Physiology Final
Which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near their setpoints?
Negative feedback loops
The pH of a solution is equal to the ____ logarithm of the _____ concentration.
Negative; H+
Which of these substances could most easily diffuse through a pure phospholipid membrane (membrane with no proteins)?
Lipophilic molecule
A patient has an acid-base disturbance. Her plasma sample indicates a primary disturbance of elevated H+. Which disorder does the patient most likely have?...
Metabolic acidosis
Which of the following would directly increase cardiac output?
More frequent heartbeats.
Normative resting membrane potential of neuron -
-70 mV
Battery attached to electrodes that changes cell membrane potential from
-70 mV to +30 mV and clamped at +30mV - na channels rapidly open and inactivate, K channels slowly open and stay open
Imagine full anaerobic metabolism of glucose. The net number of NADH is ____ and the net number of ATP is ____.
0;2
Steps of transmission at cholinergic synapse -
1) action potential depolarizes axon terminal at presynaptic membrane 2) Ca ions enter axon terminal 3) acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis 4) acetylcholine binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane 5) chemically gated ion channels are activated
Which of the following options goes in the blank space in the list of events below?
1) diaphragm contracts, chest walls expands, intrapleural pressure decreases, chest and lung volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases below ATM pressure, air flows into alveoli
Myofibers in order of fatigue with repeated contractions-
1) glycolytic fast-twitch 2) oxidative glycolytic fast-twitch fibers 3) oxidative slow-twitch fibers
Fill in blank order of events
1) increased venous return 2) increased arterial pressure 3) increased EDV 4) increased SV
If you measured urine osmolarity of a person lost in the desert in the previous question, which osmolarity would it be closest to?
1,200
Put the following steps of fat digestion and absorption in order. 1) Bile salts coat fat droplets 2)Cholesterol is transported into cells 3) Chylomicrons are formed 4) Chylomicrons are released into lymphatic system 5) monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles 6) pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats...
1,6,5,2,3,4,
Extracellular fluid is approximately _____ of total body water and intracellular fluid is approximately ____ of total body water.
1/3; 2/3
1 cycle of beta oxidation yields ____ NADH and ____ FADH2.
1:1
The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body 1) tissue 2) cell 3) organ 4)molecule 5) organism 6) organ system. The correct order from smallest to largest is 4
2, 1, 3, 6, 5
Starting with glucose, anarobic glycolysis yields _____ NADH. Each individual turn of the citric acid cycle yields ____ NADH. 1 NADH yields ____ ATP. Full metabolism (anaerobic + aerobic) of 1 glucose molecule yields _____ NADH.
2, 3, 2.5, 10
The Na+ - K+ ATPase pump moves ____ Na+ _____ cells and ____ K+ ____ cells.
3 out of, 2 into
What is the osmolarity of a 2-liter solution with 300 milliosmoles of sodium chloride (NaCl)?
300 mOsm
A 16-carbon fatty acid undergoes ____ cycles of beta oxidation to convert it into ___ Acetyl-CoA.
7, 8
The pH of the extracellular fluid for the above patient would be closest to which of the following?...
7.2
The pH of the extracellular fluid for the above patient would be closest to which of the following?..
7.6
If all other variables remain the same, which of these would decrease in SV?
A decrease in EDV.
A cell must have _____ for the cell to respond to a signal molecule.
A receptor specific to the signal molecule
Which of the following increases MAP?
A shift in the distribution of blood volume from veins to arteries.
Imagine the adrenal cortex was destroyed and all adrenal cortex secretions are lost. Which of the following is true?
ACTH is increased
Which of the following is true regarding facilitated diffusion and passive transport?
ATP consumption is not required for either.
Digested proteins are absorbed as..
Amino acids (or short peptides)
Choose the appropriate term this phrase describes: true endocrine gland of epithelial origin.
Anterior pituitary
Filtrate concentration.. Increases..
As it flows through the descending limb loop of the Henle
Where is the pleural fluid located?
Between the lung and rib cage.
A membrane made only of phospholipids and aquaporins (water channels) separates two 1-liter water-filled compartments (sides A and B). You add 150 millimoles of NaCl into Side A. You add 100 milliosmoles of CaCl2 of glucose into side B. If you then wait for solutions to reach equilibrium which would most likely be true?
Both compartments would be hyperosmotic compared to a normal cell.
Which body fluid compartment contains higher levels of Na+, Cl- and HCO3-?
Both plasma and interstitial fluid
High force crossbridges to form in contracting skeletal muscle,
Ca +2 must, bind to troponin which moves tropomyosin
During skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling this does not occur -
Ca enters the motor end plate through voltage-gated channels
What best explains what "homeostasis" means?
Conditions of extracellular fluid are maintained within a range to ensure cell survival
Which of the following would increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Decrease Co2
How can the pulmonary system compensate for Metabolic alkalosis?...
Decrease ventilation to certain CO2
Which of these would decrease the net flux rate of lipophilic simple diffusion of a solute into a cell?
Decreasing the extracellular solute concentration
Co2 is transported in the blood in 3 ways. What are they?
Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and HCO3-.
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
Drug removal from plasma.
The amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts is
ESV.
Which is true about lipid bilayer membranes?
Fatty acid tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic, the phosphate head groups are hydrophilic
Which of these is equal to the excretion of a substance?
Filtered - reabsorbed + Secreted
Which of the following is a difference between receptor channels and G protein-coupled receptors?
G protein-coupled receptors activated second-messenger systems receptor channels are ion channels
Difference between two-
G protein-coupled receptors mostly activate 2nd messenger systems, ligand gated receptor channels are ion channels
Choose the correct pairing of digestive phase and characteristic...
Gastric phase:is initiated by proteins arriving in stomach
Renin is secreted from..
Granular cells
Which of the following statements is true regarding cellular communication?
Hydrophobic signal molecules cause a relatively slow cellular response
An individual has low ACTH, low CRH, and high stress hormone. Which of the following is true of these parameters?
Hypersecretion of cortisol
Choose the appropriate term this phrase describes: origin of trophic hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
Hypothalamus
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs _____; the beneficial end product is _____.
In the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, ATP
Which of the following would decrease the volume of FRC to the greatest extent?
Increase elastic recoil of lung and decrease elastic recoil of chest wall.
Following a rapid drop in blood pressure, which mechanism or strategy is part of the short term compensation to return arterial blood pressure to normal?
Increase venous constriction
How can the pulmonary system compensate for metabolic acidity?...
Increase ventilation to rid the body of CO2
Which of the following would make the O2 hemoglobin curve shift right?
Increased H+ concentration
If the amount of Na+ in the extracellular fluid increases which of the following best describes a negative feedback mechanism to restore homeostasis?
Increased Na+ removal from body's internal environment
Which of the following options fill the first and second blanks below. Increased K+ consumption, Increased plasma K+, Increased aldosterone secretion, Increased K+ secretion , Increased K+ excretion.
Increased aldosterone secretion, Increased K+ secretion
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Increases NA+ excretion
If you could remove the G protein from a phospholipase C associated G protein-coupled receptor which of the following would be true if a signal molecule binds to the receptor?
Intracellular calcium would not increase
Two cells within an organism are communicating with one another. Cell A releases a paracrine signaling molecule which causes an increase in the cellular concentration of cAMP in Cell B. Which of the following statements is most likely also true?
Intracellular concentration of activated PKA is high in cell B.
A ___ is a chemical messenger that is secreted by a neuron and travels a short distance to the target cell. A ____ is a chemical messenger that is secreted by a neuron and travels through the bloodstream to reach its target cell.
Neurotransmitter; neurohormone
Which of the following is false concerning O2 carrying capacity of blood?
O2 partial pressure is equal between tissues and arterial blood.
Choose the appropriate term this phrase describes: hydrophilic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface.
Peptide hormone
Which of the following is true regarding interstitial fluid and plasma?
Plasma has proteins dissolved in it and interstitial fluid does not
Choose the appropriate term this phrase describes: extension of brain tissue that secretes hypothalamus-produced hormones.
Posterior pituitary
The parasympathetic NS innervates a single structure in the CV system called
SA node.
What can the kidney do to regulate the pH of the extracellular fluid?..
Secrete H+, reabsorb HCO3-, reabsorb H+, secrete HCO3-
Which best define the term "hormone"?
Secreted by a cell, travels through bloodstream, binds to receptors of a target cell
WHich of the following would decrease arterial BP?
Shifting blood volume from arteiries to veins, decreasing HR, decreasing total blood volume, and increasing arteriolar radius.
Which of the following is true regarding fat digestion and absorption..
Simple fat molecules are repackaged as chylomicrons by cells of the small intestine
If you administered a drug to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in a normal, healthy person, which of the following would increase?
Sodium excretion
In the ascending of the loop of Henle, only...
Solutes are absorbed
Aldosterone is a
Steroid hormone
Choose the appropriate term this phrase descrinbes: cannot be stored in secretory vesicles.
Steroid hormone
An individual has a sudden and drastic loss of blood volume from veins. Which of these would happen most immediately following the loss of blood but before the baroreceptor reflex compensates for the loss of blood?
Stroke volume is decreased.
Which of the following statements is false concerning the autonomic regulation of cardiac function?
Sympathetic activity is stimulated by an increase in MAP.
If a loses all anterior pituitary secretions, which of the following would occur?
TRH secretion would increase
Which of the following is true about the relative pressures when a person is resting at functional residual capacity?
The alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
A signal molecule diffuses through the cell membrane. Which of the following is true regarding this signal molecule?
The cellular response will be relatively slow
The intestinal phase of digestion is triggered by..
The entry of chyme into the small intestine
What happens to the oxygen that is used within the mitochondria?
The oxygen accepts electrons and is combine with hydrogen to form water.
Which is true about the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland(s)?
The posterior pituitary is an extension of neural tissue from the hypothalamus.
A signal molecule causes a relatively rapid response from the target cell. Which of the following is true regarding this signal molecule?
The receptor could be a receptor channel
A cell shrinks when placed in solution. Which of the following is correct regarding the cell and solution?
The solution is hypertonic
A cell swells when placed in solution. Which of the following is correct regarding the cell and solution?
The solution is hypotonic
Which structural characteristic of systemic capillaries causes blood velocity to be slow?
They have the largest collective cross-sectional area
Which of the following is true regarding parietal cells?...
They secrete an activator of pepsinogen
Which of the following is true concerning chief cells?..
They secrete enzymes to digest proteins and fats
Which of the following does not contribute to BP?
Tidal volume
Anabolism includes energy _____ reactions that result in the _____ of large molecules.
Utilizing, synthesis
Which would be true in a normal person who becomes lost in a desert without water?
Vasopressin (AVP) secretion would be increased from normal
Which of the following is most similar in meaning to the term dead space?
Volume of space where gas diffusion does not occur
To calculate stroke volume, take the volume in the ventricle at the end of
[diastole] and subtract the volume in the ventricle at the end of [ejection].
GFR is best estimated by measuring the clearance of
a substance that is freely filtered and neither absorbed or secreted
Released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons-
acetylcholine
Which of the following is false about angiotensin II?...
activates parasympathetic output
Aldosterone is released from the
adrenal cortex
Sympathetic target tissue receptor -
adrenergic receptor
Myelination of axons affects action potential propagation by -
allowsing action potential to jump down axon increasing rate of propagation
Action potentials -
always same amplitude, regardless of stimulus strength
The law of mass balance states: if a substance is to remain constant
any gain must be offset by an equal loss
Cardiac muscle cells -
are striated, branched, contract automatically without neural intervention, and have a single nucleus
Filtration concentration... decreases...
as it flowers through the ascending loop of the Henle
Action potential is initiated at -
axon hillock
Absolute Refractory -
basis of 1-way axonal conduction
What is the first line of defense against changes on extracellular pH?...
buffers
Contraction cycle is triggered by the rise in -
ca 2+ (released from SR)
Graded potentials -
can either depolarize or hyperbolize the resting membrane potential
The process of disassembling fatty acids in to two
carbon units inside mitochondria is called - beta-oxidation.
Area of NS responsible for coordination of movement -
cerebellum
Parasympathetic target tissue receptor -
cholinergic muscarinic receptor
Target receptor for preganglionic neurons -
cholinergic nicotinic receptor
Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) stimulates the insertion of water piores in which region of the nephron?
collecting duct
Fick's law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is proportional to
concentration gradient surface area, and membrane permeability
Which of the following includes 2 methods to decrease glomerular filtration rate?
constrict the afferent arteriole and dilate the efferent arteriole
Following excitation of cell membrane, Ca 2+ ATP-ase is removed from muscle fiber -
continual crossbridge formation
Which of the following is most likely to have the slowest effect on target cells? Growth hormone, epinephrine, TSH, ACTH, cortisol
cortisol
Which of the following is incorrect? Norepinephrine is hydrophilic, thyroid hormone is an amine hormone, growth hormone is a peptide hormone, cortisol binds to cell surface receptors, testosterone is derived from cholesterol
cortisol binds to cell surface receptors
Assume a large amount of body H2O is lost. Which of the following is one way kidney function would respond?
decrease GFR
Which will increase the axon's conduction rate of action potentials-
decrease ion leakage through the axon membrane
Rigor mortis (in deceased people when myosin is stuck to actin) is caused by -
depletion of cellular ATP supplies
Which of the following includes 2 methods to increase glomerular filtration rate?
dilate the afferent arteriole and constrict the efferent arteriole
Permeability of voltage-gated K+ channels is highest -
during repolarization phase of action potential
Permeability of voltage-gated K+ channels is highest
during repolarization phase of an action an potential
Which is not a function of the cell membrane?
energy
In the kidney, movement from the nephron lumen to the external environment is called
excretion
The additional air that is forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation is
expiratory reserve volume
The body's internal environment is:
extracellular fluid
Each of the 3 macronutrients is digested by the same enzymes in the exact same locations, and absorbed through the same mechanism...
famse
Bile is made in the ... liver... and aids digestion of ...
fats
Which of the following is not a theme of physiology?
feedback
In the kidney, movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen is called
filtration
Peristaltic... contractions are responsible for
forward movement
The most abundant product of glycogenolysis is
glucose-6-phosphate.
Structure responsible for 1 way conduction down axon
inactivation gate of voltage gated sodium channels.
A decrease in venous radius will
increase cardiac output.
An increase in blood pressure will cause an
increase in arteriolar radius.
A cell with a normal osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L is floating in liquid with an osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L in a beaker. You add 100 milliosmoles of a non-penetrating solute (cannot cross membrane) to the liquid. After equilibrium is reached the osmolarity inside the cell has _____ relative to baseline because water inside the cell has _______.
increased; decreased
Air moves out of the lungs because contraction of the diaphragm
increases the volume of the pleural cavity.
Cellular responses to activation of a G protein-coupled receptor include all of the following except:
increasing enzyme activity
Pneumothorax is the term for when air enters the
intrapleural space.
Electrical current flow -
is carried by moving ions
The Na+ - K+ ATPase pump:
keeps intracellular [K+] higher than extracellular [K+]
Ruptured disk puts pressure on dorsal root -
lack of sensation (numbness)
Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor are both increased above normal. Which of the following could be true?
like growth factor are both increased above normal. Which of the following could be true? - All of the above could be true- GHRH is high, GHRH is low, there is an increase in bone and tissue growth
Vertebral disk ruptures, puts pressure on nerve root, decreases nerve function, pressure on ventral root -
loss of motor control (weakness)
Enzymes increase reaction rate by
lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
"Glucose is transported from blood into cells due to the translocation of GLUT transport proteins to the cell membrane and a concentration gradient." this type of explanation is
mechanistic
Area of CNS that controls involuntary functions-
medulla
segmental.. Are responsible for
mixing
Digested carbohydrates are absorbed as..
monosaccharides
Arterioles are the main site of variable resistance in the CV system and contribute
more than 60% of the total resistance in the CV system.
False about somatic synapse -
motor end plate has high concentration of voltage gated Na+ channels to initiate depolarization (ligand)
There are more sarcomeres than
muscle cells contained in a whole muscle
The 4 basic tissue cell types are:
muscle, epithelial, nerve, and connective
In cross-bridge cycle, this action follows ATP binding to myosin head that is bound to actin -
myosin detaches from actin
If the concentration of a freely filtered substance in the urine is greater than plasma concentration, then
net secretion of the substance occurred
Not part of presynaptic mechanism of neurotransmitter release -
neurotransmitter is actively pumped out of the vesicle
The heart does not contain
non-striated muscle cells
Sympathetic neurotransmitter to target tissue is -
norepinephrine
Graded potentials do not occur
on axon
The body fluid compartments of the body are in:
osmotic equilibrium, chemical and electrical disequilibrium
The availability of _____ determines the fate of _______
oxygen, pyruvate
Autorhythmic cells are also called
pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat.
Calcium reabsorption at the kidneys is promoted by the hormone
parathyroid hormone.
Area of cerebrum responsible for somatic sensory information-
parietal lobe
General characteristics of hormones that do not require a protein carrier:
peptide and catecholamine hormones are hydrophilic and bind to cell surface receptors. They have a relatively fast effect on cells.
Toxin targets and destroys somatic motor enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes -
persistent stimulation of skeletal muscle cells from ACh remaining in synapse
Parasympathetic nervous system -
preganglionic neuron with long axon synapses in a ganglion, then a neuron with short axon releases neurotransmitter onto target tissue
The driving force for blood flow is a
pressure gradient.
Arteries are a
pressure reservoir
The Na+ - K+ ATPase is an example of
primary active transporter
Skeletal muscle fibers do not recruit motor units in
random order
Function of transverse tubules -
rapidly conduct AP to interior of muscle fiber
In the kidney, movement from the nephron lumen to the capillaries is called
reabsorption
Secondary active transport:
relies on using the energy of one molecule moving down its concentration gradient to move another against its concentration gradient
The minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can is
residual volume.
A patient has an acid-base disturbance. His plasma sample indicates a primary disturbance of decreased CO2. Which disorder does the patient most likely have?...
respiratory alkalosis
Termination methods of synaptic transmission of neurotransmitter -
reuptake, diffusion away, enzymatic breakdown
Blood thru heart order
right atrium, right ventricle, pulm artery, pul vein, left atrium, left ventricle.
T-tubules- are inward foldings of the
sarcolemma
An intracellular signal molecule that translates a signal from a neurotransmitter or hormone into an intracellular response is called a
second messenger
Cyclic AMP is
second messenger
The Na+ - Glucose symporter is an example of
secondary active transporter
The liver...
secretes and absorbs from the digestive system, is a metabolic hub, secretes and absorbs from the bloodstream, receives nutrient rich, oxygen-poor blood directly from gastrointestinal tract
In the kidney, movement from the capillaries to the nephron lumen is called
secretion
The pancreas secretes... amylase, lipase. Peptidase, bicarbonate.. Into the
small intestine
The region of the GI tract that is primary site of digestion and absorption is the...
small intestine
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction is
stroke volume.
The distance between the vertical lines on a pressure volume loop represents
stroke volume.
Action potential cannot be
summed
A decrease in extracellular fluid volume causes
sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase.
Synapse that uses something other than acetylcholine as main neurotransmitter -
synapse b/w postganglionic sympathetic neurons and target tissues
Alveolar ventilation quantifies
the amount of air per miniature that reaches diffusing membranes
Aincent single-celled protozoans lived in an ocean environment that was virtually infinite and had near-constant conditions. The analogous environment in human physiology is:
the extracellular fluid compartment
When the diaphragm muscle contracts,
the volume of the thorax increases.
Membrane potential must reach ___ to produce action potential -
threshold
General characteristics of hormones that require a protein carrier:
thyroid and steroid hormones are hydrophobic and bind to intracellular receptors. They have a relatively slow effect on cells.
The amount of air displaced during a single normal inspiration and expiration is
tidal volume.
Effect of myelination on action potential propagation is -
to allow action potential to jump down axon, increases rate of propagation
Hormone 1 causes secretion of hormone 2. Hormone 1 is a(n)
trophic hormone.
Compared to skeletal, smooth muscle lacks
troponin
When the radius of an arteriole decreases, its called
vasoconstriction.
When the radius of an arteriole increases, its called
vasodilation
The capacitance vessels of the systemic circulatory system are the
veins.
The values obtained when measuring blood pressure such as 120/80 reflect the pressure in the major arteries during
ventricular systole and diastole.
The maximal amount of air a person can inhale and exhale is
vital capacity.
Veins are a
volume reservoir
Respiration is under both
voluntary and involuntary control.
In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, only...
water is absorbed
Kidneys directly regulate
water loss only
When a muscle undergoes shortening -
z lines in sarcomeres get closer