rigor complex" and a new, fresh ATP is needed for detachment; myosin is bound in the rigor complex unless ATP is "around"

Smooth muscle - change in _____________. Skeletal muscle - change in _______________.

myosin, actin

During contraction: I band length gets

narrower and narrower as thin filaments are slid past myosin toward center of the sarcomere

Gap junctions

tunnel-like, ions and therefore current can flow into the next cell and cause an action potential

You correctly tell the patient that epinephrine ____________ dilate the lung airways, but her inhaler has a more selective drug than epinephrine. The more selective drug in her inhaler is a ______________.

would, beta-2 agonist

EPO stimulates erythropoiesis =

rbc production/formation number /development

Lower hematocrit occurs with hemorrhagic anemia - lose blood (with _________) and plasma is replaced quicker than cells; until cells are replaced with hematocrit is __________.

rbcs, low

Which of the following is not a correct match? A) adrenergic - alpha and beta receptors B) cholingeric - muscarinic and nicotinic receptors C) receptors at ganglia - alpha receptors D) receptors at skeletal muscle - nicotinic receptors

receptors at ganglia - alpha receptors

Muscle spindles

receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

Blood in veins is not really blue; it is dark _______.

red

If the hematocrit measured from a sample of centrifuged blood is 45, then the volume occupied by ____________ is 45% of the total blood volume

red blood cells

The adrenal medulla A) is modified preganglionic neurons B) decreases its secretions during the "fight or flight" response C) hormones reinforce parasympathetic effects D) secretes mostly acetylcholine E) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following is most associated with autoimmune diseases? A) infection of helper T cells B) IgE antibodies attaching to mast cells C) self reactive T cells D) immediate hypersensitivity E) delayed hypersensitivity

self reactive T cells

"Contraction" to physiologist means

"turning on" the cross bridges, or means cb cycling

Ca++ brings in __________ charge, causes the rising phase of the action potential. Have "Ca++ mediated action potentials"

+

Autonomic nerves and hormones can stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle

True

Nonspecific immune responses

- attack invaders generally - examples are inflammation and interferon

Synaptic knob

- axon terminal of presynaptic neuron ends in a swelling - contains sacs called synaptic vesicles (membrane bound) - neurotransmitters -chemicals in synaptic vesicles, are chemical messengers of neurons

Parasympathetic effect on smooth muscle (eye)

- constricts pupil; contracts circular fibers of iris - adjusts for near vision (lens flat)

parasympathetic effect on cardiac muscle

- decrease activity - decrease heart rate - no effect on force of contraction of vesicles

Sympathetic effect on GI tract

- decrease peristalsis - contraction of sphincters, closes "circular" doors

Reactions during sympathetic activity

-increased glucose levels in the blood -increased heart rate and force of contraction -increased metabolic rate - epinephrine causes increased metabolic rate -increase lung tubes (airways) size - dilate (tube diameter enlarges) - circular muscle relaxes -increase pupil size - dilate -increase mental activity or alterness

Formation of platelet plug

-platelets aggregate on contact with exposed collagen in damaged wall of the vessel -platelets release ADP which causes surface of nearby circulating platelets to become sticky

Each heme attached to __________ polypeptide

1

Difference of EPP and EPSP

1 EPP is normally sufficient magnitude (large enough, that is, enough depolarization) to cause 1 action potential

Troponin - globular 3 subunits

1 binds actin 1 binds tropomyosin 1 binds Ca++

Trace the events of one action potential in a somatic motor neuron to contraction of the skeletal muscle fiber

1) ACh is released from the somatic motor neuron, Ach binds to receptors on the motor end plate and causes an EPP, the EPP causes an action potential in the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle fiber 2) The action potential occurs in the sarcolemma near the motor end plate. The action potential gets to the interior of the cell via T Tubule. The action potential in the T tubule causes release of Ca++ from the SR 3) Ca++ binds to troponin 4) Tropomyosin is moved out of the way 5) Myosin cross bridges bind actin 6) Myosin cross bridges move and pull actin past myosin toward center of sarcomere 7) Myosin detaches and if Ca++ remains high in the cytosol go back to step 5)

NMJ steps

1) action potential occurs in the terminal button of the axon terminal 2) action potential in axon terminal opens voltage gated Ca++ channels, Ca++ diffuses in 3) Ca++ causes Ach vesicle exocytosis 4) Ach diffuses across cleft and binds to Ach receptors on muscle fiber membrane 5) more Na+ moves into than K+ moves out of the muscle fiber; causes depolarization 6) the depolarization is the end plate potential (or EPP) which causes current flow 7) current flow causes opening of voltage gated Na+ channels which causes 8) 8) action potential

Neuron A releases a transmitter that causes postsynaptic potentials in neuron B. Neuron B releases a neurotransmitter that causes postsynaptic potentials in neuron C. Transmitter X opens chemically gated ion channels that are permeable to Na+ and K+. Transmitter Y opens chemically gated ion channels that are permeable only to K+.

1) at the synapse between neuron A and neuron B; neuron A is the presynaptic neuron and neuron B is the postsynaptic neuron 2) action potentials in neuron A will cause excitatory postsynaptic potentials in neuron B 3) action potentials in neuron A will cause opening of voltage gated channels in the synaptic knob of neuron A 4) Action potentials in neuron B will cause inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in neuron C 5) temporal summation in neuronB can occur when neuron A fires action potentials repeatedly

Steps of chemical synapse

1. Action potential in synaptic knob 2. Causes opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels - Ca++ diffuses in 3. Ca++ causes release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft by exocytosis 4. Diffusion of neurotransmitter across cleft, binds to receptors on subsynaptic membrane 5. Binding of neurotransmitter to receptor causes ion channels to open - are chemically gated ion channels

How cross bridges move actin past myosin

1. Binding: myosin cross bridge binds to actin molecule 2. Power stroke: cross bridge bends, pulling thin myofilament inward 3. Detachment: cross bridge detaches at end of power stroke and returns to original conformation 4. Binding: cross bridge binds to more distal actin molecule; cycle repeats Head then detaches at 3; reattaches at point further down on actin filament or nearer to the Z line at 4. Then this cycle repeats

Removal of Ca++

1. Troponin loses Ca++. 2. regulatory proteins move back into its blocking position. 3. contraction is turned off (get relaxation). (decrease ICF cytosol Ca++ concentration)

Correct sequence that would occur at a single chemical synapse

1. action potential in synaptic knob 2. opening of synaptic knob Ca++ channels 3. neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft 4. binding of neurotransmitter to receptors 5. opening of chemically gated ion channels

In myosin filament

1/2 of filament the molecules are in one direction and in 1/2 of filament molecules are in other direction, so in the center of filament there are no heads

Lifespan of rbcs is about ________ days since the cells can't make proteins

120

A red blood cell lives about _____________ days because it ____________ a nucleus and _____________ replace enzymes and structural proteins

120, does not contain, cannot

Both (sympathetic and parasympathetic) have a "relay" of ________ neurons to reach effector cells

2

The adrenal medulla is the exception of the _________________.

2 neuron chain/relay rule

What are the hormones that the adrenal medulla secretes?

80% epi and 20% NE

Reciprocal innervation

A "wiring"/pathway so that when you stimulate the agonist (causes the movement) you also inhibit the antagonist (causes the opposite movement). (withdrawal reflex)

Which of the following remains the same size when the sarcomere shortens? A) I band B) H zone C) A band D) the I band and the H zone E) the A band and the H zone

A band

Part of the sarcomere that contains actin and myosin

A band

Within sarcomere

A band and I band, H zone in middle of A band

Creatine phosphate is important in the beginning of ALL contraction or exercise; provides _____________ before the metabolic processes "kick in"

ATP

Select all of the following that could occur at an axon to axon synapse A) presynaptic facilitation B) axon A causes increased transmitter from axon B C) presynaptic inhibition D) axon A causes decreased transmitter from axon B E) IPSP in axon B F) EPSP in axon B

A, B, C, D

Which of the following are correctly matched? A) cell body in ganglion, axon ends on smooth muscle - a postganglionic parasympathetic neuron or a postganglionic sympathetic neuron B) cell body in the central nervous system, axon ends on skeletal muscle - a somatic motor neuron C) cell body in the brain, axon ends in ganglion - a parasympathetic preganglionic neuron D) cell body in thoracic segment of spinal cord, axon ends in a ganglion - a sympathetic preganglionic neuron

A, B, C, D

Anaerobic exercise can cause A) hypertrophy of muscle B) oxygen debt C) lactic acid D) A and B E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

During a normal "fight or flight" reaction, which below would increase? A) blood glucose B) heart rate C) secretion of the adrenal medulla D) A and B E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

When an action potential occurs in the axon terminal of a somatic motor neuron, which of the following normally occurs? A) exocytosis of vesicles of acetylcholine B) an end plate potential in the motor end plate C) an action potential in the muscle fiber membrane D) A and B E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Which of the following affects the amount of tension that can be developed in a skeletal muscle fiber? A) length of the muscle fiber before the contraction B) action potential frequency and summation C) muscle fatigue D) A and C E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Which of the following describes single unit smooth muscle? A) has gap junctions B) electrical activity moves from cell to cell and cells of muscle mass respond together C) most common type of smooth muscle D) A and B E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Which of the following is involved in hemostasis? A) blood clotting B) formation of a platelet plug C) constriction of the injured vessel D) A and B E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Which of the following secretes acetylcholine? A) preganglionic sympathetic fibers B) postganglionic parasympathetic fibers C) preganglionic parasympathetic fibers D) B and C E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Which of the following would cause increased erythropoietin secretion? A) high altitude B) loss of food C) decreased O2 delivery to the kidneys D) A and B E) A, B, and C

A, B, and C

Which of the following does or can occur during a withdrawal reflex? A) EPSPs in motor neurons going to the flexor muscle (the agonist) B) IPSPs in motor neurons going to the extensor muscle (the antagonist) C) action potentials in neurons going to the brain (in an ascending pathway) D) A,B, and C

A,B, and C

ATP ---->

ADP + Pi + energy

Smooth muscle innervation

ANS

Binding of __________ to myosin permits cross-bridge _________ in skeletal muscle.

ATP, detachment

In skeletal muscle, binding of _________ to myosin causes cross bridge _________.

ATP, detachment

Rigor mortis occurs because __________ levels in the skeletal muscle cell decrease and ___________ cannot detach from ____________.

ATP, myosin, actin

Parasympathetic neurons release _____ at effector organs

Ach

Preganglionics release

Ach

What chemical in the body normally stimulates those receptors?

Ach

What is released by the neuron going to the medulla to cause it to secrete its hormones?

Ach

What is the transmitter that causes the EPP?

Ach

Presynaptic inhibition

Axon A decreases transmitter release from axon B

Plasma cells, which secrete antibodies, are from

B cells

In smooth muscle, increased depolarization causes increased cytosolic which causes increased contraction

True

Select all correct matches A) released by all sympathetic postganglionic neurons - norepinephrine B) released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating the heart - norepinephrine C) released by neurons innervating the adrenal medulla - acetylcholine D) released by the adrenal medulla - 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine E) released by somatic motor neurons - acetylcholine F) nicotinic receptors - on cell bodies of neurons in ganglia G) binds muscarinic receptors - norepinephrine H) binds alpha receptors - acetylcholine

B, C, D, E, F

Where are interneurons located?

CNS

Lateral sacs contain ____________ which is released to cause contraction

Ca++

NMJ - ________ is in higher concentration outside the cell and lower in the "cytosol"

Ca++

Smooth muscle - Contraction is "turned off" by deactivation of cross bridges by removal of phosphate by myosin light chain phosphate when __________ decreases in the cytosol

Ca++

Smooth muscle - Cross bridges are activated by phosphorylation when __________ increases in the cytosol

Ca++

How does decreased ATP in skeletal muscle cells during rigor mortis occur?

Ca++ is increased in cytosol for myosin to attach to actin w/decreased ATP, myosin can't detach from actin

Binding of ________ to ___________ is what "turns on" causes contraction in skeletal muscle cells.

Ca++, troponin

Skeletal muscle contraction occurs when _________ binds to _____________.

Ca++, troponin

Inhibitory interneurons

Cause IPSPs in the motor neuron going to the extensor muscle (ex: the triceps - extend the joint if it contracted) - need to prevent contraction of this antagonist muscle. (withdrawal reflex)

Smooth muscle cells have Ca++ mediated action potentials

True

In addition to the synapse between axon A and axon B, now also consider the synapse between axon B with the cell body of neuron C. Which of the following could be correct? A) action potentials in axon A might increase the effect that axon B has on neuron C B) Action potentials in axon A might decrease the effect that axon B has on neuron C C) the way that axon A could affect transmitter release from axon B might be affecting Ca++ entry into axon B D) all of these are correct or might be possible

D

Smooth muscle cells lack T tubules

True

Smooth muscle has many inputs for contraction which all alter cytosolic

True

Smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic fibers

True

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitter molecules

True

The Ca++ triggers contraction in smooth muscle comes from the ECF and the SR

True

Which of the following is true? A) the series-elastic component includes the tendon B) the series-elastic component acts like a spring between muscle and bone C) the series-elastic component must be stretched for muscle tension to be transmitted to the bone D) A and B E) A, B, and C

E

Which of the following needs to occur for skeletal muscle relaxation to occur? A) cessation of action potentials B) active transport of Ca++ into the SR C) breakdown of Ach by acetylcholinesterase D) actin and myosin slide back to original E) all of these

E

Ca++ comes from 2 sources:

ECF and the SR

The Ca++ to turn on contraction comes from the ________ and ________.

ECF, SR

The rate of rbc production is controlled by a hormone mostly from kidney called erythropoietin or ___________.

EPO

Which below is not a correct match or is the least correct match? A) IPSPs - increased K+ permeability B) EPSPs - closer to threshold C) IPSPs - further from threshold D) EPSPs - prevent action potentials E) EPSPs - increased Na+ and K+ permeability

EPSPs - prevent action potentials

The total or grand postsynaptic potential is the sum total of all the _________ occurring at one time

EPSPs and IPSPs

Because of reciprocal innervation, during the withdrawal reflex (or flexor reflex) that moves the hand from a hot stove or a foot from a sharp tack, when _________ occur in the motor neurons going to the agonist (to cause removal of the hand or foot), ____________ occur in the motor neurons going to the antagonist.

EPSPs, IPSPs

Constriction of damaged vessel

Endothelial cells (the innermost layer of vessels - from opposite sides) stick together - stops bleeding in small vessels. (form of hemostasis)

Myosin cross bridges

Essential for moving actin past myosin - something to grab actin with. (no cross bridges in the center)

The ATP that provides the energy for the power stroke is broken down during the power stroke?

False

During the action potential in a cell in the ventricle of the heart, Na+ enters during the plateau and causes the plateau

False (Ca++)

Smooth muscle contains troponin

False (cardiac)

Smooth muscle is found only in the heart

False (cardiac)

Single unit smooth is the least common type of smooth muscle

False (most)

The iris, ciliary muscle, and "goose bump" muscles are single unit smooth muscle

False (multiunit)

Smooth muscle has myofibrils

False (myofilaments)

Dephosphorylation of myosin causes contraction of smooth muscle

False (relaxation)

Multiunit smooth muscle has spontaneous electrical activity

False (single unit)

In smooth muscle, a change in actin "activates the cross bridges" or allows myosin to attach to actin

False (skeletal)

Smooth muscle cells have many nuclei

False (skeletal)

Smooth muscle has a single input for contraction

False (skeletal)

Pacemaker potentials are gradual oscillations in membrane potential

False (slow waves)

In smooth muscle, the Ca++ pump on the cell membrane and SR is fast

False (slow)

Smooth muscle cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells

False (smaller)

Skeletal muscle can develop tension after stretching 2 times normal length

False (smooth)

During the fight to flight reaction turn off things not as important like ________ movements, __________ secretions.

GI, GI

Slow waves

Gradual oscillations in membrane potential - an extrinsic stimulus (hormones and nerves) could "bump up" and depolarize more; cause action potentials and stronger contractions. (common in the gut)

As a clinician, you gave atropine to a patient before his surgery. Which of the effects listed would be likely or could occur in the patient after administration of atropine? A) increased saliva B) dilation of the pupil C) decreased GI motility D) dilation of lung airways E) inability to focus for near objects F) decreased ability to contract urinary bladder smooth muscle G) all of the choices listed H) all of the choices listed except A

H

Part of a sarcomere that contains only myosin

H zone

Which of the following contains myosin but not actin? A) sarcomere B) myofibrils C) A band D) I band E) H zone

H zone

Part of A band actin doesn't overlap into

H zone (is lighter than the rest of A band because it contains only myosin)

In which below does autonomic antagonism occur? A) liver B) arrector pili muscle C) adrenal medulla D) skeletal muscle E) GI sphincters F) smooth muscle of the GI tract G) most blood vessel smooth muscle H) salivary glands I) E and F

I

Part of the sarcomere that contains only actin

I band

Z line goes through the middle of the _____

I band

Period of contraction

INCREASE tension in isometric twitch shortens in isotonic twitch

Gut sphincter

Increases sympathetic contraction and decrease parasympathetic contraction

Spatial summation

Integration by a postsynaptic neuron of inputs (EPSPs and IPSPs) from multiple sources.

Threshold of initial segment

Lowest - has more voltage gated Na+ channels than other parts of the neuron; a change in membrane potential (depolarization) has more effect (more positives go in - positive cycle takes off).

Ca++

Much higher in the ECF than in the fluid of the cell

Single unit

Most common type of smooth muscle; with spontaneous electrical activity - cells are in sheets and contact each other via gap junctions - muscle mass responds as a unit; an action potential in one point in the muscle mass spreads throughout the entire mass; cells contract together.

Does the parasympathetic nervous system decrease glucose release from the liver?

NO, PS does not innervate the liver

Neurotransmitters are ________ in paracrines

NOT

Atropine blocks parasympathetic effects; it blocks parasympathetic effects since it blocks __________ receptors

Muscarinic

Ach stimulates both _______________ and ____________________ receptors

Muscarinic, Nicotinic

Does smooth muscle have sarcomeres?

No, that's why its called smooth!

Anemias

O2 carrying capacity of blood is reduced (reduced rbc number or Hgb/cell or both) means decrease in total Hgb

Autonomic antagonism

One division stimulates the organ, and the other inhibits the organ (opposite effects). (ex: heart rate)

Contains Ca++ in higher concentration than in the cytosol

SR

Multiunit

Small proportion of smooth muscle - the cells are separate and independent (like multiple units) - typically contract with nervous stimulation (ANS); hormones may have an effect. (NO gap junctions) (ex: iris, ciliary muscle, arrector pili, certain large blood vessels and airways)

Compare cross bridge activation in smooth muscle to skeletal muscle

Smooth - change in myosin - put a p group on myosin Skeletal - change in actin - yank tropomyosin out of way

Hormones (chemical messengers)

Specific chemical substances produced by Endocrine Glands that help regulate body functions.

Temporal summation

Summation by a postsynaptic cell of input (EPSPs or IPSPs) from a single source over time.

Continuous with the sarcolemma, run deep into the muscle fiber

T tubules

Smooth muscle lacks ____________.

T tubules

Interneurons of ascending pathway

Take information to the brain - become aware of pain, localize the pain, and can then send down impulses to stop the reflex. (withdrawal reflex)

Basal degree of tone (tension)

There are arterioles (blood vessels before the capillaries) in the smooth muscle - if there is a low level of tension (enough Ca++ in the cytosol for this low level) normally -> you can increase or decrease contraction.

Sympathetic nervous system connections/"wiring" allows for "mass discharge" -

can activate together and reinforce with adrenal medulla hormones

Could a drug that increases the effects of GABA make sense to use in this patient with organophosphate poisoning to prevent seizures?

Yes, the use of benzodiazepines is an important part of the treatment regimen if severe OP poisoning as it prevents, or at least reduces the duration of, convulsions

Would Ach increase at the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle due to organophosphate poisoning?

Yes

Does giving Jeremy atropine make sense?

Yes, atropine is an anticholinergic drug, which blocks the action of Ach on synaptic cleft and in CNS exerted through muscarinic receptor

The cause of rigid muscles and joints fixed after death?

Yes, because ATP production after death is 0 and myosin can't detach from actin

Could nicotine poisoning cause skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis?

Yes, because arteries become narrow making it harder for blood flow to heart and muscles. Nicotine helps muscles relax and reduces appetite

Are there other ways the transmitter can be removed from the synapse?

Yes, can be inactivated, broken down by enzyme

Does Jeremy's muscle weakness make sense?

Yes, increased release of Ach - no new signal, no new contraction

What if we looked at more than the monosynaptic reflex arc of the stretch reflex. Would there be reciprocal innervation?

Yes, there would be divergence of afferent neuron to inhibitory interneurons that cause IPSPs in motor neuron going to the antagonist muscle

Could Ach increase at synapse in the body due to organophosphate poisoning? Could Ach increase at synapse in the central nervous system (CNS) due to organophosphate poisoning? Could Ach increase in autonomic ganglia due to organophosphate poisoning?

Yes, yes, yes

Bilirubin

a bile pigment, is secreted into bile - colors plasma, colors urine, and bacterial action turns brown

On the myosin head is

a binding site for actin and an ATPase site (where ATP binds)

How does the message get from the neuron axon terminal to the muscle fiber

a chemical Ach is used to get message across the space (cleft)

A paracrine is best described by which of the following? A) a hormone that travels in the blood to reach its target cell B) a neurotransmitter C) a chemical that affects a nearby cell D) part of a gap junction E) part of an electrical synapse

a chemical that affects a nearby cell

What is plasmin? What does it do in the body?

a fibrinolytic enzyme, breaks down fibrin, breaks down clots

Antigen

a foreign molecule that causes the specific immune response, the antigen causes a response against itself

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Which neurotransmitter described below will cause an EPSP? A) neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to K+ B) neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to both K+ and Na+ C) both A and B

a neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to both K+ and Na+

Curare

a nicotinic antagonist. Blocks the effect of released Ach. No EPP. Can cause paralysis of respiratory muscles. Can kill

Oxygen debt

a reason you breathe deeply after strenuous/anaerobic exercise is over

Monosynaptic reflex arc

a reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS

Reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus

Extrinisic blood clotting

a substance exposed in tissue with damage initiates it

Why is the response greater in a tetanic contraction compared to a twitch?

a twitch doesn't stretch the series elastic component completely and a tetanic contraction does

Can decrease heart rate by decreasing sympathetic activity, like taking your foot off the __________.

accelerator

Always a depolarization; a graded potential that occurs at the muscle fiber membrane below the axon terminal

acetylcholine

Neurotransmitters may be broken down by enzymes or removed from the synapse by reuptake to terminate the signal

acetylcholine

Released from somatic motor neuron axon terminals

acetylcholine

Eventually, a muscle fatigues -

after you stimulate a muscle for a period of time, finally get to a point where you can't get it to contract (or there is a reduced response)

Which of the following is most important in causing the osmotic pressure of the plasma? A) albumins B) fibrinogen C) globulins D) antibodies

albumins

Which of the following is most important in causing the osmotic pressure of the plasma? A) electrolytes B) albumins C) O2 and CO2

albumins

Intrinsic blood clotting

all factors are in the blood

Which area of the brain listed affects autonomic responses? A) hypothalamus B) cerebral cortex C) medulla of the brain stem D) all of these

all of these

A motor unit is

all the motor units in a single nerve

In allergies, certain people acquire immune reactions to ______________.

allergens

Why no nucleus in rbcs?

allows space for hemoglobin; rbcs sometimes called "sacs" or "bags" of hemoglobin

Adrenergic receptor to which phenylephrine binds

alpha 1

Phenylephrine nose spray stimulates ________ receptors.

alpha 1

Phenylephrine is an

alpha 1 agonist

Adrenergic receptors

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

Stimulation of these receptors causes blood vessel constriction

alpha-1

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used as a treatment for

alzheimers disease

Histamine

an important mediator inflammation. Important in allergic reactions

The more strenuous or intense an activity, the more the ___________ pathway will supply the ATP for muscle contraction.

anaerobic

Which type of exercise is most likely to cause hypertrophy of skeletal muscle?

anaerobic

Produces lactic acid

anaerobic pathway

Which of the following produces ATP faster? A) aerobic pathway B) anaerobic pathway C) both A and B

anaerobic pathway

Supplies more and more of the ATP as the exercise becomes more and more strenuous or intense

anaerobic pathway (glycolysis)

Erythropoietin is used clinically to treat

anemia

An _____ binds to receptors but does not cause a response

antagonist

Which of the following is part of the invader that causes a specific immune response? A) interferon B) histamine C) antibody D) antigen

antigen

*There ___ examples in the body of subconscious or involuntary control of skeletal muscle.* a. are b. are not

are

T cells/lymphocytes

are 2 kinds. One kind is called helper T cells which secrete chemicals that activate other immune cells. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, especially infects helper T cells which weakens the immune response Other kind of T cell is called cytotoxic T cells which goes out and attacks a specific invader. It releases chemicals to kill the cell. Attacks virus infected cells and cancer cells

IPSPs

are a hyperpolarization or will decrease the depolarization caused by EPSPs

Platelets

are created when a cell in the red bone marrow fragments or sheds pieces

All of the following are plasma proteins except A) albumins B) globulins C) fibrinogen D) bilirubin

bilirubin

Monocytes

are released from red bone marrow, circulate (in the blood) for one or a couple of days; go into tissues and become large phagocytes called macrophages

Histamine blockers

are used to treat allergies (block histamine receptors on cell membranes, and therefore, block the effects of histamine)

Which of the following about motor units is true? A) a motor unit is all the motor neurons in a single nerve B) an increase in the number of motor units active decreases the strength of contraction of the muscle C) asynchronous recruitment of motor units helps prevent fatigue D) muscle contractions are graded because the muscle fibers in a single motor unit show different degrees of summation and tension at any given time

asynchronous recruitment of motor units helps prevent fatigue

Location of nicotinic receptors

at autonomic ganglia, on postganglionic neurons' cell body and dendrites

When could increase in erythropoietin occur?

at high altitudes, less O2 is in blood. With decrease O2 to kidneys increased erythropoietin secreted until blood carries enough O2 (can cause polycythemia)

Creatine phosphate is used to produce ATP

at the beginning of muscle contraction

If the nerve to a muscle were cut, the muscle would most likely

atrophy

Actin in smooth muscle

attached or "anchored" to dense bodies act like Z lines

In autoimmune disease there is an immune response to your own cells; you produce ____________ antibodies, self - reactive T cells which attack, not an invader, but "self"

auto

Autoantibodies and self-reactive T cells occur in

autoimmune diseaes

Self reactive T cells and autoantibodies cause

autoimmune diseases

Medulla

autonomic control centers are here like the cardiovascular and digestive centers

Which of the following requires a relay of 2 neurons to reach the effector? A) autonomic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) both A and B D) neither A or B

autonomic nervous system

Which of the following is a correct match? A) sympathetic nervous system - craniosacral division B) autonomic effector - skeletal muscle C) adrenal medulla - modified preganglionic neurons D) autonomic nervous system - efferent neurons

autonomic nervous system - efferent neurons

Smooth muscle has ________________.

autonomic nervous system innervation

Action potential is initiated at

axon hillock/initial segment trigger zone

Which white blood cell is similar to a mast cell?

basophil

B cells/lymphocytes

become cells called plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the blood. Antibodies are transported by the blood to the specific invader. Antibodies do not directly kill the invader, but its well described as "marks" it for "destruction" or killing. Antibodies can also neutralize toxins

The ATP that supplies the energy for the power stroke is broken down to ADP and phosphate ion __________ the power stroke

before

In a patient with high blood pressure and asthma, which of the following would be used to block receptors on the heart but not receptors on the airways?

beta 1 antagonist

To selectively block sympathetic effects on the heart in a patient with high blood pressure and asthma, which of the following would be the best choice? A) alpha 1 agonist B) alpha 1 antagonist C) beta 1 agonist D) beta 1 antagonist E) beta 2 antagonist

beta 1 antagonist

As a clinician, which beta blocker should you use on hypertensive patient who has asthma?

beta 1 antagonist (atenolol)

Adrenergic receptor found on the heart but not on lung airways

beta-1

Being a competent health care provider you tell the patient that you could successfully treat (decrease) her faster than normal heart rate with which of the following? A) beta-1 agonist B) beta-2 agonist C) beta-1 antagonist D) beta-2 antagonist E) alpha-1 agonist

beta-1 antagonist

Adrenergic receptor found on lung airways

beta-2

The rest of the heme is transformed into ___________ pigments - mostly bilirubin

bile

During cross bridge cycling and just after the power stroke, which below causes detachment of myosin from actin?

binding of ATP to myosin

Which of the following is closest in time to an end plate potential? A) action potential in somatic motor neuron B) action potential in T tubule C) Ca++ release from SR D) binding of acetylcholine to receptors on muscle fiber membrane E) acetylcholine release from somatic motor neuron

binding of acetylcholine to receptors on muscle fiber membrane

Agonist

binds to a receptor and acts like the natural agent, it stimulates the receptor, "mimics" the natural chemical, causes a response

Monomamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO)

block the action of monoamine oxidase and therefore decrease norepinephrine breakdown and would increase norepinephrine

Curare

blocks ACh receptors

Atropine

blocks Muscarinic receptors on ANS effector cell membranes

Curare

blocks nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle cell membranes

Skeletal muscle attaches to _____________

bone (the skeleton)

After birth, erythropoiesis occurs in the

bone marrow

After a strenuous exercise is over, we breathe deeply for a period of time, indicating an increased need for oxygen. During that time of deep breathing, molecules of which below are regenerated? A) creatine phosphate B) glycogen C) both A and B

both A and B

Spatial and temporal summation can occur during A) excitatory postsynaptic potentials B) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials C) both A and B

both A and B

A relay of 2 efferent neurons to reach its effector cells

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Preganglionic neurons are cholinergic

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Synapse in ganglia

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Synapse outside the CNS

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Can decrease heart rate faster if increase parasympathetic activity or impulses like using the _________.

brake

Cardiac muscle anatomy

branching fibers, sarcomeres are present

EPSPs > IPSPs and get to threshold

break the vase

When ATP binds, the rigor complex is _____________.

broken

Once contraction is turned on; how is it turned off?

by decreasing Ca++ in ICF cytosol

Where else in the body is acetylcholine released?

by somatic motor neurons at skeletal muscle (not ANS)

IPSPs _____ be summed A) can B) cannot

can

Relaxes that we are not aware of __________ help maintain homeostasis

can

The sympathetic nervous system A) is always excitatory (increases the activity of all organs it innervates) B) is part of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system C) dominates in quiet, relaxed situations (like sitting in an easy chair reading a book) D) controls voluntary (skeletal) muscle E) causes responses that prepare the body for muscular activity during an emergency

causes responses that prepare the body for muscular activity during an emergency

The histamine released in an area where inflammation is occurring

causes the area to be red, warm, and swollen

A muscle fiber is a muscle

cell

Preganglionic

cell body in CNS fiber goes out to a ganglion

Postganglionic

cell body in ganglion fiber goes out to effector cells

Sarcolemma

cell membrane of muscle cell

Gap junctions are present in cardiac muscle and can spread from _____ to __________.

cell, cell

Pacemaker potentials occur in

certain smooth muscle cells and certain cardiac muscle cells

4 polypeptides =

chains of amino acids

At the chemical synapse

chemicals are used to get the message across the space

Fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called

cholingeric receptors

The military nerve gas sarin has been used during military conflicts. Sarin causes inhibition of the enzyme that breaks down Ach. If the effect of sarin you are seeing is the result of stimulation of muscarinic receptors on the iris, what should you expect pupils to look like?

constricted

Which of the following is a sympathetic effect? A) adjustment for near vision B) constriction of gut blood vessels C) both A and B

constriction of gut blood vessels

Sympathetic effect on Blood vessels

constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure

Parasympathetic effect on bronchial tubes or bronchioles

constricts slightly

Vaccines

contain antigens and cause the production of memory cells

Both smooth muscle and skeletal muscle cells

contain myofilaments

I band

contains only actin

Action potential and refractory period can be over when muscle is still ________________.

contracting

Ca++ is trigger to turn on ___________________.

contraction

Sympathetic effect on arrector pili muscle

contracts - hair stands on end, causes "goosebumps"

Isotonic

contracts and shortens, tension remains relatively constant

Parasympathetic effect on urinary bladder

contracts smooth muscle of bladder wall, releases sphinctor

The relationship in which many presynatic neurons have synapses with one postsynaptic neuron is called

convergence

Which of the following affects transmission at the neuromuscular junction by blocking the neurotransmitter sites on skeletal muscle? A) black widow venom B) curare C) toxin which causes botulism D) nerve gases and organophosphate insecticides E) all of these

curare

Which of the following affects transmission at the neuromuscular junction by increasing the release of acetylcholine? A) curare B) myasthenia gravis C) black widow spider venom D) nerve gases and organophosphate insecticides E) toxin which causes botulism

curare

Sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of muscle cell

Fluid surrounding the organelles

cytosol

Whether contraction turned on or off depends on Ca++ concentration in the ____________.

cytosol

The lymphocyte that kills virus infected cells and cancer cells is the

cytotoxic T cell

Denervation atrophy

damage nerve to muscle so that lose nerve supply

EPP is always ______________.

depolarization

Which of the following is NOT associated with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)? A) GABA B) depolarization C) increased K+ permeability

depolarization

Which of the following must occur during an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

depolarization

Bone marrow failure

destruction due to toxins, radiation, chemotherapy, cancer invading bone marrow

The way neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft (to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic cell) is by

diffusion

Sympathetic effect on bronchial tubes or bronchioles

dilates (epinephrine - an old drug used for asthma to increase airflow)

Cells are suspended in plasma, that is, flow of blood keeps the cells distributed or _________________.

dispersed

Antibodies

do not directly kill the invader, but mark it for destruction

At rest the parasympathetic system is

dominant

Glycolysis "anaerobic pathway"

don't need O2, only 2 ATP/molecule of glucose, fast (shorter pathway) lots of ATP/min

What's good about using anaerobic pathway?

don't need O2, produces much more ATP than the aerobic pathway in a given time

A full blown fight or flight reaction would occur when you are in a dark alley and see a guy __________ the alley with a knife who is up to no good

down

Which of the following is true concerning smooth muscle? A) myosin cross bridges are activated and attach to actin when a phosphate dephosphorylates myosin B) an action potential must occur in all smooth muscle cell membranes before smooth muscle can contract C) during depolarization of the cell membrane, Ca++ enter the smooth muscle cell from the extracellular fluid D) most of the smooth muscle in the body is multiunit smooth muscle E) smooth muscle does not contain myofilaments

during depolarization of the cell membrane, Ca++ enter the smooth muscle cell from the extracellular fluid

Actin

each molecule is spherical; actin molecules form 2 chains. ebook describes as 2 strands "of pearls" twisted - each pearl is an actin molecule - each actin has a myosin cb binding site

Increased permeability causes the ___________________ of inflammation

edema/swelling

Motor

efferent

The autonomic nervous system consists of ___________ fibers

efferent

Which component of reflexes below directly sends the impulse to the muscle or gland? A) integrating center B) receptor C) Effector D) afferent neurons in afferent pathway E) efferent neurons in efferent pathway

efferent neurons in efferent pathway

Which white blood cell is the polymorphonuclear granulocyte that is most important in infections with parasites? A) lymphocyte B) monocyte C) basophil D) eosinophil E) neutrophil

eosinophil

Which of the following descriptions concerning white blood cells is FALSE? A) basophils contain histamine B) neutrophils are important phagocytes C) eosinophils are transformed into macrophages in the tissues D) lymphocytes are important in specific immune response E) granulocytes are produced in and released from red bone marrow

eosinophils are transformed into macrophages in the tissues

Adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

Nitric oxide is the transmitter released by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers to cause ____________.

erection

Inadequate ____________ in kidney disease causes anemia

erythropoietin

Which of the following is FALSE about erythropoietin? A) erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis B) erythropoietin is secreted from the kidney C) erythropoietin secretion would normally decrease as a person travels to higher and higher altitudes D) erythropoietin secretion increases after loss of blood E) erythropoietin is a hormone

erythropoietin secretion would normally decrease as a person travels to higher and higher altitudes

Hemolytic anemia

excessive rupture of red blood cells. Hemolysis (red blood cell rupture) occurs in sickle cell anemia

Vaccines

expose you to an antigen but don't cause the disease. Can be killed or weakened bacteria or virus or altered toxin in a vaccine

Which of the following symptoms that were discussed with organophosphate poisoning should you NOT expect to occur in your patient if your patient was poisoned by muscarine? A) increased salivation B) increased gut movements C) constricted pupils D) bronchospasm E) failure of the diaphragm to contract

failure of the diaphragm to contract

*Increasing skeletal muscle length so that there is no overlap of thick and thin filaments increases the force of contraction because the actin filaments can slide in a greater length.* a. true b. false

false

An action potential must occur in smooth muscle before it can contract

false

An agonist binds to receptors but does not cause a response A) true B) false

false

Because of dual innervation and autonomic antagonism, there is less precise or slower control over an organ than if one division of the autonomic nervous system innervated the organ

false

Which of the following was identified in lecture as an important inhibitory transmitter? A) acetylcholine B) serotonin C) dopamine D) norepinephrine E) gamma-aminobutyric acid

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

The preganglionic fiber leaves CNS, so the postganglionic fiber must be outside the CNS. Where the synapse is in a ____________.

ganglion

Which of the following is associated with electrical synapses? A) paracrines B) GABA C) serotonin D) dopamine E) gap junctions

gap junctions

Which of the following is associated with electrical synapses? A) paracrines B) hormones C) neurotransmitter chemicals D) gap junctions

gap junctions

The shape of rbcs allows more surface area for _________ diffusion (O2 and CO2) into and out of cell than if rbcs were round

gas

Plasma contains

gases globulins nutrients electrolytes

During contraction: H zone

gets smaller and can disappear when/if actin filaments meet at center

Antibodies are included in which type of blood protein listed? A) fibrinogen B) globulins C) albumins

globulins

Cardiac muscle

has sarcomeres and striated

Smooth muscle

have myofilaments (actin and myosin)

All if the following describe smooth muscle EXCEPT A) Ca++ enters the cell from the extracellular fluid during depolarization B) can have sustained contractions with relatively small amounts of ATP used C) hormones can cause contraction D) can have a basal degree of tension (tone) E) have shorter twitches than skeletal muscle

have shorter twitches than skeletal muscle

The cross bridge of myosin are

heads of the myosin molecules

Muscles depend on nerve stimulation to keep them ____________.

healthy

Cardiac muscle location

heart

Sympathetic can dilate the pupil without __________ going up

heart rate

The _________ the load the __________ the velocity of shortening

heavier, lower

HIV infects which cells?

helper T cells

Titin

helps return the muscle fiber to resting length after stretching

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule is transformed into bile pigments? A) globin B) iron C) heme (minus the iron) D) all of these

heme (minus the iron)

Which of the following is NOT a correct match? A) heme - protein part of hemoglobin B) iron of the heme - where oxygen binds C) red blood cell life span - 120 days D) mature red blood cell - no nucleus E) shape of red blood cell - biconcave disc

heme - protein part of hemoglobin

Which of the following is correctly matched? A) life span of red blood cells - 3 to 5 years B) hemoglobin - carried in the nucleus of mature red blood cells C) iron - transformed into bile pigments when old red blood cells are phagocytized D) hemoglobin - each molecule can carry four oxygen molecules E) globing part of hemoglobin - nonprotein part of hemoglobin

hemoglobin - each molecule can carry four oxygen molecules

Smooth muscle lack striations

hence are called "smooth", no myofibrils, no sarcomeres to cause banding (striations)

Which type of exercise produces more lactic acid?

high intensity anaerobic exercise

Cerebral cortex

higher centers can affect autonomic activity

Which of the following is not a correct match? A) produced by high intensity exercise - white fibers B) with myoglobin - red fibers C) larger diameter fibers - white fibers D) produced by endurance exercise - red fibers E) higher resistance to fatigue - white fibers

higher resistance to fatigue - white fibers

Autonomic reflexes are very important in _____________.

homeostasis

Effects of adrenal medulla hormones

hormones reinforce sympathetic neural effects

Plasma contains

hormones, nutrients, wastes, gases, electrolytes, proteins

Smooth muscle contraction can be caused by

hormones, stretch, and chemicals

Myosin filament

hundreds of myosin molecules called "golf club shaped"

Which of the following is not or is least associated with the end plate potential? A) hyperpolarization B) motor end plate C) acetylcholine D) chemically gated channels

hyperpolarization

Effect on organs

if sympathetic stimulates parasympathetic inhibits

Albumins

important for the osmotic pressure of plasma

Globulins

important for transport, also antibodies are globulins

Fibrinogen

important in blood clotting

Norepinephrine (NE)

in CNS, in autonomic nervous system

ACh (acetylcholine)

in CNS, released by neurons innervating skeletal muscle cells, in autonomic nervous system

ANS with synapse outside CNS -

in ganglia

Autonomic neurons synapse

in ganglia (outside the central nervous system)

Where besides bone marrow is this white blood cell produced?

in lymphatic tissue

M line

in middle of H zone, supports myosin filaments

Smooth muscle location

in walls of hollow organs; also iris, ciliary muscle, arrector pili ("goosebumps") muscles

There is an optimum length of muscle for force generation (an optimum overlap of thick and thin filaments) -

in which the greatest number of cross bridges can attach, when actin overlaps myosin but not itself

Lengthening contraction

in which the load is greater than the tension generated by cross bridge cycling - on the way down from a sit up is an example

A normal, healthy patient is given atropine before surgery to repair a wrist injury. The patients heart rate will likely ____________ due to the effect of atropine.

increase

An increase in the number of motor units active in a muscle cell will __________ the strength of contraction in the muscle.

increase

In a bacterial infection neutrophils _____________.

increase

In a parasitic infection eosinophils _____________.

increase

sympathetic effect on liver

increase glucose release

Black widow spider venom

increase release of Ach - no new signal, no new contraction

Sympathetic effect on adrenal medulla

increase release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Parasympathetic effect on intestinal glands

increase secretion for digestion

Hypertrophy

increase size of organ by increasing cell size (not cell number!)

Living at high altitude causes the hematocrit to be ____________ compared to normal

increased

All of the following are causes of anemia except A) iron deficiency B) B12 deficiency C) excessive destruction of red blood cells D) bone marrow failure E) increased erythropoietin

increased erythropoietin

Decreased O2 to kidneys causes

increased erythropoietin release increased rbc # in blood increased O2 carrying capacity of blood

If the sympathetic nervous system stimulates an organ, the parasympathetic nervous system usually __________ the organ

inhibits

What is the effect of organophosphate insecticide in the body?

inhibits the enzyme that breaks down Ach

Which of the following is normally the site of action potential initiation in the postsynaptic neuron because its threshold is lower than other parts of the cell?

initial segment (or axon hillock)

Integrating center

integration in the cell body; the cell body is in the CNS

A protein released by cells infected with a virus protects other cells from infection by other viruses. This describes

interferon

Another non-specific response - is against viruses - _________________

interferon, this non-specific immune response is not via wbcs

Which of the following is not required for a patellar tendon (knee-jerk) reflex? A) afferent pathway B) efferent pathway C) effector D) interneuron E) receptor

interneuron

Which of the following is required for a withdrawal reflex, but not for a patellar tendon reflex? A) afferent neuron B) efferent neuron C) integrating center D) effector E) interneuron

interneuron

Tropomyosin

is a rod or threadlike molecules that lies on the surface of the actin strand and is believed to physically prevent myosin cross bridges from attaching to actin

An interferon would be a ______ immune response against ________

nonspecific, viruses

The skeletal muscle end plate potential (EPP)? A) is usually a hyperpolarization B) is usually, but not always, a depolarization C) sometimes a depolarization D) is always a deplolarization E) is always a hyperpolarization

is always a depolarization

The adrenal medulla A) secretes mostly acetylcholine B) is modified preganglionic neurons C) is an endocrine gland which secretes hormones into the blood D) A and B

is an endocrine gland which secretes hormones into the blood

Multiunit smooth muscle

is innervated by the autonomic nervous system

Myosin in smooth muscle

is longer than in skeletal muscle

The autonomic nervous system

is made up of motor neurons

Muscle fatigue _________ caused by rigor complexes in muscle due to total depletion of ATP in the muscle cell.

is not

Acetylcholinesterase

is on the subsynatic membrane; breaks down Ach

Sympathetic neurons release ________ at effector organs

norepinephrine

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

is the coming close together, or junction, of a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber or muscle cell

Power stroke

is the tilt or movement of the cross bridge

Binding of Ca++ to troponin -

is what "turns on" muscle contraction

The initial segment of the neuron _____ normally the site of action potential initiation because it _______ voltage gated Na+ channels

is, has many answer explanation: a change in membrane potential has a big effect here since it opens more doors for Na+

The initial segment (near where the axon arises from the cell body of a neuron) __________ normally the site of action potential initiation in the postsynaptic neuron because its threshold is relatively ________.

is, low

If a muscle is not allowed to shorten during a contraction, it is called an _______ contraction.

isometric

When you are trying to pick up a 300 pound weight, but cannot, which type of contraction would be occurring?

isometric

Which of the following is most correct match? A) isotonic contraction - muscle remains the same length B) isometric contraction - tension increases C) isotonic contraction - trying to pick up a 300 lb weight but cannot D) isometric contraction - picking up a weight

isometric contraction - tension increases

In ____________ contractions tension increases but the muscle does not shorten. In ___________ contractions the muscle shortens.

isometric, isotonic

Which type of contraction below could pick up a load? A) isotonic contraction B) isometric contraction

isotonic

Which of the following is NOT true about the histamine that is released during inflammation? A) it decreases blood vessel permeability B) it dilates blood vessels C) it causes swelling of the inflamed tissue D) it causes the inflamed area to become warm

it decreases blood vessel permeability

ATP is not split during power stroke;

it is split before myosin attaches to actin. ATPase is on myosin's head. ATP is split by myosin. This transforms myosin into high energy molecule - has stored energy, is like you pulled back the wire bale on an old fashioned mouse strap and set it - has stored energy that it will release with contact. This charged state of myosin attaches to actin and energy is released and the cross bridge moves (power stroke)

A synapse is either one or the other all the time - that is, ____________________________.

it it always excitatory or it is always inhibitory

Inflammation

it's a series of events, occurs in response to invaders

Which of the following is not a correct match? A) produced by endurance exercise - red fibers B) produced by high intensity (anaerobic) exercise - white fibers C) largest diameter fibers - red fibers D) myoglobin present - red fibers E) large amounts and high activity of glycolytic enzymes - white fibers

largest diameter fibers - red fibers

There is a single motor neuron axon from the CNS to the effector. Somatic motor neurons are ____________ in diameter and are _______________ for quick responses.

largest, myelinated

Creatine phosphate as a source of ATP won't ________________.

last long

Isometric contraction

length stays the same, tension changes

Compared to the neuromuscular junctions of a normal person, the neuromuscular junctions of a patient with myasthenia gravis have

less functioning Ach receptors than normal and smaller amplitude end plate potentials

Your patient wants to know how they are different from a normal, healthy person. You correctly tell the patient that compared to a normal person, a person with myasthenia gravis has _________________ at the neuromuscular junction

less functioning Ach receptors than normal on skeletal muscle cells and smaller amplitude (less depolarization) end plate potentials

Compress muscle so that there is too much overlap of myofilaments (when actin overlaps itself) -

less than maximum cross bridge attachment occurs, less maximum tension generated

Increased permeability (widened capillary pores)

lets the proteins out, also increases osmotic pressure of ISF

Skeletal muscle is striated or striped, has

light and dark bands because myofibrils are striated

Plasma proteins are made by the ___________.

liver

Which of the following would NOT be a cause of anemia? A) decreased erythropoietin B) excessive destruction of red blood cells C) vitamin B12 deficiency D) bone marrow destruction E) living at high altitude

living at high altitude

Paracrines

local hormones that act on neighboring cells

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are _________ compared to sympathetic preganglionic fibers

long

Summation of twitches in skeletal muscles can occur because the mechanical events are ____________ the electrical events

longer than

What's good about using aerobic processes or pathway?

lots of ATP/glucose

Identify the location of the receptors that nicotine could stimulate?

skeletal muscle cells, autonomic ganglia

Myasthenia gravis

make antibodies against own Ach receptors. Ach can't find a receptor, broken down before finds receptor, get muscle weakness

Dual innervation and autonomic antagonism occur in _______ organs of the body

many

Smooth muscle has ___________ inputs

many

Convergence

many presynaptic knobs synapsing with one postsynaptic neuron

In "allergy" a certain type of antibody attaches to __________ cells. When the allergen is introduced again, allergen binding to IgE antibodies attached to mast cells cause the mast cells to release histamine

mast

Rigor mortis

means "stiffness" "death"

Leukocyte

means "white cell" (have no hemoglobin are are colorless unless stained

Have 1:1 transmission at the neuromuscular junction

means 1 action potential in somatic motor neuron causes 1 action potential in muscle cell membrane (which causes contraction - and of its only one action potential in the muscle cell, then it will cause a twitch)

Specific response

means directed at a specific bacterium, specific virus, not all bacteria, not all viruses. Must "recognize" the antigen - the response depends on recognition of the specific antigen

Fibrinolysis

means to break, so means breakdown of fibrin

Stretch opens ________________ gated channels, causes depolarization and increase (Ca++) in the cytosol and causes a contraction which can resist the stretch; happens in smooth muscle of certain blood vessels

mechanically

Which of the following best describes or is most associated with an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

membrane potential moves further from threshold

The motor end plate is usually located in the ___________ of the muscle fiber

middle

Long distance running increases the machinery for aerobic respiration; increase number of __________________, increase _______________, increase capillaries to deliver O2. Not much increase in muscle mass. Increases oxidative fibers which use the aerobic pathway

mitochondria, myoglobin

Which type of white blood cell leaves the blood after a day or two and becomes the cell called a macrophage? A) basophil B) eosinophil C) neutrophil D) lymphocyte E) monocyte

monocyte

All of the following are associated with a withdrawal reflex except A) interneurons B) reciprocal innervation C) EPSPs in motor neurons going to the agonist D) IPSPs in motor neurons going to the antagonist E) monosynaptic reflex

monosynaptic reflex

More depolarization - increased Ca++ in cytosol - _____________ contraction

more

The trigger zone of the initial segment is the site of action potential initiation because it has ___________ voltage-gated Na+ channels compared to other areas of the neuron

more

Graded potential

more Na+ goes in than K+ out, causes a depolarization called an "end plate potential" or EPP

All below describe fast glycolytic fibers compared to slow oxidative fibers except A) larger muscle cell diameter B) larger amount of glycogen C) smaller number of mitochondria D) lower resistance to fatigue E) more myoglobin

more myoglobin

Dual innervation of an organ by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system and autonomic antagonism allows _______________ the organ than if only one division of the autonomic nervous system innervated the organ.

more precise or more rapid control of

Polysynaptic

more than one synapse

Which of the following neurons are adrenergic?

most postganglionic sympathetic

Of the events listed below, which is closest in time to myosin cross bridges binding to actin? A) action potential in sarcolemma B) release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum C) movement of tropomyosin D) action potential in T tubule E) release of acetylcholine from the somatic motor neurons

movement of tropomyosin E --> A --> D --> B --> C ---> cb binding

Smooth muscle size/anatomy

much smaller than skeletal muscle fibers, are called spindle-shaped, have a single nucleus

Muscarinic

muscarine stimulates (poison from mushrooms)

Atropine blocks ______________ receptors

muscarinic

Cholinergic receptor on the cell membranes of autonomic effector cells

muscarinic

Vitamin B12 deficiency

need intrinsic factor from the stomach to absorb this vitamin which is needed for rbc production. If are without intrinsic factor get vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

A single motor neuron is required to reach the organs it innervates, so there is no synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS)

neither sympathetic or parasympathetic

Treatment for myasthenia gravis

neostigmine which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor prevents Ach from being broken down before it can find a receptor

A ganglion is a collection of ______________________ outside the CNS.

nerve cell bodies

Somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber come close together here; it includes a space

neuromuscular junction

A ____________ is an excitatory neurotransmitter and a ___________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to both K+ and Na+, neurotransmitter that opens channels permeable to K+

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

neurotransmitters

breathing requires contraction and then relaxation of respiratory muscles and then a new contraction - can't have a new contraction if the receptors for Ach are blocked, if Ach is not released, or if the membrane remains depolarized. If the membrane remains depolarized, can't get a ___________ signal for a _________ breath.

new, new

Nicotinic

nicotine stimulates (from tobacco)

Unstable membrane potentials

occurs in smooth muscle. It's called spontaneous electrical activity - changes occur in membrane potential on its own, that is, without a stimulus from outside the muscle

Hyperpolarization in subsynaptic membrane

often caused by increased K+ permeability - becomes more negative as K+ moves out, goes more toward Ek+ causes an inhibitory postsynaptic potential - slightly more negative, is slightly further from threshold

Which of the following best describes multiunit smooth muscle? A) nervous stimulation can cause contraction B) has many gap junctions C) most common type of smooth muscle D) often has pacemaker potentials E) often has slow waves

often has slow waves

Depolarization in subsynaptic membrane

often/usually due to the opening of cation channels, a new channel Na+ and K+ both move through causes an excitatory postsynaptic potential - slightly closer to threshold

Parasympathetic system ganglia located _____ or ____ effector organs and are called "terminal ganglia"

on, near

A twitch is the response to ___________ action potentials

one

In a normal person, a single action potential in a somatic motor neuron would cause __________ action potentials in a skeletal muscle fiber that the somatic motor neuron innervates.

one

_________ synaptic knob fires action potentials during temporal summation

one

A motor unit refers to

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Divergence

one neuron synapsing with many other neurons

A single EPSP (that is from 1 synaptic knob)

only changes membrane potential 0.5 mV - so you probably need 30 or more synaptic knob firings to get the membrane to threshold

The classical chemical synapse is 1 way because

only the presynaptic knob has the transmitter and the subsynaptic membrane of postsynaptic cell has receptors for the transmitter. Goes from presynaptic --> postsynaptic neuron

Of the events listed which occur at the synapse, which happens last? a. release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft b. binding of neurotransmitter to receptors c. opening of synaptic knob Ca++ channels d. opening of chemically gated ion channels

opening of chemically gated ion channels

Which of the events occurring at the synapse listed below happens first? A) diffusion of transmitter across the synaptic cleft B) neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft C) binding of neurotransmitter to chemically gated channels D) opening of synaptic knob voltage gated Ca++ channels

opening of synaptic knob voltage gated Ca++ channels

Autonomic nerves and hormones can stimulate _______ inhibit smooth muscle

or

Which of the following is a correct match? A) curare - increases acetylcholine release B) toxin which causes botulism (and is in Botox) - destroys acetylcholine receptors C) myasthenia gravis - decreases acetylcholine release D) black widow spider venom - decreases acetylcholine release E) organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases - inhibit acetylcholinesterase

organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases - inhibit acetylcholinesterase

Dual innervation

organs that receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

1 synaptic knob fires several times:

other synaptic knobs fire too - EPSPs can be summed. Whole cell body depolarizes, causes current flow. Initial segment or axon hillock, if brought to threshold, fires an action potential which propagates down the axon

Pacemaker potentials exist in some cells of the heart; occurs in the _______________ of the heart

pacemaker

Fibers of which division of the autonomic nervous system are found in cranial nerve X (the vagus nerve)?

parasympathetic

The more relaxed a person is, the more active the __ nervous system is. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic

parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most active during quiet, relaxed situations (like reading a book in an easy chair)?

parasympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most responsible for "internal housekeeping" functions?

parasympathetic

Postganglionics release

parasympathetic - Ach sympathetic - norepinephrine

Cranial nerve X (the vagus) is an important

parasympathetic nerve

Causes adjustment for near vision

parasympathetic nervous system

Causes contraction of the circular fibers of the iris

parasympathetic nervous system

Causes contraction of the muscle of the wall of the urinary bladder and causes urination

parasympathetic nervous system

Causes contraction of the pupil

parasympathetic nervous system

Causes increased secretion of intestinal digestive glands

parasympathetic nervous system

Which fibers are cholingeric?

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

In which person would you expect a higher than normal hematocrit? A) person that lives in the mountains at a very high altitude B) person that lives with chronic blood loss C) both A and B D) neither A or B

person that lives in the mountains at a very high altitude

__________________ of myosin causes cross bridge activation

phosphorylation

In smooth muscle, cross bridge activation is by

phosphorylation of myosin

Which of the following causes the cross bridges of myosin to attach to actin in smooth muscle? A) dephophorylation of myosin by a phosphate B) phosphorylation of myosin C) Ca++ binding to troponin D) Ca++ binding to tropomyosin E) Ca++ binding directly to actin

phosphorylation of myosin

________________ of ________________ activates the cross bridges (allows myosin to bind to actin) in smooth muscle.

phosphorylation, myosin

The liquid portion of blood is

plasma

_____________ is straw colored due to bilirubin; it is about 90% water

plasma

B cells become _____________ which secrete antibodies

plasma cells

Which below is NOT involved in blood clotting, but in breaking down the clot after it is A) thrombin B) immediate hypersensitivity C) plasmin D) prothrombin E) active factor X

plasmin

Cardiac muscle - have action potentials with a plateau; Ca++ enters the cell during the _____________.

plateau

Function of wbcs

protect from invasion and cancer

Withdrawal reflex

protects from harm. Tissue damage could threaten homeostasis - for example, a burn of the skin can cause loss of ECF volume

Interferon

protein (cytokine) released by cells infected with a virus, protects other cells from infection by that virus and other viruses

Hemoglobin

protein part = globin Non protein part = heme

Write the steps of the final common pathway in blood clotting

prothrombin ----> thrombin fibrinogen ------> fibrin

Active factor X changes

prothrombin to thrombin

Cardiac muscle - Ca++ binds to troponin which _________ tropomyosin out of the way like in ___________ muscle

pulls, skeletal

Cell membrane of a muscle cell

sarcolemma

From Z line to Z line

sarcomere

The region from one Z line to the next Z line in a skeletal muscle cell is a

sarcomere

Unit of contraction

sarcomere

Which of the following shortens when a skeletal muscle fiber contracts? A) myosin filaments B) actin filaments C) A band D) sarcomere

sarcomere

A myofibril is made up of repeating units called _________________.

sarcomeres

Plamsa minus clotting factors (or the fluid left after clotting occurs) =

serum

What's on top of clot (or is squeezed out of clot, or on top of a clotted sample of blood) =

serum

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are relatively _________ compared to parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

short

Isometric and isotonic contractions start out the same, but in an isotonic contraction, once tension exceeds the load, then the muscle starts _______________.

shortening

During isotonic contraction, the muscle

shortens

During contraction: sarcomere

shortens; the Z lines now are closer together

Which of the following does NOT describe or least describes smooth muscle? A) shorter twitches than skeletal muscle B) sustained contractions with relatively little ATP used C) contractions can occur without an action potential occurring D) contraction may be caused by a hormone E) may have a basal degree of tension (tone)

shorter twitches than skeletal muscle

Efferent - somatic nervous system

skeletal muscle

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion can increase or decrease the contraction of ______________; happens in the smooth muscle of certain blood vessels (the arterioles again which affects blood flow into their capillaries)

smooth muscle

Which of the following are not effectors? A) smooth muscle cells B) skeletal muscle cells C) cardiac muscle cells D) receptors E) glands

smooth muscle cells

Effectors

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

What neuron releases the transmitter to cause the EPP?

somatic motor

What innervates the skeletal muscle

somatic motor neurons which collectively make up the somatic nervous system

Causes the "knee-jerk" reflex

somatic nervous system

Causes the withdrawal reflex

somatic nervous system

Innervates skeletal muscle

somatic nervous system

No synapse outside the CNS

somatic nervous system

One efferent neuron to reach its effector cells

somatic nervous system

Withdrawal and cross extensor reflex are _________ reflexes; the effector is ___________.

somatic, skeletal

If two different synaptic knobs that release excitatory transmitters fire at the same time, it will or must cause

spatial summation

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells

Synapse

specialized junction between neurons (includes a space in the "typical" or chemical synapse)

Which of the following is the least associated with or is not part of inflammation? A) histamine B) redness, heat, and swelling C) neutrophils D) monocytes and macrophages E) specific immune response

specific immune response

Postsynaptic potentials add, to get a total or grand postsynaptic potential =

sum total of all presynaptic input

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

surrounds each myofibril

The ______________ nervous system is also called the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system, since its preganglionic fibers emerge from thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

sympathetic

Which division of the autonomic nervous system causes the "fight or flight" reaction?

sympathetic

Heart

sympathetic - speeds heart rate parasympathetic - slows heart rate

Isometric

tension is generated but the muscle doesn't shorten

Isotonic contraction

tension stays the same, length changes

Axon endings lose myelin and form axon terminals with enlarged knobs called _______________________.

terminal buttons (it contains vesicles of Ach)

In which of the following is the response greater (increased tension or increased shortening)? A) tetanus B) a twitch

tetanus

Which of the following narrows when the sarcomere shortens?

the H zone and the I band

The Ca++ which triggers smooth muscle contraction is from which source?

the SR and ECF

A relay of two motor neurons to reach the effector cells occurs in _____________ nervous system

the autonomic

Actin filament

thin; light stripes

Tension

the force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object

Load

the force exerted on muscle by an object

Which of the following statements about iron is NOT correct? A) iron is found in the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule B) the iron of hemoglobin can bind oxygen (O2) C) when old or damaged red blood cells are phagocytized, the iron of hemoglobin can be recycled or stored D) iron deficiency can cause anemia E) the iron of hemoglobin is transformed into bile pigments

the iron of hemoglobin is transformed into bile pigments

Which below does not occur when a skeletal muscle fiber shortens? A) the sarcomere shortens B) the length of the I band shortens C) the myofilaments shorten D) the distance between the Z lines decrease E) the length of the A band remains the same

the myofilaments shorten

Oxyhemoglobin

the name for hemoglobin with O2

Deoxyhemoglobin

the name for hemoglobin without O2

An action potential occurs in the postsynaptic neuron if

the neuron membrane is depolarized to threshold

Twitches

the response to a single action potential not common in the body

Which of the following is FALSE concerning smooth muscle? A) certain smooth muscle cells can have a basal degree of tension (tone) B) smooth muscle has longer twitches than skeletal muscle does C) the source of the Ca++ which causes contraction in smooth muscle is entirely the extracellular fluid; there is no Ca++ released from the SR in smooth muscle D) a contraction can occur without an action potential occurring in some smooth muscle

the source of the Ca++ which causes contraction in smooth muscle is entirely the extracellular fluid; there is no Ca++ released from the SR in smooth muscle

Pacemaker potentials

the spontaneous depolarization of a single cell, when reaches threshold causes an action potential, then repolarizes, then starts to depolarize again. Notice the pacemaker potential is the depolarization to threshold

What happens at the postsynaptic cell?

the sum of all the presynaptic input - that is, all the EPSPs and IPSPs occur

Basophils

their granules stain with basic dyes

Clotting

there are 2 pathways of blood clotting

Tropomyosin and troponin are called "regulatory proteins" because

they cover the cross bridge binding sites on actin which keeps myosin from attaching to actin until the appropriate time - then they will move out of the way. So these 2 proteins regulate whether or not myosin cross bridges can attach to actin

Thin filaments slide inward over the stationary _____________ filaments

thick

Sympathetic effect on salivary glands (not autonomic antagonism)

thick, lots of mucus

Myosin filament

thicker; dark stripes

Parasympathetic effect on salivary glands

thin, watery

Blood clotting requires _____________ - which is present in an inactive form of blood

thrombin

________________ changes fibrinogen to fibrin

thrombin

Latent period

time after the stimulus causes action potential depolarization before mechanical events begin (it's longer in isotonic twitch - because you need to generate tension equal to and then greater than before the load so you can pick up the load)

Input for contraction or membrane activation to change/affect (_________________________) contractile activity

to increase or decrease

Why is the transmitter removed from the synapse? What's the point?

to stop the signal. have to turn signal off to get a new signal

Acetylcholinesterase - why is it there?

to terminate the signal

Function of the EPSP

to trigger action potentials in the posysnaptic cell, to get the membrane to threshold at the axon hillock

Which below affects the neuromuscular junction by preventing the release of acetylcholine? A) curare B) nerve gases and organophosphate insecticides C) toxin which causes botulism and is in Botox which is used for facial wrinkles D) myasthenia gravis E) black widow spider venom

toxin which causes botulism

The signal can go to the opposite side of the cord, get the reverse on this side - EPSPs in the neuron go to extensor I.e. the _____________ and IPSPs in neuron going to flexor I.e._______________. The extensor contracts and extends the arm - can push you away from the painful stimulus

triceps, biceps

Troponin binds actin and tropomyosin and holds ___________ in its blocking position

tropomyosin

When Ca++ binds to troponin, this pulls on _____________ - pulls it away from its blocking position

tropomyosin

In skeletal muscle, when Ca++ binds to _______ this pulls _________ away from the cross bridge binding sites on _____________.

troponin, tropomyosin, actin

*Local chemicals can affect the contraction of certain smooth muscle cells.* a. true b. false

true

Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme on the postsynaptic membrane that breaks down acetylcholine

true

Because of the development of drugs which are selective beta antagonists, it is possible to block beta-1 receptors on the heart without blocking beta-2 receptors on lung airways

true

Fast glycolytic (white) fibers

use anaerobic pathway - Myoglobin: little (why white) - Mitochondria, capillaries: little - Glycolytic enzymes: high activity/lots - Glycogen: lots - need lots of glucose for contraction - Twitch rate: fast - ATPase activity: high/cb cycling fast - Fatigue resistance: low (fatigue fast) but recover quickly

What's bad about using anaerobic pathway?

use up more glucose for relatively little ATP produced, produce lactic acid

Curare-like drugs are old drugs but sometimes still used in medicine; the patient is ______________ until effect of the drug are gone

ventilated

Skeletal muscle is called __________________.

voluntary muscle

Example of isometric and isotonic contractions in the body

walking - isotonic contraction to pick up one leg and isometric contraction to keep the other leg straight

Regulation of red blood cell production

we lost about 3 million rbcs a second but the number is normally constant

Spatial summation occurs

when different synaptic knobs fire at the same time to cause the summation

Which of the following is NOT correctly matched? A) red blood cells - contain hemoglobin B) white blood cells - basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes C) platelets - formed when a cell in the bone marrow fragments D) red blood cells - percentage of the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells determines the hematocrit E) white blood cells - no nucleus

white blood cells - no nucleus

High intensity exercise causes development of a greater proportion of ________ muscle fibers, while endurance exercise causes the development of a greater proportion of _________ muscle fibers.

white, red

What happens if inhibit acetylcholinesterase?

will get continual stimulation of the membrane and no new signal

Which of the following is a monosynaptic reflex or has a monosynaptic reflex arc as part of the reflex? A) patellar tendon (knee-jerk) relflex B) withdrawal reflex C) both A and B

withdrawal reflex

You can get inflammation with tissue damage or injury (_______________ an invader), say the splinter or knife was sterilized.

without

In a hypothetical skeletal muscle cell, action potentials no longer occur in the transverse tubules. In this muscle cell, action potentials in the muscle cell membrane ___________ cause normal contractions of the muscle cell.

would not

Tip

you have 1 heart (beta-1 receptors) and 2 lungs (beta-2 receptors)

Boundary of sarcomere

z line to z line

Histamine's effects:

- Increased blood flow by vasodilation - Increased leakiness to protein (increased permeability of capillaries) - Increased leakiness to proteins means increased osmotic pressure of the ISF - Increased fluid in the tissue space occurs (due to increased osmotic pressure of ISF)

Describe effects of histamine

- dilates blood vessels - Increase blood flow - cause warm + red area - widens capillary pores - increase proteins in ISF, increase ISF osmotic pressure, increase volume of ISF = edema

Sympathetic effect on smooth muscle (eye)

- dilates pupil; contracts radial fibers of iris "spokes" (occurs in fight or flight reaction, is also reflex in the dark) - adjusts for far vision

Beta 1 receptors

- found on heart muscle - stimulation increases heart rate and force of contraction

Beta 2 receptors

- found on lung airways - stimulation dilates lung airways (relaxes circular muscle)

Lymphocytes

- important in the specific immune response - they protect against specific invaders ( by reacting to specific antigens) - provide immune defense against targets for which they are specifically programmed

Sympathetic effect on cardiac muscle

- increase activity - increase heart rate - increase force of contraction

Parasympathetic effect on GI tract

- increase peristalsis - relaxation of sphincters, open "circular" doors

Adrenergic or sympathetic stimulation

- iris muscle - contract radial fibers (dilates pupil) - muscle of airways (of bronchioles) - relax (circular) muscle

Erythropoiesis

- is erythrocyte/rbc production - after birth occurs in red bone marrow

After a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, what happens at the subsynaptic membrane?

- opened ion channels (chemically gated ion channels) - causes depolarization or hyperpolarization

Neutrophils

- their granules don't stain much with either stain - neutrophils are expert phagocytes - important in infections with bacteria an in inflammation

Eosinophoils

- their granules stain with the red stain eosin - important in infections of parasites - can kill the parasite

Another way we need ATP for contraction - relaxation

1) charge myosin (energize or cock the head) 2) detach myosin from actin 3) Ca++ pump (active transport) on the SR, allows relaxation

ATP is needed for 2 functions

1) charge the myosin head - with ATP breakdown 2) detach myosin from actin - with ATP binding

Ways to make ATP

1) creatine phosphate 2) "aerobic pathway" 3) "anaerobic pathway"

The aerobic pathway can't keep up since:

1) enzymes can't make ATP fast enough 2) O2 is not delivered to cells by the cardiovascular system fast enough

Components of a typical reflex

1) receptor (sensor) 2) afferent pathway (path from sensor to control center) 3) integrating center (control center) CNS 4) efferent pathway (path from integrating center to effector) 5) effector (effector = muscle or glands)

A medical student in the emergency department suggests 2-PAM as a treatment for Elliot's nicotine poisoning. Explain why treatment with 2-PAM would or would not make sense?

2-PAM would not make sense in nicotine poisoning because it breaks down Ach not nicotine

_________ hemes in __________ hemoglobin molecule; each heme contains an iron atom which binds _________.

4, 1, O2

Which of the following would be a normal value for a hematocrit? A) 20% B) 25% C) 45% D) 80% E) 100%

45%

The cause of rigor mortis is decreased ____________ in skeletal muscle cells.

ATP

Which of the following binds to myosin and therefore breaks the rigor complex in skeletal muscle cells? A) Ca++ B) ATP C) troponin D) tropomyosin

ATP

Rigor mortis illustrates that a new -

ATP is needed for dissociation of the rigor complex - to dissociate myosin from actin

Presynaptic facilitation

Axon A increases transmitter release from axon B

Excitatory interneurons

Cause EPSPs in the motor neuron going to the flexor muscle (ex: the biceps - flexes to pull the hand away from the hot stove). (withdrawal reflex)

Gap junctions occur in single unit smooth muscle

True

In smooth muscle, a change in myosin "activates the cross bridges" or allows myosin to attach to actin

True

In smooth muscle, increased hyperpolarization causes decreased cytosolic which causes less contraction

True

Skeletal muscle would generate the most tension in a contraction, if before the contraction

actin overlaps myosin but not itself

You write a prescription for the drug neostigmine for this patient you have diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. Could a side effect of neostigmine treatment be over-activity of muscarinic receptors causing increased gut motility, diarrhea, and excess salivation?

Yes, it makes sense

Does endotracheal intubation of the patient and mechanical ventilation make sense? That is, could the patient have an inability to contract the diaphragm?

Yes, muscle paralysis of diaphragm causes inability to respire so endotracheal intubation is necessary

Assuming "aging" of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme has not yet occurred, could 2-PAM reverse the paralysis of respiratory muscles?

Yes, pralidoxime has an important role in reversing paralysis of the respiratory muscles but due to its poor blood-brain barrier penetration has little effect

Could the patient have a problem breathing and getting fresh air to the lungs because of increased airway secretions?

Yes, the poison causes muscarinic manifestations such as bronchoconstriction. Increased secretion causes accumulation of secretion in the airway, that results in difficulty in breathing

Which myofilament contains troponin and tropomyosin?

actin

Myofibrils are striated due to the arrangement of ______________________.

actin and myosin

Hypothalamus

affects autonomic control centers in medulla. Fear, anger activates hypothalamus - acts on cardiovascular center in medulla to increase HR and increase arterial blood pressure

If a receptor potential causes an action potential in the _____________ neuron, the information (signal) goes to the CNS.

afferent

Sensory

afferent

Oxygen debt is "paid back" by deep breathing _____________ the exercise

after

The synapse in presynaptic inhibition and presynaptic facilitation in which below? A) axon to axon synapse B) electrical synapse C) axon to cell body synapse

axon to axon synapse

Chemical synapse

axon to dendrite or to cell body

Cholingeric receptors

bind ACh (muscarinic receptors, nicotinic receptors)

The autonomic nervous system controls which of the following? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) both A and B D) neither A or B

both A and B

Which of the following is a plasma protein? A) albumin B) fibrinogen C) both A and B D) neither A or B

both A and B

Postsynaptic potential

causes changes in membrane potential/voltage from resting membrane potential. It is a graded potential

Movement of Ca++ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells

causes relaxation ("turns off" contraction)

Which of the cells listed directly attack by a cell to cell interaction? A) B cells B) plasma cells C) helper T cells D) cytotoxic T cells

cytotoxic T cells

First source for supplying ATP. Important at the very beginning of muscle contraction

creatine phosphate

First source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction

creatine phosphate

Which of the following is the first (and fastest) source for supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction?

creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine)

Which of the following is not correctly matched? A) anaerobic pathway (glycolysis) - produces less ATP per molecule of glucose than the aerobic pathway B) aerobic pathway (Kreb's or citric acid cycle) - produces ATP at a slower rate (less ATP per minute) than the anaerobic pathway C) anaerobic pathway - does not require O2 (oxygen) D) creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine) - slowest and last source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction

creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine) - slowest and last source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction

Which of the following is correctly matched? A) anaerobic pathway - more ATP per molecule of glucose than the aerobic pathway B) aerobic pathway - supplies all of the ATP used when the exercise is most strenuous and none of the ATP used when the exercise is the least strenuous C) creatine phosphate - fastest and first source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction D) anaerobic pathway - produces ATP at a slower rate than the aerobic pathway E) aerobic pathway - produces more lactic acid than the anaerobic pathway

creatine phosphate - fastest and first source of supplying ATP for skeletal muscle contraction

A band

darker, contains myosin - part of it actin overlaps into

More hyperpolarization can ____________ the number of Ca++ channels open

decrease

Botulism toxin

decrease Ach release or "blocks" Ach release - used to prevent contractions/spasms - used for face lines or "wrinkles"

Atrophy

decrease muscle size - cells shrink can be replaced with connective tissue

sympathetic effect on intestinal glands

decrease secretion

Being a great health care provider you know that during this "anticholinesterase test" a __________________ in heart rate occurs in some patients that you should be prepared for, and therefore, you should have ___________ available in case that occurs.

decrease, atropine

More hyperpolarization - decreased Ca++ in cytosol - _______________ contraction or more relaxation

decreased

The stimulus for increased erythropoietin is ________________ O2 to the tissues including the kidney

decreased

Which of the following would not be part of a normal fight or flight reaction? A) dilation of the pupil B) dilation of the airways C) increased heart rate D) decreased blood glucose levels E) increased metabolism

decreased blood glucose levels

Which of the following does not normally occur during the "fight or flight" reaction? A) increased blood epinephrine levels B) increased blood glucose levels C) decreased metabolic rate D) increased heart rate

decreased metabolic rate

One test that had been used to help confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is an "anticholinesterase test" in which a patient is given a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase. Which result would indicate the patient has myasthenia gravis?

decreased muscle weakness during the antcholinesterase test, that is, the patient gets stronger during the test

The surgery has been delayed and the patient is mentioning symptoms they now have since the atropine was given. Being an awesome health care provider that is very knowledgeable, you tell the patient that __________ salvia secretion and decreased ability to focus for ____________ vision often occur due to administration of atropine in patients.

decreased, near

Gut wall

decreases sympathetic contraction and increases parasympathetic contraction

The skin rash from poison ivy is an example of

delayed hypersensitivity

All of the following describe cardiac muscle EXCEPT A) has autonomic innervation B) has gap junctions C) has action potential with plateau D) has cells with pacemaker potentials E) does not contain troponin

does not contain troponin

Autonomic neurons are

efferent or motor neurons

Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle has much shorter twitches

false

Fibrinolysis occurs when plasmin changes fibrinogen to fibrin. a. true b. false

false

In the organs innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the two divisions typically have the same, or very similar, effects on the organ

false

Skeletal muscle surrounds hollow organs because skeletal muscle can develop tension over a greater range of starting lengths than smooth muscle can

false

The autonomic nervous system is autonomous (or independent). There is no conscious control over autonomic functions or autonomic reflexes

false

The effectors of all reflexes are skeletal muscles A) true B) false

false

The function of the IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) is to cause action potentials

false

The norepinephrine or acetylcholine molecules released at a synapse are not normally broken down or removed from the synapse, but are allowed to build in concentration so that there is continual restimulation of the postsynaptic cell

false

The postsynaptic neuron sums up all the signals coming to it which then must result in the formation of at least one action potential

false

Myosin molecules are arranged in long protein filamentous structures called ____________.

myofilaments

Fast/slow refers to ATPase activity,

fast fibers split ATP faster, have fast cross bridge cycling rate and faster contraction

Generates more tension

fast glycolytic fibers

Higher ATPase activity

fast glycolytic fibers

Larger cell diameter

fast glycolytic fibers

More glycogen

fast glycolytic fibers

More myofibrils

fast glycolytic fibers

Creatine phosphate + ADP -------> ATP + creatine

fastest way ATP is made in the muscle cell

Asynchronous recruitment of motor units prevents ____________ - happens with postural muscles - have sunconscious switching of the motor units active during long term contractions

fatigue

The hematocrit is lower in females -

female 42% male 45%

Sympathetic is called the "thoracolumbar" division -

fibers emerge from thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord - T1 to L2

parasympathetic is called the "Craniosacral" division -

fibers use cranial nerves or emerge from sacral segments of the spinal cord S2 to S4

Thrombin changes

fibrinogen to fibrin

The basic event in blood clotting is to change ____ to _____ which forms the mesh of the clot.

fibrinogen, fibrin

Muscle length and force of contraction (the length before a contraction affects force of the next contraction), has to do with __________________.

filament overlap

Which of the following is a parasympathetic effect? A) dilation of lung airways (tubes) B) increased peristalsis in the GI tract C) both A and B

increased peristalsis in the GI tract

Fast glycolytic fibers have more ____________ than slow oxidative fibers.

glycogen

Z line

goes through middle of I band; actin filaments attach to the Z line on one end and extend toward middle of the sarcomere

Increase or decrease in cytosol caused by _____________ changes or variations in membrane potential

graded

During a lengthening contraction, the load is ____ the tension created by cross bridge cycling A) greater than B) less than C) the same as D) usually less than

greater than

Which of the following occurs with parasympathetic stimulation? A) dilation of the pupil B) adjustment for far vision C) arrector pili muscle contraction D) increased peristalsis in the GI tract E) contraction of sphincters in the GI tract

increased peristalsis in the GI tract

Uterine smooth muscle

increases estrogen contraction and decreases progesterone contraction

Inside a muscle cell. Contain actin and myosin arranged in sarcomeres

myofibrils

Smooth muscle has

myofilaments

Divergence of afferent neuron to _____________ on opposite side of the cord

interneurons

Actin and myosin are in the form of long filamentous structures called _______________.

myofilaments

Next to T tubule the SR forms ___________ sacs

lateral - each T tubule is flanked by 2 lateral sacs

Which of the following does NOT describe or least describes smooth muscle? A) longer twitches than skeletal muscle twitches B) contraction may be caused by a hormone or a local chemical C) Ca++ enters the cell from the extracellular fluid during membrane depolarization D) can have sustained contractions with a relatively small amount of ATP used E) less able to develop tension when stretched than skeletal muscle

less able to develop tension when stretched than skeletal muscle

All of the other white blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow, but only some ____________ are produced in the red bone marrow

lymphocytes

Actin molecules are arranged in long protein filamentous structures called _______________.

myofilaments

All of the following release acetylcholine as the transmitter except A) sympathetic preganglionic neurons B) parasympathetic preganglionic neurons C) most sympathetic postganglionic neurons D) parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Parasympathetic effect on blood vessels

mostly no innervation, expect erection

ANS is purely _________ (or efferent)

motor

Muscle fiber membrane underneath somatic motor neuron axon terminal; is folded and has Ach receptors

motor end plate

Of the following events listed that are involved in skeletal muscle contraction, which would occur last? A) end plate potential B) action potential in T tubule C) movement of tropomyosin D) action potential in sarcolemma

movement of tropomyosin

Which of the following is NOT correctly matched? A) single unit smooth muscle - most common type of smooth muscle B) multiunit smooth muscle - cells typically contract with nervous stimulation C) multiunit smooth muscle - many gap junctions D) single unit smooth muscle - electrical activity can move from cell to cell E) multiunit smooth muscle - iris and ciliary muscle of the eye

multiunit smooth muscle - many gap junctions

Cholinergic receptor on the cell membranes of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

muscarinic

Jeremy's lower than normal heart rate when he first comes to the emergency department is due to stimulation of _______________ receptors on heart muscle cell membranes

muscarinic

These receptors are blocked by atropine

muscarinic

Which of the following is the cholinergic receptor that is found on autonomic effector cell membranes?

muscarinic

Assume in your patient with divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active. Which of the following drugs is correctly matched with its effect on your patient's heart rate? A) beta-1 agonist - decreased heart rate B) beta-1 antagonist - increased heart rate C) muscarinic antagonist - increased heart rate D) muscarinic agonist - increased heart rate

muscarinic antagonist - increased heart rate

Which of the following is a cholinergic receptor? A) alpha receptor B) muscarinic receptor C) both A and B

muscarinic receptor

A muscle cell

muscle fiber

Period of relaxation

muscle goes to beginning length or tension as Ca++ is removed from the cytosol

High intensity anaerobic exercise increases fiber diameter, increases glycolytic enzymes and does increase muscle mass since it increases ___________ number. Increases glycolytic fibers which use the anaerobic pathway.

myofibril

Are striated and take up about 80% of the muscle cell

myofibrils

High intensity anaerobic exercise increases the amount or number of __________ more than low intensity aerobic exercise does.

myofibrils

Iron deficiency

need dietary iron for rbc production since lose some iron daily

Cholinergic receptor at the autonomic ganglia

nicotinic

Cholinergic receptor on the dendrites and cell bodies of postganglionic neurons

nicotinic

Cholinergic receptors on the cell membrane of skeletal muscle cells

nicotinic

If you wanted to prevent all ANS control of effector organs, which antagonist below should you use? A) muscarinic B) nicotinic

nicotinic

Receptors on skeletal muscle are ___________

nicotinic

The Ach receptors on skeletal muscle cell membranes are

nicotinic

Which receptor type is located at the autonomic ganglia and on skeletal muscle?

nicotinic

What chemicals released by cells next to a platelet plug forming in an injured vessel prevent the platelet plug from continuing throughout the vessel?

nitric oxide and prostacyclin

Can have contraction with _________ change in membrane potential

no

Sympathetic ganglia are __________ on effector organs

no

Parasympathetic effect on adrenal medulla

no innervation

Parasympathetic effect on arrector pili muscle

no innervation

Parasympathetic effect on liver

no innervation

Should atropine have an effect at neuromuscular junction receptors in skeletal muscle?

no, it should not block receptors there

Interferon allows protection against many viruses, not just a single virus, therefore, it is __________________.

nonspecific

Which neurotransmitter below is removed from the synapse mostly by reuptake into the presynaptic knob? A) acetylcholine B) norepinephrine C) both A and B

norepinephrine

The ___________ endothelium next door releases nitric oxide and prostacyclin which inhibit platelet aggregation - keeps the platelet plug from continuing past damaged area

normal

Biconcave disc is the shape of rbcs; its described as a donut with a depression _______ a hole

not

In inflammation did ________ specifically recognize the microbe. However, did recognize the invader generally as foreign - certain molecular patterns in microbe cells that tell the phagocyte it is foreign

not

Parasympathetic nervous system is most active when we are _________ stressed

not

Disuse atrophy

not used e.g. immobilized in a cast or a bedridden patient

Which of the following increases peristalsis in the GI tract and causes relaxation of sphincters in the GI tract? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system C) parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems D) neither

parasympathetic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

part of the nervous system that controls visceral functions

Which of the following is NOT or is least associated with allergies? A) immediate hypersensitivity B) mast cells C) histamine D) pathogenic antigens E) IgE antibodies

pathogenic antigens

Hematocrit

percentage of total blood volume taken up or occupied red blood cells packed downed by centrifuging

Causes the salivary glands to secrete a more watery salvia

parasympathetic nervous system

Fibers of which of the following use cranial nerves? A) sympathetic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) both D) neither

parasympathetic nervous system

Increases GI tract peristalsis and intestinal gland secretions

parasympathetic nervous system

Its preganglionic neurons are typically longer than the other division

parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following constricts the pupil? A) sympathetic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system D) neither the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

In which of the following would you expect a higher than normal hematocrit? A) polycythemia B) hemorrhagic anemia C) both A and B D) neither A or B

polycythemia

Withdrawal reflex is what type of reflex?

polysnaptic reflex

All fibers release Ach except most ____________________.

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Which of the following secretes mostly norepinephrine as a transmitter? A) preganglionic sympathetic neurons B) preganglionic parasympathetic neurons C) postganglionic sympathetic neurons D) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Subsynaptic membrane =

postsynaptic membrane underneath synaptic knob

Dual innervation with autonomic antagonism allows ___________ or more rapid control over an organ

precise

Imagine you are able to keep nerve cells in a fluid bath that is exactly like extracellular fluid, except that it contains no Ca++. Assume that the nerve cells in this bath are healthy and undamaged. Assume also that you are set up to stimulate the nerve cells to cause action potentials and that you can ass unlimited neurotransmitters to the nerve cell bath. What would the lack of Ca++ in the bath prevent?

presynaptic knob neurotransmitter release

There is conscious control over urination/ defecation - can send signals to _____________ the reflex

prevent

What is the function of IPSPs?

prevent action potentials

Hemostasis

prevention of blood loss

Which of the following is NOT a correct match? A) globing - protein part of hemoglobin B) heme minus the iron - becomes bile pigment C) iron of hemoglobin - recycled to red bone marrow or stored in the liver D) red blood cell life span - less than 3 days E) shape of red blood cell - biconcave disc

red blood cell life span - less than 3 days

The hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by

red blood cells

Most was are produced in ________________ all except lymphocytes

red bone marrow

Increased blood flow causes the _____________ and __________ of inflammation

redness, heat

Of the events involved in skeletal muscle contraction listed below, which occurs last? A) action potential in T tubule B) release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum C) action potential in sarcolemma D) end plate potential

release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

At the chemical synapse, calcium ion (Ca++) movement into the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron causes which of the following? A) action potential in the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron B) release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft C) an excitatory postsynaptic potential in the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron

release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

The adrenal medulla

releases hormones that can affect cells that do not have autonomic innervation

Neurontransmitters are __________ by reuptake or broken down and _______________ by enzymes

removed, inactivated

Which of the following is present or occurs in skeletal muscle but NOT in smooth muscle? A) pacemaker potentials B) long twitches C) many different inputs to cause contraction D) basal degree of tone (or tension) E) sarcomeres

sarcomeres

Cardiac muscle has which of the following?

sarcomeres, gap junctions, and autonomic nervous system innervation

IPSPS > EPSPs

save the vase

Can have different effects of adrenergic stimulation on a _______ organ/a single effector

single

Pacemaker potentials occur in which type of muscle?

single unit smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Activation of cross bridges is different in smooth muscle than in ____________ muscle

skeletal

All of the following are autonomic effectors except A) glands B) skeletal muscle C) cardiac muscle D) smooth muscle

skeletal muscle

Gap junctions are NOT present in

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is not an autonomic effector? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) skeletal muscle D) glands

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is not controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A) smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle C) salivary gland D) muscle of the iris of the eye E) skeletal muscle

skeletal muscle

Contraction is smooth muscle is still by _____________ of filaments

sliding

Smooth muscle has sustained contractions with less ATP used - have ____________ cross bridge cycling

slow

Which muscle type would be more resistant to fatigue?

slow

More resistant to fatigue

slow oxidative

More capillaries

slow oxidative fibers

More mitochondria

slow oxidative fibers

The older, more fragile red blood cells may rupture when squeezing through tight spaces (which is what rbcs do!). This happens especially in the _____________, but also in the liver

spleen

If the fibers have sarcomeres, then they are ____________. Sarcomeres cause the banding (or striations)

striated

Gut

sympathetic - slows peristalsis (and movement through gut) - contracts/constricts sphincters (circular muscle) - closes circular doors Parasympathetic - speeds peristalsis (and movement through gut) - relaxes sphincters (circular muscle) - opens circular doors

Divisions of the ANS

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Efferent - autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland

Causes "goosebumps"

sympathetic nervous system

Causes adjustment for far vision

sympathetic nervous system

Causes constriction of blood vessels

sympathetic nervous system

Causes contraction of arrector pili muscles

sympathetic nervous system

Causes contraction of the radial fibers of the iris

sympathetic nervous system

Causes dilation of the pupil

sympathetic nervous system

Causes the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

sympathetic nervous system

Causes the salivary glands to secrete a thick saliva with lots of mucus

sympathetic nervous system

Dilates the pupil

sympathetic nervous system

Includes neurons that secrete epinephrine

sympathetic nervous system

Its preganglionic neurons are typically shorter than the other division

sympathetic nervous system

Postganglionic neurons are adrenergic

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following causes glucose release from the liver? A) sympathetic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) both C) neither

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following dilates the pupil? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) sympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is correctly matched? A) sympathetic nervous system - consists of postganglionic neurons B) Parasympathetic nervous system - consists of only preganglionic neurons C) sympathetic nervous system - cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) D) sympathetic nervous system - thoracolumbar divison

sympathetic nervous system - thoracolumbar division

The fiber or cell is jam-packed with myofibrils

take up about 80% of the cell

In skeletal muscle cells, the band that contains myosin is darker than the band that contains only actin

true

Stretch can cause contraction of some smooth muscle cells a. true b. false

true

Summation and tetanic contractions occur in skeletal muscle

true

The ATP that supplies the energy for power stroke is broken down to ADP and phosphate before that power stroke

true

The cerebral cortex of the brain can have an effect on autonomic activity

true

The summation of all the IPSPs and EPSPs occurring at a particular time will determine whether or not action potentials will occur in a postsynaptic neuron

true

There are reflexes which we are unaware of, which help maintain homeostasis

true

Slow oxidative (red) fibers

use aerobic pathway - Myoglobin: lots (why red) - Mitochondria, capillaries: lots - Glycolytic enzymes: low activity/little - Glycogen: little/nutrients delivered - Twitch rate: slow - ATPase activity: low/cb cycling slow - Fatigue resistance: high (fatigue slowly)