physiology test 1 ch.1 -2
what carries out genetic instruction for synthesizing proteins?
RNA
unique, three-dimensional shape of protein crucial to function
conformation
resembles treatment group but does not receive treatment
controls
extreme conformational change that destroys function ex: extreme heat
denaturation
what are some examples of triglycerides ?
dietary oils and fats
Sugars that are made up of two covalently bonded monosaccharides?
disaccharides
negative feedback allows for __________ within a limited range around a set point
dynamic equilibrium
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (the heart)
effector
20 carbon compounds derived from arachidonic acid
eicosanoids
hormone- like chemical signals b/w cells
eicosanoids
what is one of the most important considerations in patient care ?( imbalances can lead to coma or cardiac arrest)
electrolyte balance
substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electric current
electrolytes
what are proteins that function as biological catalysts ?
enzymes
What is the storage form of glucose?
glycogen
what is energy storage in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina
glycogen
three important polysaccharides?
glycogen, starch, cellulose
Occurs in cytoplasm; net products are 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules and does not require oxygen
glycolysis
what is the splitting of glucose into two pyruvates called?
glycolysis
what is a major component of mucus?
glycoproteins
A difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points
gradient
the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
homeostasis
carbohydrates has a 2:1 ration of __________ to __________.
hydrogen to oxygen
what breaks the third high-energy phosphate bond?
hydrolysis
__________ molecules are polarized or charged (sugar)
hydrophilic
substances that dissolve in water
hydrophilic
__________molecules are nonpolar or neutral (fats/lipids)
hydrophobic
substances that do not dissolve in water
hydrophobic
what are examples of carbons functional groups?
hydroxyl, methyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate
An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called
hypothesis
loss of homeostatic control causes
illness or death
control center that processes the sensory information, "makes a decision" , and directs the response (cardiac center of the brain)
integrating (control) center
When a sodium atom loses an electron, it becomes a sodium ______.
ion
charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons and electrons
ion
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
ionization
what are hydrophobic organic molecules with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
lipids
Carbohydrates are often conjugated with ________ or _________
lipids, proteins
"good" and "bad" cholesterol refer to droplets of _______________in the blood that are complexes of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid, and protein
lipoprotein
what are very large organic molecules with high molecular weights?
macromolecules
what two things tend to flow down gradients
matter and energy
one enzyme molecule can catalyze ___________ per minute
millions of reactions
if enough oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs in the __________
mitochondria
What is the simplest carbohydrate?
monosaccharides also known as monomer
what are the three principal components of nucleotides
nitrogenous base sugar one or more phosphate group
in Anerobic fermentation , is oxygen needed?
no and no ATP
organic compounds with three principal components
nucleotides
what is the study of compounds containing carbon?
organic chemistry
what is the final electron receptor in anaerobic respiration?
oxygen
joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next
peptide bond
similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group - structural formation of cell membrane
phospholipids
addition of free phosphate group to a molecule
phosphorylation
what are macromolecules that are made up of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits (monomers)
polymer
what are long chains of monosaccharides ?
polysaccharides
what type of acids have multiple double bonds b/w carbons
polyunsaturated
a Self-amplifying cycle
positive feedback
Proteoglycans are more carbohydrate than ________
protein
What is an example of a polymer?
starch
energy storage in plants that is digestible by humans
starch
Provides statement of probability that treatment was effective
statistical testing
lipid with 17 carbon atoms in four rings
steroid
What are the functions of proteins?
structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion
substance an enzyme acts upon
substrate
what are three important disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, maltose
What are examples of carbohydrates?
sugars and starches
_____________ on surface of water is due to molecules being held together by surface tension.
surface film
what are some factors that can change enzyme shape and function?
temperature and pH
water's ___________ stability helps stabilize the internal temperature of the body?
thermal
two covalent single C-C bonds angle in opposite on each side of the side of the C=C double bond
trans-fatty acid
- three fatty acids linked to glycerol - primary function is energy storage - helps with insulation and shock absorption
triglycerides
true or false: water has a high heat capacity
true
water is called.....
universal solvent
-contains some double bonds b/w carbons - molecule has potential to add hydrogen
unsaturated fatty acids
failure to consider ___________ can lead to overmedication of elderly or medicating women on the basis of research done on me
variation
narrowing of blood vessel lumens
vasoconstriction
widening of blood vessel lumens
vasodilation
_________ is very cohesive due to its hydrogen bonds
water
polar covalent bond and a V-shaped molecule give water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life
water
what is the tendency of one substance to cling to another?
adhesion
central carbon with three attachments: amino group, carboxyl group, and radical group
amino acid
hydrolysis of ATP is catalyzed by
adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases)
what are examples of positive feedback loops
childbirth and blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals
the parent steroid from which other steroids are synthesized
cholesterol
two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the c=c double bonds
cis-fatty acids
organic cofactors are called
coenzymes (vitamins)
non-protein "helper" molecules whose presence is necessary for many enzymes to function
cofactors
Names of carbohydrates are often built from the root ________ and the suffix ______ both meaning sugar, sweet.
"sacchar-" "-ose"
reaction rates increase when
-Reactants are more concentrated -Temp rises -Catalyst is present
what are examples of negative feedback?
1) regulation of heart rate 2) regulation of blood pressure 3) regulation of depth of breath 4) blood levels of O2, CO2 and minerals
what is the bodys most important energy-transfer molecule
ATP
What is the storage form of energy called?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
what are examples of nucleotides?
ATP, cAMP
what is the waste product in aerobic respiration?
CO2 (carbon dioxide) and water
the tendency of like molecules to cling to each other?
cohesion
Who noted fairly constant internal conditions despite changing external conditions (for example, temperature)?
Claude Bernard
what are the three most important monomer (monosaccharides)?
glucose, galactose, and fructose
what is another nucleotide involved in energy transport?
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
what are examples of cations?
NA+ sodium Ca+ calcium K+ potassium Fe2+ iron
what is needed to keep glycolysis running?
NAD+
what are some anions ?
OH- (hydroxide) Cl- ( chloride) I- Iodine HCO3- bicarbonate PO3^4- phosphate
coined the term homeostasis
Walter Cannon
what leads to greater change in the same direction
a positive feedback
particle that has a net negative charge (due to gain of electrons)
anion
essential fatty acids MUST _____________
be obtained from food
Glucose is a ________
blood sugar
which nucleotide becomes the "second messenger" within the cell?
cAMP
______________are hydrophilic organic molecules
carbohydrates
what is a quickly mobilized source of energy ?
carbohydrates
what are the four catorgories of carbon compounds ?
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
Carbon atoms bind readily with each other to form
carbon backbones **form long chains, branched molecules, and rings **form covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements
particle that has a net positive charge (due to loss of electrons)
cation
In nature, sodium atoms lose electrons; therefore, they become ______.
cations
structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber
cellulose
Avoided with double-blind study
experimenter bias
if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong
falsifiability
what are chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other
fatty acids
what are the five primary types of lipids in the human body
fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids eicosanoids steroids
Carbon has ___ valence electrons
four
what determines many of the properties of organic molecules?
functional groups
psychosomatic effects are tested by ?
giving a placebo to the control group
All digested carbohydrates are converted to
glucose and oxidized to make ATP
what is a polymer of amino acids
proteins
effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as _________
psychosomatic effects
what is the name of the chemical in our immune system that releases in our hypothalamus
pyrogen (fire)
structure that senses change in the body (stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure)
receptor
enzymes are not consumed by the reactions refers to?
reusability of enzymes
number of subjects in a study
sample size
- carbon atoms linked by single covalent bond -molecule conatins as much hydrogen as possible
saturated fatty acids
which phosphate groups have high energy bonds
second and third
