Physiology Final

Which of the following are used to keep our systems at or near their setpoints?

Negative feedback loops

The pH of a solution is equal to the ____ logarithm of the _____ concentration.

Negative; H+

Which of these substances could most easily diffuse through a pure phospholipid membrane (membrane with no proteins)?

Lipophilic molecule

A patient has an acid-base disturbance. Her plasma sample indicates a primary disturbance of elevated H+. Which disorder does the patient most likely have?...

Metabolic acidosis

Which of the following would directly increase cardiac output?

More frequent heartbeats.

Normative resting membrane potential of neuron -

-70 mV

Battery attached to electrodes that changes cell membrane potential from

-70 mV to +30 mV and clamped at +30mV - na channels rapidly open and inactivate, K channels slowly open and stay open

Imagine full anaerobic metabolism of glucose. The net number of NADH is ____ and the net number of ATP is ____.

0;2

Steps of transmission at cholinergic synapse -

1) action potential depolarizes axon terminal at presynaptic membrane 2) Ca ions enter axon terminal 3) acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis 4) acetylcholine binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane 5) chemically gated ion channels are activated

Which of the following options goes in the blank space in the list of events below?

1) diaphragm contracts, chest walls expands, intrapleural pressure decreases, chest and lung volume increases, alveolar pressure decreases below ATM pressure, air flows into alveoli

Myofibers in order of fatigue with repeated contractions-

1) glycolytic fast-twitch 2) oxidative glycolytic fast-twitch fibers 3) oxidative slow-twitch fibers

Fill in blank order of events

1) increased venous return 2) increased arterial pressure 3) increased EDV 4) increased SV

If you measured urine osmolarity of a person lost in the desert in the previous question, which osmolarity would it be closest to?

1,200

Put the following steps of fat digestion and absorption in order. 1) Bile salts coat fat droplets 2)Cholesterol is transported into cells 3) Chylomicrons are formed 4) Chylomicrons are released into lymphatic system 5) monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles 6) pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats...

1,6,5,2,3,4,

Extracellular fluid is approximately _____ of total body water and intracellular fluid is approximately ____ of total body water.

1/3; 2/3

1 cycle of beta oxidation yields ____ NADH and ____ FADH2.

1:1

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body 1) tissue 2) cell 3) organ 4)molecule 5) organism 6) organ system. The correct order from smallest to largest is 4

2, 1, 3, 6, 5

Starting with glucose, anarobic glycolysis yields _____ NADH. Each individual turn of the citric acid cycle yields ____ NADH. 1 NADH yields ____ ATP. Full metabolism (anaerobic + aerobic) of 1 glucose molecule yields _____ NADH.

2, 3, 2.5, 10

The Na+ - K+ ATPase pump moves ____ Na+ _____ cells and ____ K+ ____ cells.

3 out of, 2 into

What is the osmolarity of a 2-liter solution with 300 milliosmoles of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

300 mOsm

A 16-carbon fatty acid undergoes ____ cycles of beta oxidation to convert it into ___ Acetyl-CoA.

7, 8

The pH of the extracellular fluid for the above patient would be closest to which of the following?...

7.2

The pH of the extracellular fluid for the above patient would be closest to which of the following?..

7.6

If all other variables remain the same, which of these would decrease in SV?

A decrease in EDV.

A cell must have _____ for the cell to respond to a signal molecule.

A receptor specific to the signal molecule

Which of the following increases MAP?

A shift in the distribution of blood volume from veins to arteries.

Imagine the adrenal cortex was destroyed and all adrenal cortex secretions are lost. Which of the following is true?

ACTH is increased

Which of the following is true regarding facilitated diffusion and passive transport?

ATP consumption is not required for either.

Digested proteins are absorbed as..

Amino acids (or short peptides)

Choose the appropriate term this phrase describes: true endocrine gland of epithelial origin.

Anterior pituitary

Filtrate concentration.. Increases..

As it flows through the descending limb loop of the Henle

Where is the pleural fluid located?

Between the lung and rib cage.

A membrane made only of phospholipids and aquaporins (water channels) separates two 1-liter water-filled compartments (sides A and B). You add 150 millimoles of NaCl into Side A. You add 100 milliosmoles of CaCl2 of glucose into side B. If you then wait for solutions to reach equilibrium which would most likely be true?

Both compartments would be hyperosmotic compared to a normal cell.

Which body fluid compartment contains higher levels of Na+, Cl- and HCO3-?

Both plasma and interstitial fluid

High force crossbridges to form in contracting skeletal muscle,

Ca +2 must, bind to troponin which moves tropomyosin

During skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling this does not occur -

Ca enters the motor end plate through voltage-gated channels

What best explains what "homeostasis" means?

Conditions of extracellular fluid are maintained within a range to ensure cell survival

Which of the following would increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Decrease Co2

How can the pulmonary system compensate for Metabolic alkalosis?...

Decrease ventilation to certain CO2

Which of these would decrease the net flux rate of lipophilic simple diffusion of a solute into a cell?

Decreasing the extracellular solute concentration

Co2 is transported in the blood in 3 ways. What are they?

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and HCO3-.

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

Drug removal from plasma.

The amount of blood left in the ventricle after it contracts is

ESV.

Which is true about lipid bilayer membranes?

Fatty acid tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic, the phosphate head groups are hydrophilic

Which of these is equal to the excretion of a substance?

Filtered - reabsorbed + Secreted

Which of the following is a difference between receptor channels and G protein-coupled receptors?

G protein-coupled receptors activated second-messenger systems receptor channels are ion channels

Difference between two-

G protein-coupled receptors mostly activate 2nd messenger systems, ligand gated receptor channels are ion channels

Choose the correct pairing of digestive phase and characteristic...

Gastric phase:is initiated by proteins arriving in stomach

Renin is secreted from..

Granular cells

Which of the following statements is true regarding cellular communication?

Hydrophobic signal molecules cause a relatively slow cellular response

An individual has low ACTH, low CRH, and high stress hormone. Which of the following is true of these parameters?

Hypersecretion of cortisol

Choose the appropriate term this phrase describes: origin of trophic hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.

Hypothalamus

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs _____; the beneficial end product is _____.

In the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, ATP

Which of the following would decrease the volume of FRC to the greatest extent?

Increase elastic recoil of lung and decrease elastic recoil of chest wall.

Following a rapid drop in blood pressure, which mechanism or strategy is part of the short term compensation to return arterial blood pressure to normal?

Increase venous constriction

How can the pulmonary system compensate for metabolic acidity?...

Increase ventilation to rid the body of CO2

Which of the following would make the O2 hemoglobin curve shift right?

Increased H+ concentration

If the amount of Na+ in the extracellular fluid increases which of the following best describes a negative feedback mechanism to restore homeostasis?

Increased Na+ removal from body's internal environment

Which of the following options fill the first and second blanks below. Increased K+ consumption, Increased plasma K+, Increased aldosterone secretion, Increased K+ secretion , Increased K+ excretion.

Increased aldosterone secretion, Increased K+ secretion

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Increases NA+ excretion

If you could remove the G protein from a phospholipase C associated G protein-coupled receptor which of the following would be true if a signal molecule binds to the receptor?

Intracellular calcium would not increase

Two cells within an organism are communicating with one another. Cell A releases a paracrine signaling molecule which causes an increase in the cellular concentration of cAMP in Cell B. Which of the following statements is most likely also true?

Intracellular concentration of activated PKA is high in cell B.

A ___ is a chemical messenger that is secreted by a neuron and travels a short distance to the target cell. A ____ is a chemical messenger that is secreted by a neuron and travels through the bloodstream to reach its target cell.

Neurotransmitter; neurohormone

Which of the following is false concerning O2 carrying capacity of blood?

O2 partial pressure is equal between tissues and arterial blood.

Choose the appropriate term this phrase describes: hydrophilic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface.

Peptide hormone

Which of the following is true regarding interstitial fluid and plasma?

Plasma has proteins dissolved in it and interstitial fluid does not

Choose the appropriate term this phrase describes: extension of brain tissue that secretes hypothalamus-produced hormones.

Posterior pituitary

The parasympathetic NS innervates a single structure in the CV system called

SA node.

What can the kidney do to regulate the pH of the extracellular fluid?..

Secrete H+, reabsorb HCO3-, reabsorb H+, secrete HCO3-

Which best define the term "hormone"?

Secreted by a cell, travels through bloodstream, binds to receptors of a target cell

WHich of the following would decrease arterial BP?

Shifting blood volume from arteiries to veins, decreasing HR, decreasing total blood volume, and increasing arteriolar radius.

Which of the following is true regarding fat digestion and absorption..

Simple fat molecules are repackaged as chylomicrons by cells of the small intestine

If you administered a drug to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in a normal, healthy person, which of the following would increase?

Sodium excretion

In the ascending of the loop of Henle, only...

Solutes are absorbed

Aldosterone is a

Steroid hormone

Choose the appropriate term this phrase descrinbes: cannot be stored in secretory vesicles.

Steroid hormone

An individual has a sudden and drastic loss of blood volume from veins. Which of these would happen most immediately following the loss of blood but before the baroreceptor reflex compensates for the loss of blood?

Stroke volume is decreased.

Which of the following statements is false concerning the autonomic regulation of cardiac function?

Sympathetic activity is stimulated by an increase in MAP.

If a loses all anterior pituitary secretions, which of the following would occur?

TRH secretion would increase

Which of the following is true about the relative pressures when a person is resting at functional residual capacity?

The alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure

A signal molecule diffuses through the cell membrane. Which of the following is true regarding this signal molecule?

The cellular response will be relatively slow

The intestinal phase of digestion is triggered by..

The entry of chyme into the small intestine

What happens to the oxygen that is used within the mitochondria?

The oxygen accepts electrons and is combine with hydrogen to form water.

Which is true about the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland(s)?

The posterior pituitary is an extension of neural tissue from the hypothalamus.

A signal molecule causes a relatively rapid response from the target cell. Which of the following is true regarding this signal molecule?

The receptor could be a receptor channel

A cell shrinks when placed in solution. Which of the following is correct regarding the cell and solution?

The solution is hypertonic

A cell swells when placed in solution. Which of the following is correct regarding the cell and solution?

The solution is hypotonic

Which structural characteristic of systemic capillaries causes blood velocity to be slow?

They have the largest collective cross-sectional area

Which of the following is true regarding parietal cells?...

They secrete an activator of pepsinogen

Which of the following is true concerning chief cells?..

They secrete enzymes to digest proteins and fats

Which of the following does not contribute to BP?

Tidal volume

Anabolism includes energy _____ reactions that result in the _____ of large molecules.

Utilizing, synthesis

Which would be true in a normal person who becomes lost in a desert without water?

Vasopressin (AVP) secretion would be increased from normal

Which of the following is most similar in meaning to the term dead space?

Volume of space where gas diffusion does not occur

To calculate stroke volume, take the volume in the ventricle at the end of

[diastole] and subtract the volume in the ventricle at the end of [ejection].

GFR is best estimated by measuring the clearance of

a substance that is freely filtered and neither absorbed or secreted

Released by all autonomic preganglionic neurons-

acetylcholine

Which of the following is false about angiotensin II?...

activates parasympathetic output

Aldosterone is released from the

adrenal cortex

Sympathetic target tissue receptor -

adrenergic receptor

Myelination of axons affects action potential propagation by -

allowsing action potential to jump down axon increasing rate of propagation

Action potentials -

always same amplitude, regardless of stimulus strength

The law of mass balance states: if a substance is to remain constant

any gain must be offset by an equal loss

Cardiac muscle cells -

are striated, branched, contract automatically without neural intervention, and have a single nucleus

Filtration concentration... decreases...

as it flowers through the ascending loop of the Henle

Action potential is initiated at -

axon hillock

Absolute Refractory -

basis of 1-way axonal conduction

What is the first line of defense against changes on extracellular pH?...

buffers

Contraction cycle is triggered by the rise in -

ca 2+ (released from SR)

Graded potentials -

can either depolarize or hyperbolize the resting membrane potential

The process of disassembling fatty acids in to two

carbon units inside mitochondria is called - beta-oxidation.

Area of NS responsible for coordination of movement -

cerebellum

Parasympathetic target tissue receptor -

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

Target receptor for preganglionic neurons -

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) stimulates the insertion of water piores in which region of the nephron?

collecting duct

Fick's law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion across a membrane is proportional to

concentration gradient surface area, and membrane permeability

Which of the following includes 2 methods to decrease glomerular filtration rate?

constrict the afferent arteriole and dilate the efferent arteriole

Following excitation of cell membrane, Ca 2+ ATP-ase is removed from muscle fiber -

continual crossbridge formation

Which of the following is most likely to have the slowest effect on target cells? Growth hormone, epinephrine, TSH, ACTH, cortisol

cortisol

Which of the following is incorrect? Norepinephrine is hydrophilic, thyroid hormone is an amine hormone, growth hormone is a peptide hormone, cortisol binds to cell surface receptors, testosterone is derived from cholesterol

cortisol binds to cell surface receptors

Assume a large amount of body H2O is lost. Which of the following is one way kidney function would respond?

decrease GFR

Which will increase the axon's conduction rate of action potentials-

decrease ion leakage through the axon membrane

Rigor mortis (in deceased people when myosin is stuck to actin) is caused by -

depletion of cellular ATP supplies

Which of the following includes 2 methods to increase glomerular filtration rate?

dilate the afferent arteriole and constrict the efferent arteriole

Permeability of voltage-gated K+ channels is highest -

during repolarization phase of action potential

Permeability of voltage-gated K+ channels is highest

during repolarization phase of an action an potential

Which is not a function of the cell membrane?

energy

In the kidney, movement from the nephron lumen to the external environment is called

excretion

The additional air that is forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation is

expiratory reserve volume

The body's internal environment is:

extracellular fluid

Each of the 3 macronutrients is digested by the same enzymes in the exact same locations, and absorbed through the same mechanism...

famse

Bile is made in the ... liver... and aids digestion of ...

fats

Which of the following is not a theme of physiology?

feedback

In the kidney, movement from the glomerulus to the nephron lumen is called

filtration

Peristaltic... contractions are responsible for

forward movement

The most abundant product of glycogenolysis is

glucose-6-phosphate.

Structure responsible for 1 way conduction down axon

inactivation gate of voltage gated sodium channels.

A decrease in venous radius will

increase cardiac output.

An increase in blood pressure will cause an

increase in arteriolar radius.

A cell with a normal osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L is floating in liquid with an osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L in a beaker. You add 100 milliosmoles of a non-penetrating solute (cannot cross membrane) to the liquid. After equilibrium is reached the osmolarity inside the cell has _____ relative to baseline because water inside the cell has _______.

increased; decreased

Air moves out of the lungs because contraction of the diaphragm

increases the volume of the pleural cavity.

Cellular responses to activation of a G protein-coupled receptor include all of the following except:

increasing enzyme activity

Pneumothorax is the term for when air enters the

intrapleural space.

Electrical current flow -

is carried by moving ions

The Na+ - K+ ATPase pump:

keeps intracellular [K+] higher than extracellular [K+]

Ruptured disk puts pressure on dorsal root -

lack of sensation (numbness)

Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor are both increased above normal. Which of the following could be true?

like growth factor are both increased above normal. Which of the following could be true? - All of the above could be true- GHRH is high, GHRH is low, there is an increase in bone and tissue growth

Vertebral disk ruptures, puts pressure on nerve root, decreases nerve function, pressure on ventral root -

loss of motor control (weakness)

Enzymes increase reaction rate by

lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells due to the translocation of GLUT transport proteins to the cell membrane and a concentration gradient." this type of explanation is

mechanistic

Area of CNS that controls involuntary functions-

medulla

segmental.. Are responsible for

mixing

Digested carbohydrates are absorbed as..

monosaccharides

Arterioles are the main site of variable resistance in the CV system and contribute

more than 60% of the total resistance in the CV system.

False about somatic synapse -

motor end plate has high concentration of voltage gated Na+ channels to initiate depolarization (ligand)

There are more sarcomeres than

muscle cells contained in a whole muscle

The 4 basic tissue cell types are:

muscle, epithelial, nerve, and connective

In cross-bridge cycle, this action follows ATP binding to myosin head that is bound to actin -

myosin detaches from actin

If the concentration of a freely filtered substance in the urine is greater than plasma concentration, then

net secretion of the substance occurred

Not part of presynaptic mechanism of neurotransmitter release -

neurotransmitter is actively pumped out of the vesicle

The heart does not contain

non-striated muscle cells

Sympathetic neurotransmitter to target tissue is -

norepinephrine

Graded potentials do not occur

on axon

The body fluid compartments of the body are in:

osmotic equilibrium, chemical and electrical disequilibrium

The availability of _____ determines the fate of _______

oxygen, pyruvate

Autorhythmic cells are also called

pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat.

Calcium reabsorption at the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

parathyroid hormone.

Area of cerebrum responsible for somatic sensory information-

parietal lobe

General characteristics of hormones that do not require a protein carrier:

peptide and catecholamine hormones are hydrophilic and bind to cell surface receptors. They have a relatively fast effect on cells.

Toxin targets and destroys somatic motor enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes -

persistent stimulation of skeletal muscle cells from ACh remaining in synapse

Parasympathetic nervous system -

preganglionic neuron with long axon synapses in a ganglion, then a neuron with short axon releases neurotransmitter onto target tissue

The driving force for blood flow is a

pressure gradient.

Arteries are a

pressure reservoir

The Na+ - K+ ATPase is an example of

primary active transporter

Skeletal muscle fibers do not recruit motor units in

random order

Function of transverse tubules -

rapidly conduct AP to interior of muscle fiber

In the kidney, movement from the nephron lumen to the capillaries is called

reabsorption

Secondary active transport:

relies on using the energy of one molecule moving down its concentration gradient to move another against its concentration gradient

The minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can is

residual volume.

A patient has an acid-base disturbance. His plasma sample indicates a primary disturbance of decreased CO2. Which disorder does the patient most likely have?...

respiratory alkalosis

Termination methods of synaptic transmission of neurotransmitter -

reuptake, diffusion away, enzymatic breakdown

Blood thru heart order

right atrium, right ventricle, pulm artery, pul vein, left atrium, left ventricle.

T-tubules- are inward foldings of the

sarcolemma

An intracellular signal molecule that translates a signal from a neurotransmitter or hormone into an intracellular response is called a

second messenger

Cyclic AMP is

second messenger

The Na+ - Glucose symporter is an example of

secondary active transporter

The liver...

secretes and absorbs from the digestive system, is a metabolic hub, secretes and absorbs from the bloodstream, receives nutrient rich, oxygen-poor blood directly from gastrointestinal tract

In the kidney, movement from the capillaries to the nephron lumen is called

secretion

The pancreas secretes... amylase, lipase. Peptidase, bicarbonate.. Into the

small intestine

The region of the GI tract that is primary site of digestion and absorption is the...

small intestine

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction is

stroke volume.

The distance between the vertical lines on a pressure volume loop represents

stroke volume.

Action potential cannot be

summed

A decrease in extracellular fluid volume causes

sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to increase.

Synapse that uses something other than acetylcholine as main neurotransmitter -

synapse b/w postganglionic sympathetic neurons and target tissues

Alveolar ventilation quantifies

the amount of air per miniature that reaches diffusing membranes

Aincent single-celled protozoans lived in an ocean environment that was virtually infinite and had near-constant conditions. The analogous environment in human physiology is:

the extracellular fluid compartment

When the diaphragm muscle contracts,

the volume of the thorax increases.

Membrane potential must reach ___ to produce action potential -

threshold

General characteristics of hormones that require a protein carrier:

thyroid and steroid hormones are hydrophobic and bind to intracellular receptors. They have a relatively slow effect on cells.

The amount of air displaced during a single normal inspiration and expiration is

tidal volume.

Effect of myelination on action potential propagation is -

to allow action potential to jump down axon, increases rate of propagation

Hormone 1 causes secretion of hormone 2. Hormone 1 is a(n)

trophic hormone.

Compared to skeletal, smooth muscle lacks

troponin

When the radius of an arteriole decreases, its called

vasoconstriction.

When the radius of an arteriole increases, its called

vasodilation

The capacitance vessels of the systemic circulatory system are the

veins.

The values obtained when measuring blood pressure such as 120/80 reflect the pressure in the major arteries during

ventricular systole and diastole.

The maximal amount of air a person can inhale and exhale is

vital capacity.

Veins are a

volume reservoir

Respiration is under both

voluntary and involuntary control.

In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, only...

water is absorbed

Kidneys directly regulate

water loss only

When a muscle undergoes shortening -

z lines in sarcomeres get closer