PLSI 120 Midterm Practice

Population, Territory, Government and Sovereignty.

4 Criteria of a Nation State

-That states are the central actors in international politics rather than individuals or international organizations, -That the international political system is anarchic as there is no supranational authority that can enforce rules over the states, -That the actors in the international political system are rational as their actions maximize their own self-interest, and -That all states desire power so that they can ensure their own self-preservation.

4 Essential Theoretical Assumptions of Realist Theory

Sydney

Australia

Addis Ababa

Ethiopia

Paris

France

Bonn

Germany

Athens

Greece

The total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A dominant state that has a preponderance of power; often establishes and enforces the rules and norms in the international system. Hegemonic stability theorists those who support the theory that a dominant state is needed to support an integrated world economy; the hegemon is willing to bear the costs of maintaining the system.Hegemony

Hegemony

The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Holy Roman Empire

The rapid development of industrial technology in Europe and the USA between 1648-1945. Led to the 5 super nations which are the permanent of the Security Council to gain power economically and politically.

Industrial Transformation

In international relations theory, anarchy is the idea that the world lacks any supreme authority or sovereign. In an anarchic state, there is no hierarchically superior, coercive power that can resolve disputes, enforce law, or order the system of international politics.

International Anarchy

Tehran

Iran

Baghdad

Iraq

Jerusalem

Israel

Tel Aviv

Israel

Rome

Italy

Tokyo

Japan

Nairobi

Kenya

Beirut

Lebanon

Nicaragua

Managua

Ulan Bataar

Mongolia

A international agreement involving three or more parties. For example, the GATT (General Agreement o Tariffs and Trade) has been, since its establishments in 1947, seeking to promote trade liberalization through multilateral negotiations. See also bilateral trade agreement.

Multilateral Agreement

An international system in which there are several states or great powers of roughly equal strength or weight

Multipolar System

Kathmandu

Nepal

Auckland

New Zealand

Lagos

Nigeria

Seeks to determine and prescribe values. It tends to express preference for a particular type of order by commitment to moral principles. Its validity is depended upon how they are accepted by the respective individuals as they can be either right or wrong. Relating to ethical rules; in foreign policy and international affairs, standards suggesting what a policy should be

Normative Theory

Military and political alliance between Western European states and the United States established in 1948 for the purpose of defending Europe from aggression by the Soviet Union and its allies; post-Cold War expansion to Eastern Europe. In 1949, there were 12 founding members of the Alliance: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. The other member countries are: Greece and Turkey (1952), Germany (1955), Spain (1982), the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland (1999), Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia (2004), Albania and Croatia (2009), and Montenegro (2017).

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Pyongyang

North Korea

A nuclear triad is a three-pronged military force structure that consists of land-launched nuclear missiles, nuclear-missile-armed submarines and strategic aircraft with nuclear bombs and missiles.

Nuclear Triad

Canada

Ottawa

Bucharest

Romania

An economic and social system that relies on intensive government intervention or public ownership of the means of production in order to distribute wealth among the population more equitably; in radical theory, the stage between capitalism and communism

Socialism

Johannesburg

South Africa

Seoul

South Korea

The authority of the state, based on recognition by other states and by nonstate actors, to govern matters within its own borders that affect its people, economy, security, and form of government

Sovereignty

The international organization formed at the conclusion of World War I for the purpose of preventing another war; based on collective security

The League of Nations

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

The Napoleonic Wars

An anarchical society leads states to defend for themselves. This sort of world-one in which there is not an overarching authority to command adherence to a specific set of actions or behavioral guidelines, leads states to have to find ways to defend themselves. In this anarchical world, no one else can be trusted, since there is no external force to punish the actors in the international system. Realist maintain that despite balance of power theory, aggression and territorial expansion often pays off, particularly in periods of balanced and unbalanced multipolar distributions. Traditionally, Realist hegemony describes the dominance of one state over several others. They believe this is necessary for the order of society.

The Realist Position on International Anarchy, Balance of Power Theory and Hegemon Stability Theory

The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

The Treaty of Versailles

treaties ending the Thirty Years War in Europe in 1648; in international relations represents the beginning of state sovereignty within a territorial space.

The Treaty of Westphalia

Istanbul

Turkey

Hanoi

Vietnam

Liberal theories of international relations (IR) focus on the demands of individuals and social groups, and their relative power in society, as fundamental forces driving state policy and, ultimately, world order. For liberals, every state is embedded in an interdependent domestic and transnational society that decisively shapes the basic purposes or interests that underlie its policies. This "bottom-up" focus of liberal theories on state-society relations, interdependence, and preference formation has distinctive implications for understanding international law (IL). Accordingly, in recent years liberal theory has been among the most rapidly expanding areas of positive and normative analysis of international law.

View of Liberal Theory in International Law and International Treaty Regimes

The military alliance formed by the states of the Soviet bloc in 1955 in response to the rearmament of West Germany and its inclusion in NATO; permitted the stationing of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe. Included the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria as members

Warsaw Pact

United States

Washington DC

A global lending agency focused on financing projects in developing countries; formally known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, established as one of the key Bretton Woods institutions to deal with reconstruction and development after World War II

World Bank

Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands. They had colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific islands. The colonies that each country had control of was only allowed to trade with that country, allowing the host country to stay in control and gain more wealth off of their surrogate nations.

5 Major Colonial Powers, Their Major Colonies, and the Basic Structure of Their Multipolar Closed Economic Systems

1. Isolationism 2. Detente 3. Rollback

5 Primary Strategies of Containment Policy

Kabul

Afghanistan

Buenos Aires

Argentina

Central to Marx's thought is his theory of historical materialism, which argued that human societies and their cultural institutions (like religion, law, morality, etc.) were the outgrowth of collective economic activity. Marx's theory was heavily influenced by Hegel's dialectical method.argued that it was material, economic forces—or our relationship to the natural, biological, and physical world—that drove the dialectic of change. More specifically, the engine of history rests in the internal contradictions in the system of material production (or, the things we do in order to produce what we need for survival).

Basic Argument of Karl Marx's Theory of Historical Materialism

Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[1] The period featured an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. At the time, states focused on building their empires with new technological advances and developments, making their territory bigger through conquest, and exploiting the resources of the subjugated countries. During the era of New Imperialism, the Western powers (and Japan) individually conquered almost all of Africa and parts of Asia. The new wave of imperialism reflected ongoing rivalries among the great powers, the economic desire for new resources and markets, and a "civilizing mission" ethos. Many of the colonies established during this era gained independence during the era of decolonization that followed World War II. The industrial development put many European countries in a position financially and gave them the power to colonize other civilizations.

Basic Characteristics of European Industrial Development and Imperial Expansion From 1648-1945

Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge its communist sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

Basic Characteristics, Policies and Reasons for the Development of Containment Policy

Lenin's theory of imperialism revolves primarily around the systematic exploitation of the poor economies by monopoly capital based principally in the rich economies. Within Lenin's framework, inter-imperialist wars are secondary to exploitation of the poor economies, as these wars are ultimately about redrawing the terms and conditions of that exploitation.

Basic Features of Lenin's Theory on Imperialism and the Systematic Expropriation of Wealth From the Periphery to the Core Nations

A nuclear triad is a three-pronged military force structure that consists of land-launched nuclear missiles, nuclear-missile-armed submarines and strategic aircraft with nuclear bombs and missiles.

Basic Features of the Nuclear Triad

Outlined the definition of sovereignty and the nation state system.

Basic Features of the Treaty of Westphalia

-Thucydides realized that power was the final arbiter of disputes between the city-states. Less powerful states were suppose to give in to the demands of powerful states and in such instance issues such as justice is best defined in terms of what the powerful deems right and the weaker is suppose to submit to the just deal of the powerful state. -To Hobbes men are by nature evil creatures and selfish thus he argued that in order to control the excesses of man and protect citizens from each other we need to vest power in the hands of a leviathan- a supreme state or ruler or monarch or king who can enforce law and order and transform the state of nature into consensus and compromise. -demonstrated in the Prince how the accumulation and judicious use of power are necessary for political survival and attainment of social and political goals. To Machiavelli, issues such as justice, right and wrong are as useless as they are not needed in the acquisition of power and the survival of the state. -Hamilton He propounded that the US government should actively promote a highly diversified economy based on industrial production which is crucial to national security. A diversified economy ensures economic self-sufficiency in times of recession and this in-turn should boost the military capability of a state. He advocated the political control of the economy to suit security interest and supported state intervention at all necessary cost to protect the economy. He also advised that states should not be too reliant on foreign goods as it makes them vulnerable to unwanted influences and distracts a state from pursuing its own national interest.

Basic Philosophical Contribution to Realist Theory by Thucydides (460bce-401bce), Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), and Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804)

Marx thought capitalism would cause catastrophic overproduction. Lenin said that capitalist societies will remain unevenly developed, some will remain prosperous while others will mire in poverty. This is a result of profit-seeking capitalists are not expected to use surplus capital to improve the living standards of the proletariat. Stalin did 5 years plan. Zedong China communist and guerilla army leader. Ho Chi Minh North Vietnam communist leader. Gorbachev set in motion two domestic processes-glasnost (political openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring)-as early as the mid1980s.

Basic Philosophical Contribution to World Capitalist Theory of Karl Marx (1818-1883), Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Mikhail Gorbachev

An international system in which there are two great powers or blocs of roughly equal strength or weight

Bipolar System

Columbia

Bogota

Sao Paulo

Brazil

The economic system in which the ownership of the means of production is in private hands; the system operates according to market forces whereby capital and labor move freely; according to radicals, an exploitative relationship between the owners of production and the workers

Capitalism

Venezuela

Caracus

Beijing

China

Shanghai

China

the concept that aggression against a state should be defeated collectively because aggression against one state is aggression against all; basis of the League of Nations and United Nations

Collective Security

A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

Colony

The ability of a country to make and export a good relatively more efficiently than other countries; the basis for the liberal economic principle that countries benefit from free trade among nations

Comparative Advantage

Collective security can be understood as a security arrangement, political, regional, or global, in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and therefore commits to a collective response to threats to, and breaches to peace.

Concept of Collective Security

Cairo

Egypt

Is a result derived from repeated observations which are verifiable. As its findings are based on objective, systematic observation and verified through inspection of methods and results. It seeks to discover laws that are unalterable.

Empirical/Explanatory Theory

All realists characterize the international system as anarchic. No authority exists above the state; the state is sovereign. The international system is less consequential as an explanatory level of analysis in the view of liberals. The first conception sees the international system not as a structure but as a process, in which multiple interactions occur among different parties and where various actors learn from the interaction. Radicals describe the structure of the international system by stratification. Stratification refers to the uneven division of resources among different groups of states. The international system is stratified according to which states have vital resources, such as oil or military strength or economic power.

How Realist, Liberal and Radical Theories Each View the Global Significance of the Bretton Woods System. This sets the basis for how each theory views the basic nature of world order. Know each theories position on the basic nature of world order. (Chapter 4)

The policy and practice of extending the domination of one state over another through territorial conquest or economic domination; in radicalism, the final stage of expansion of the capitalist system

Imperialism

Delhi

India

Jakarta

Indonesia

-Locke proposed everyone has the right to life liberty and the pursuit of property which are sovereign rights given to every human being. -Smith contributed the idea of the invisible hand and free market theory. - Kant contributed three "definitive conditions" for perpetual peace, each of which became a dominant strain of post-World War II liberal IR theory. Neoliberal institutionalism (also called "neoliberalism" or "institutional liberalism") emphasizes the importance of international institutions (Kant's "federation of free states") in maintaining peace. Commercial liberalism emphasizes the importance of economic interdependence and free trade (Kant's "universal hospitality") in maintaining peace. Democratic peace theory argues that democracies rarely, if ever, go to war with each other, and thus an executive accountable to the people or the parliament is important to maintain peace (Kant's call for all states to have "republican constitutions"). - Ricardo banker and political economist. Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817) is a foundation stone for contemporary economic theory. The following extract sets out his demonstration that there are gains to be made from trade even when one of the countries involved can make all the goods traded cheaper than can another; all that is required for there to be gains from trade is that comparative costs be different. This is one of the few theories of the nineteenth century which, suitably amended, is still part of twenty-first century economics; it remains the basis for liberal internationalism and the belief that trade promotes peace. - Wilson contributed the Fourteen Points. They were a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's points, but his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism. He also helped form the league of nations and proposed the treaty of versailles. ( all of which are about a group of powerful countries coming together to make decisions on what is best for the rest of the world - exceptionalism)

Philosophical Contribution to Liberal Theory by John Locke (1632-1704), Adam Smith (1723-1790), Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), David Ricardo (1772-1823), and Woodrow Wilson

Warsaw

Poland

President Woodrow Wilson personally negotiated the treaty following World War I, promoting his vision for a system of collective security enforced by a League of Nations. When the treaty arrived in the Senate in July, Democrats mostly supported the treaty, but Republicans were divided.

Position of Woodrow Wilson on the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations, and Collective Security

Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. The Marshall Plan was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. The chain of command leads from the President (as commander-in-chief) through the Secretary of Defense down to the newest recruits.[1][2] The United States armed forces are organized through the United States Department of Defense, which oversees a complex structure of joint command and control functions with many units reporting to various commanding officers.

Primary Characteristics of the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, US Alliances, and US Military Structure

Deterrence theory gained increased prominence as a military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons. It took on a unique connotation during this time as an inferior nuclear force, by virtue of its extreme destructive power, could deter a more powerful adversary, provided that this force could be protected against destruction by a surprise attack. Deterrence is a strategy intended to dissuade an adversary from taking an action not yet started, or to prevent them from doing something that another state desires. A credible nuclear deterrent, Bernard Brodie wrote in 1959, must be always at the ready, yet never used.

Primary Features of Deterrence Theory

It includes fishing, farming and mining. Primary industry is a larger sector in developing countries; for instance, animal husbandry is more common in countries in Africa than in Japan. This allows developed countries to be able to export their agricultural products at extraordinarily low prices.

Primary Product Producing Nation

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.[2] Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.

Primary Rules of the Non-Proliferation Treaty

The Bretton Woods Agreement is the landmark system for monetary and exchange rate management established in 1944. It was developed at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, from July 1 to July 22, 1944. It established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and Japan after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement.

Primary Significance and Characteristics of the Bretton Woods Agreement and System

There are 193 out 195 member countries in the UN. Each member sends one representative to vote on things, but nothing passes or is changed without the 100% vote approval of the 5 permanent members of the security council. The Security Council is made up of 5 permanent countries China, France, Russia, UK, and USA and 10 non-permanent countries that rotate on 2 year terms.

Primary Structure of the United Nations, powers of the Security Council, and the 5 permanent members of the Security Council

Smith proposed the idea of the invisible hand—the tendency of free markets to regulate themselves by means of competition, supply and demand, and self-interest.

Principles of Free Market Theory as Put Forward by Adam Smith

Both paradigms stress the autonomous role of the state—and warn against capture by particularistic interests. Both also stress the conditioning effects of the distribution of power in defining national economic interests.While realists and mercantilists might agree on the role that power plays in the global economy, they do not necessarily agree on the normative implications of that insight

Relationship Between Mercantilism and Realist Theory

Moscow

Russia

Vladivostok

Russia

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Alliance, in international relations, a formal agreement between two or more states for mutual support in case of war. Alliances arise from states' attempts to maintain a balance of power with each other.

Security Alliance

Dakar

Senegal

Damascus

Syria

Taipei

Taiwan

Dar Es Salaam

Tanzania

Bangkok

Thailand

The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. One of the most destructive conflicts in human history, it resulted in eight million fatalities not only from military engagements but also from violence, famine, and plague.

The 30 Years War

The Concert of Europe, also known as the Congress System or the Vienna System after the Congress of Vienna, was a System of dispute resolution adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power.

The Concert of Vienna

"World-system" refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries. Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials. This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries. Nonetheless, the system has dynamic characteristics, in part as a result of revolutions in transport technology, and individual states can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time. This structure is unified by the division of labor. It is a world-economy rooted in a capitalist economy.

World Capitalist/ Radical Explanation of the Basic Nature of World Order, the Core-Periphery Relationship

Intergovernmental organization designed to support the principles of liberal free trade; includes enforcement measures and dispute settlement mechanisms; established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

World Trade Organization