Plant Science Lab: Horticulture: Vegetable - Fruit Lab

WI ranks __ in cranberry production in the US

#1

what part do you eat: potato

tuber

minimum winter temp and zone it could be grown in: blackberries

-15; 5

minimum winter temp and zone it could be grown in: peaches

-15; 5

minimum winter temp and zone it could be grown in: apples

-30; 3

the USDA zone map is determined by the extreme minimum temp of an area over __ years and can be used in conjunction with this table (table 3) to predict which fruit crops could be grown in various areas of the US

30

familiarity with some of the growth characteristics of common vegetables will help you appreciate their areas of __

adaptability

fabaceae (legume, pea, of broadbean)

alfalfa, snap (green) bean, lima bean, mung bean, pea

fruits __ __ ready at the same time

are not

lilaceae (lily)

asparagus

amaranthaceae (amaranth)

beet, swiss chard, spinach

brassicaceae (mustard)

brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, horse radish, mustard greens, radish, rutabada, turnip

what part do you eat: onion

bulb

which state appears to be the most important in terms of production value and acreage

california

climatic adaptation

can survive in dry weather, or winter; Ex: artichoke

apiaceae (celery)

carrot, celery, parsnip, celeriac, parsley

vegetable crops play an important role among other agricultural commodities in the state's __ __

cash receipts

alliaceae (allium)

chives, onion, garlic, leek

climatic adaptation (growing season): table 3 classifies vegetable crops according to climatic adaptation.Ex of cold and warm season

cold: pea, lettuce, broccoli, radishes warm: tomato, zucchini, peppers, sweet potato, squash, pumpkin

which are fruits/nuts are grown in any significant quantities in WI

cranberries, strawberries, dates, cherries, plums, apples

however, one indigenous fruit crop of major interest in WI is the __

cranberry

other plant species produce fruit without __-__

cross-polination

thus, one can grow blueberries and apricot trees in the river falls area, but one will not get fruit unless extremely hardy __ are chosen

cultivars

green beans grown commercially for fresh or processed products are call __

determinate

harvest timing

determinate or indeterminate

non-hardy

doesn't survive winter

harvest timing

early or late season

solanaceae (nightshade)

eggplant, potato, pepper, tomato

determinate plants cease vegetative growth when __ begins

flowering

late spring frosts also pose a significant hazard in WI, as the low temps can kill young __ or __

flowers, fruits

vegetable crops are produced commercially, as well as in home gardens (~2 million acres) as a hobby, to save money, and/or to ensure __ and __

freshness and safety

what part do you eat: cucumber

fruit

name of indeterminate vegetable grown by home gardeners

green bean, tomato

different ways vegetables classified

harvest timing; life cycle; climatic adaptation

cucurbitaceae (gourd)

honeydew melon, watermelon, muskmelon (cantelope), cucumber, pumpkin, squash

__ plants, on the other hand, continue to grow vegetatively __ flowering begins

indeterminate; after

many of the fruit crops grown in the US are not __ here

indigenous

what part do you eat: broccoli

inflorescnece

what part do you eat: lettuce

leaves

asteraceae (aster)

lettuce, endive

culinary vegetable

loose definition

fruit and nut crops are grown in the __ populated areas of the world

most

minimum winter temp and zone it could be grown in: strawberries

mulch; 1?

which botanical family appears the most important as far as the number of fruits found within it

mustard

indigenous

native

winter hardiness is a limiting factor for many fruit crops in __ states and traces ultimately to tissue desiccation from cold temps

northern

many are grown in __ areas in the summer and in __ areas during the winter

northern; southern

botanical vegetable

not from sexual reproduction (leaf/stem) (fruits from sexual repro)

hardiness

not the average cold winter temp, is the coldest night of the year

malvaceae (cotton)

okra

__ __ production in WI has become increasingly important

organic vegetable

life cylce

perennial; annual; Ex: asparagus is perennial

the competitive nature of these __ commodities restricts the commercial production to areas with the most favorable __, __, and __

perishable; climate, soil, market

many plant species require __ from another individual withing the species to produce fruit

pollen

additional fruit types to be studied include the __, __, __, __, __, and various types of berries

pome, drupe, nut, multiple, aggregate

poaceae (grass)

popcorn, sweet corn

life cycle: table 2 classifies vegetables according to their life cycle. some are annuals, biennials, or perennials. some plants may be perennials in their native habitat, but are non-hardy in colder climates. example of a non-hardy perennial vegetable in WI

potato

when one ranks the importance of a crop, several statistical measures may be used: __ __, __ __, and __ __

production tonnage (processing vs fresh), dollar value, acres harvested

many vegetables provide significant quantities of high quality __ as well, especially peas, beans, and other legumes

protein

polygonaceae (buckwheat)

rhubarb

what part do you eat: carrot

root

all of the beans will be ready for harvest (machine or by hand) at the __ time

same

they produce ripe fruits over a period of __ weeks

several

plants that possess __, __ flowers typically co-evolved with insect pollinators

showy, fragrant

WI also ranks highly in __ __ production tonnage

sour cherry

simple fruits

stand alone, don't bunch together

one of the most important methods of classifying and identifying fruit crops is by actual study of fruit __

structures

convolvulaceae (morningglory)

sweet potato

drupe (Stone fruit)

the peach, nectarine, plum, prune, and cherry, together with the apricot, avocado and almond, possess similar basic structures. this is single-seeded, fleshy, indehiscent fruit derived entirely from an ovary. possesses a "stony" endocarp

pomology

the study of fruit and nut production

olericulture

the study of vegetable production

berry

they are MULTI-SEEDED, fleshy, indehiscent fruits. some berries have relatively soft skins, ex: grapes and blueberries. cucmbers, squash (summer and winter), and other members of the gourd family possess berries with thickened rinds; these berries are known as pepos. members of the rue family (oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit) possess berries with leathery exteriors. we call this type of berry a hesperidium

multiple fruits

they, like the pineapple, fig, or mulberry, is derived from the fusion of many ovaries and receptacles of many flowers. in the case of the mulberry and pineapple, the flowering stem of the plant is populated with closely crowded fruitlets derived from many flowers

aggregate fruits

they, such as a strawberry, blackberry, and raspberry, are derived from many ovaries of a single flower. the strawberry fruit is characterized by an enlarged and juicy receptacle studded with dry single-seeded dry fruits called achenes. blackberry and raspberry fruits are composed of a number of carpels, each of which forms a small drupe or drupelet. stay together, to look like one unit

pepos

think like a cucumber or squash

pome

this (apple, pear, quince) is a multi-seeded, fleshy, indehiscent fruit. its pistil contains several carpels (5-7). as it matures, the ovary and receptacle fuse. the fleshy, edible portion is an enlargement of a receptacle. actual fruit surrounded by receptacle

nut

this, such as the walnut, pecan, or hickory, is a single-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit. derived from the fusion of the ovary and the perianth (calyx and corolla combined). in the case of walnuts, the hull adheres to the shell. in the hickories, the hull splits and drops from the shell. the edible portion is the seed. note that the pericarp is composed of the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. pericarp is dry

other factors include: __ and __ of extreme cold, and fluctuating temps and humidity

timing and duration

Wisconsin brags a significant harvested acreage of __ __ for processing (like canning it/preserve) in the US, but its presence in the commercial fresh market is minimal, compared to states like Texas, california, and florida

vegetable crops

usually flower buds will be killed by milder winter temps than __ buds

vegetative

vegetables play an important role in providing essential __, __ and __ in the human diet, as compared to food staples such as rice, wheat, corn, and cassava, which are more important providers of carbs (energy)

vitamins, minerals, and fiber

which state leads in the production tonnage of apples

washington

cyperaceae (sedge)

water chestnut

__ leads the rest of the world's fruit crops in production tonnage

watermelon

why aren't grapes and bananas more important to people world wide than watermelon

watermelon dont ship well so more of a local thing (perishable); bananas and grapes ship well

the pollinator for many nut trees is __

wind

winter survival is much more complicated than minimum __ __

winter temp

fruit __ is influenced by both the presence and activity of __ as well as proximity to compatible genotypes

yield; pollinators