Plant propagation test 1

Mound layering

Shoot are cut back to the ground to promote multiple new shoots and soil or root substrate is mounded around them to stimulate roots to develop at their bases. -Stooling

Define:graft compatibility

The ability of two different plants, grafted together, to produce a successful union and to develop satisfactorily into one composite plant

rooting media majorly consists of? 2 things

peat moss 1:3 perlite 1:1

True or false , trench layering can be defined as that the initial stem used to establish the layering system is laid horizontally in a trench

true

True or false, inverted stem cuttings still produce roots at the proximal end

true

True or false, the ability of previously , developed differentiated cells to initiate cell divisions and form new meristems is called dedifferentiation

true

true or false splice graft (whip graft) is included in detached scion graftage

true

true or false, light is one of the limited factors for growing roots

true

true or false, onions is a bulb, which does not have a stem, but thick and fleshy scales

true

potato produces a speacial organ called

tuber

tissue culture is sexual or asexual?

asexual but it can be sexual

Hormone that promotes root formation

auxin

Cytokinins effective in initiating: auxin effective in initiating:

buds roots

proximel: distal :

closest to root is the root or top of plant

Plagiotropic:

cutting grow horizontally

Orthotropic:

cutting grows vertically

how to propagate a plant asexually

cutting,grafting,layering

hormones treatment ways 3

dip soak powder

Compound layering

entire branch with many nodes is laid horizontally and covered with soil. Shoots develop from each node. Roots can form on the new shoots or the buried node. ex: ,rasberry

define and give example: leaf cutting

entire leaf,portion of leaf and or lead with petiole are used to propagate or form a new plant ex: snake plant

Define and give example: Propagule

entire piece of propagate material that is used to propagate a new plant. Ex: seed,leaf, piece of root

true or false Rhizome is a type of special stem and it grows above the ground

false below

true or false, adventitious roots usually formed from stem pith?

false cambium ray

true or false genetic information from rootstock is usually mixed with scion genes

false Not

graft incompatibility mostly occured if you grafted plants between

genera

advantage of vegetative propagation :

genetically identical only one parent plant required faster more roots

air layering is also called? 2 names

gootee marcottage

etiolation

growing plant in little to zero light

stem cutting from magonila in december is what? harwood,semihard or soft wood

hardwood

Adventitious organs

include new roots and buds that are formed from cells and tissue of previously developed shoots and roots

simple layering:

intact shoot is bent to the ground and a single portion of the stem between base and shoot tip is covered with soil or root medium so that adventicous roots form

world wide organization for plant propagators is

ipps

a way of rooting cuttings in which adventitious roots are initiates on a stem while still attached to the plant is called

layering

grafting union can be better formed under what temperature

80

Field Grafting Systems

- Crown Grafting - Topworking - Double-Working (Grafting or Budding)

define softwood cuttings and the advantages

- Cuttings from soft succulent new spring growth of deciduous or evergreen species -Root easier and quicker

Types of grafts can be categorized as

- Detached scion graftage - Approach graftage - Repair graftage of established trees

Effects of the Rootstock on the Scion Cultivar

- Growth Habit - Size, Quality, and Maturity of Fruit

Cutting Environment

- Rooting media • Mist system • Disease control • Temperature/bottom heat • Light/shade

The most commonly used systems to layer plants include

- Simp lelayering - Compound layering - Serpentine layering - Air layering - Mound layering or stooling - Trench layering

Approach Graftage

- Spliced Approach Graft - Tongued Approach Graft (TAG) - Inlay Approach Graft

the rooting medium has four functions

- To hold the cutting in place - To provide moisture for the cutting - To permit exchange of air - To create a dark environment

Adventitious buds & shoots arise from

- any plant part other than terminal, lateral or latent buds and stems .

woody cuttings could be further classifies as ? 3 things

- hardwood -softwood -semi hardwood -root

PREVENTATIVE DISEASE CONTROL

-Disease-Free Stock Plants - Chemical Treatment of Cuttings - Microbes for Rooting and Pathogen Control

Advantage of mist

-Evaporation from leaves results in cooling of leaf -Allows full sunlight for maximum phytosynthesis - Misting washes off fungi

To discuss the effect of hormones on rooting of cuttings, the three approaches are ?

-Type of hormone -Method of application of hormone -Hormone concentration

Serpentine layering

A branch with numerous nodes is laid horizontally and each other node is covered with soil. Shoots develop from uncovered nodes and roots form from covered nodes.

Layering:

-a way of rooting cuttings in which adventitious roots are initiated on a stem while still attached to the plant. • The rooted stem (layer) is then detached, transplanted, and becomes a separate plant on its own roots.

Adventitious roots =roots that arise on ?

-aerial plant parts, underground stems

Budding define

-art of joining only one bud of a living plant with another living plant in such a manner that they will unite and subsequently grow and develop as one composite plant. - An exception to this is patch budding of pecan, where secondary and tertiary buds are adjacent at the same node to the primary bud

Grafting define

-art of joining two pieces of living plant tissue together in such a manner that they will unite and subsequently grow and develop as one composite plant.

Reasons for layering success

-attachment to mother plant -Accumulation of photosynthesis/hormones in rooting area -light exclusion in rooting zone -invigoration and rejuvenation -seasonal patterns

cleft graft wedge grat saddle graft four flap Hole insertion graft

-cut slit in rootstock make scion v and put it there - triangle into triangle - scion saddle rootstock point -four flap rootstock , naked scion - hol made in root stock and scion put in ( used in china for Cucurbita)

define Semi-Hardwood Cuttings

-cutting from Woody evergreen species - collected late spring-late summer

True or false,vegetative propagation can be defined as regenerating plants from seed .

-false -Sexual propagation

Sweet Fern, Comptonia peregrina

-grows better in cold -Cold temperatures above freezing optimum for stratification. -root cuttings

three subtypes of leaf cuttings are

-leaf and petiole -entire leaf blade -portions of leaf blade

Cutting propagation

-portion of stem, root, or leaf that is cut from the parent plant and induced to form roots and shoots by chemical, mechanical, and/or environmental manipulation * important for deciduous and evergreen plants

Herbaceous Cuttings could be classified into 3 groups

-stem -leaf -leaf bud -root

Graft Incompatibility

. Within a Clone • Between Clones Within a Species • Between Species Within a Genus • Between Genera Within a Family • Between Families

Order of events to produce wound-induced roots

1. outer cells die 2. necrotic plate forms and seals the wound 3. (callus) form behind plate 4. cells near the vascular cambium divide and produce adventitious roots

Stages of root initiation

1.Dedifferentiation of cells. 2.Formation of root initials 3.Development into root primordia. 4.Emergence of roots

For any successful grafting operation, producing a plant requires five important elements:

- rootstock/scion must be compatible. - vascular cambium of the scion and rootstock placed in direct contact - The rootstock and scion need to be in the proper physiological stage. - Immediately after grafting ,all cuts must be protected from desiccation. -Proper care must be given to the grafts for a period after grafting

Adventitious root formation is caused by? two things

- wound induced rooting -preformed root initials

define Herbaceous Cuttings

-Cuttings from succulent plants with little or no woody tissue - Anytime of the year

rooting media temps temperate cuttings: tropical cuttings:

65 to 77°F. 77-89 tropical

genreal temperature for rooting of stem cuttings

75

Plant Propagation

Any portion of a plant, root, stem, leaf or bud which is separated from the plant and has been induced to form roots

A unique geophytic structure which is the base of the stem axis is swollen, has nodes and internodes and is enclosed in a dry membranous tunic

Corm

Define evergreen hardwood cuttings:

Cuttings from evergreen plants during late Fall, Winter, or early Spring

Topophysis

Different growth characteristics when different parts of the plant are used as cuttings.

Define and give example: Hypoeotyl grafting

Graft where scion is put on the hypoeotyl area of rootstock -cucumber,squash ,watermelon

Name another name for : Sexual propagation and Asexual propagation

Seed germination vegetative propagation

pegged down

The practice of holding the stem horizontally in place with any type of wire, metal, or wooden fastener.

Effect of the Scion Cultivar on the Rootstock

Vigor and Development of rootstock

air layering

a aerial stem is girdled and enclosed with rooting media to produce rooted layers in the upper part of the plant.

Girdling:

removal of strip of bark (cambium) of woody plant

comptonia peregina sweet fern can be propagated by

root

When propagating with leaf cuttings what organs form?

roots and shoots -exception piggy back plant

Plant modifications resulting in natural layering

runners suckers stolons tip layering

grafting usually consists of two parts

scion and rootstock

graft a tall apple to a dwarf rootstock will produce

shorter

Why do we want to use interstock which created twice amount of workload

sometimes root stock and scion are incompatible. an interstock that is c compatable to both is then used so it can complete the graft union.

geopgyte :

special organ below substrate , used to store energy, and in propagation ex. rhizome ,bulb ,tuber

Blueberry can be better propagated by ?

stem

Cuttings are made from the vegetative portions of the plant,such as ?5

stem leaves roots tubers rhizomes

Define deciduous hardwood cutting and the advantages:

stem cutting taken from woody plant in winter when plant is dormant or not growing as actively -low cost -easy Ex.rose ,blueberry

Do not collect cutting in ?

sunny pm

Dedifferentiation

the ability of previously developed, differentiated cells to initiate cell divisions & form new meristems = adventitious roots and buds.

Correlative effect =

the control of one organ over the development of another

Define and give example: Hilling up

the processing of building a mound of dirt/soil around the base of a plant during layering Ex: pomegranate , apple

Five factors effecting the rooting of cuttings:

timing: Cuttings must be taken at certain time of year Hormones: auxin promotes root growth light/temp: lack of light promotes root growth . Believes it is in the soil Nutrition: sufficient Carbohydrates (sugars) are need to root growth wounding: can initiate roots to grow faster