PLNT 1213

pure live seed equation (%)

(%germination x %purity)/100

seed purity equation

(g sample - g weed - g other seed - g inert material)/ g sample

seed selection factors

1. appropriate species 2. appropriate variety 3. high quality

purposes of tillage

1. create suitable seed bed 2. eliminate weed competition 3. improve physical condition of soil

steps to nutrient uptake

1. root interception 2. diffusion 3. mass flow

seed quality factors

1. viability 2. purity 3. vigor (field condition performance) 4. presence of pathogens, insects, or weed seeds 5. mechanical damage

"the worst hard time"

10 years of diaries from the dust bowl

conventional tillage

The traditional method of cultivation in which the soil is broken up by plowing before seeds are planted

soil organic matter

a complex mixture of partially and completely decomposed matter in the soil

seed viability

ability of a seed to germinate under favorable conditions (IDEAL)

strip cropping

alternating crops in rows in the same field (polyculture)

seeding rate

amount of seed planted per acre

conservation tillage

any tillage system whose primary goal is maintenance of plant residue on the soil surface (>30% crop residue remains on soil surface)

field cultivator

arrow-like blade; not deep; used for incorporating herbicides; secondary tillage

embryo

baby plant in the seed

sweep plow

blades go underground; severs roots but does not turn soil; primary tillage (especially mulch)

terraces

build soil ridges to direct water along the contour of land instead of down it

non-mineral nutrients

carbon hydrogen oxygen

mechanical damage

caused by handling grain (too dry or too much handling, heat from dryers)

drill seeder

compartments for seed and fertilizer; 7-14 inches apart; used for smaller seeds (canola, soybean); used in no till; problems with control of seed spacing

dormancy

condition in some seeds that prevents germination even when all of the germination requirements are met

factors determining planting date

crop growing season occurrence of pests soil temperature soil moisture

cover crop

crop planted to protect soil between other crop's growing season

factors that make soil conservation important

crop production (rely on topsoil) environmental quality social stability and quality of life

tandem disk

disks arranged in X pattern; secondary tillage

culter packer

disturbs soil after broadcast spreader to increase seed contact with soil

mulch till

done with a sweep plow; only cuts roots, does not turn soil

plant essential elements

elements involved in plant metabolic functions; plan cannot complete life cycle without

conventional tillage advantages

excellent seed bed improved aeration helps control pests levels fields for easier harvest

contour farming

farm across slope (not up and down it)

rotary hoe

good for weed elimination and breaking up crusted soil; secondary tillage

nodules on roots (red inside)

how do you tell if nitrogen fixing bacteria is present in legumes?

root hairs

how is root interception possible?

3.5%

how much of plant dry weight is macronutrients?

96%

how much of plant dry weight is non-mineral nutrients?

haber-bosch process

hydrogen + nitrogen --heat&pressure--> ammonia

mineralized

if organic material being degraded has excess N relative to the amount of C; N will be what?

immobilized

if organic material has too little N for the amount of C; N will be what?

seed quality

indicator of the ability of a seed to develop into a productive plant

primary tillage

inverts, cuts, and shatters soil 6-36 inches deep; leaves soil surface rough; big layers turned over

micronutrients

iron zinc manganese copper boron chlorine molybdenum

ridge till

land is disturbed at the end of the growing season; crop planted in stale bed

restricted noxious weed

limited amounts allowed in seed sample

chisel plow

long, thin blades; cuts deep; primary tillage implement

conservation tillage disadvantages

lower yields with cool, wet springs lower yields on poorly drained soils poor distribution of fertilizers increased problems with certain pests increaed dependence on herbicides

conventional tillage disadvantages

many trips across field (time, fuel) increase compaction reduced organic matter increase soil erosion

seed

mature, fertilized ovule

soil pH

measure of the concentration of hydrogen in the soil solution

seed purity

measures the percentage of the desired seed in the sample

macronutrients

nitrogen phosphorous potassium sulfur calcium magnesium

common weed seed

not very troublesome; species amount not regulated by state seed laws

mass flow

nutrients move with the soil solution

mass flow

nutrients move with the soil solution (how plants acquire nutrients)

endosperm

nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seed; seed food

strip till

only till 6 inch band where seeds are to be placed; created good seed bed and leaves good cover elsewhere

lister/ bedder

pairs of blades in V shapes to make raised beds; secondary tillage

transplanting

planting a crop in a green house until it becomes a seedling then planting it in the field (tobacco, sweet potatos)

grassed waterway

planting an area of field that is prone to water movement with a permanent grass to prevent formation of a ditch

direct seeding

planting seeds in a permanent growing site

seed vigor

potential for rapid emergence of normal seeding in field conditions (FIELD); better to use

secondary tillage

prepares seedbed; weed control incorporated with herbicides or by uprooting them; smooth surface

disk plow

primary tillage

moldboard plow

primary tillage implement

conservation tillage advantages

reduce erosion (up to 95%) better water infiltration increase amount of land capable of supporting row crops increased amount of land managed by one person save money on fuel

testa

seed coat

factors influencing planting depth

seed size seed emergence pattern soil conditions

row crop planter

seeds go into holes to control spacing; 20-48 inches apart; sometimes till/plant combo

single row planting

seeds in lines with rows 7-40 inches apart (corn soybean)

hill drop planting

seeds planted in clusters of three 12 inches apart with rows 30-40 inches apart

twin row planting

seeds planted in double lines 8 inches apart with rows 30-40 inches apart

no till

soil in field is only disturbed when the new crop is planted

haber-bosch process

start of nitrogen cycle

inert material

sticks, straw, stones, plant material, ect.

mycorrhizae

symbiotic relationship between a fungus and the roots of a plant

soil erosion

the detachment and removal of soil (ex: wind, water)

eutrophication

the process by which excess nutrients enter a body of water

broadcast spreader

throws seed into field; problems with seeds on top of soil

importance of proper seeding rate

too low - wasted resources too high - intraspecific competition

false

true or false: only legumes can fix nitrogen

drain tile

underground pipe system to remove water from field

diffusion

uptake of nutrients by the plant creates a concentration gradient

diffusion

uptake of nutrients by the plant; creates a concentration gradient

harrow

used behind another to smooth (like a rake); secondary tillage

soil solution

water and associated solutes

casparian strip

waxy layer in the root that forces absorbed soil solution to travel through the cells rather than between them

need new equipment increase in yield potential depends on variety

what are disadvantages of twin row planting?

more seed cost overpopulation if more that one germinates

what are problems with hill drop planting?

which crops can be planted

what does soil pH affect?

mycorrhizae

what enhances root interception?

more yield potential

what is an advantage of twin row planting over single row planting?

mineralization

when microorganisms release nitrogen into the soil (low ratio)

immobilization

when microorganisms store the nitrogen in the soil (high ratio)

root interception

when plan roots "run into" mineral nutrients in the soil solution

developing countries

where is hill drop planting used?

hugh hammond bennett

who is the father of soil conservation

haber-bosch process

why did fertilizer prices increase with fuel prices?

hope 1 of 3 will germinate

why is hill drop planting used?

NRCS

works with landowners to asses resources and conservation problems to improve quality of life within the region and meet landowners' objectives

prohibited noxious weed

worst weed category; not allowed at all in seed sample

factors for selecting variety/hybrid

yield enviornment pest resistance pest management strategy other desired traits