PM Theories

Telling (Directing)

*S1* Situational Leadership Theory that assumes the leader has to deal with employees that are not competent and (still) unmotivated.

Selling (Coaching)

*S2* Situational Leadership Theory that assumes employees have a desire to work independently but are not yet capable of doing so.

Participating (Supporting)

*S3* Situational Leadership Theory that assumes employees are capable but (temporarily) unwilling. They are qualified workers, but because of the number of tasks, they might get the idea that they are being inundated with work.

Delegating

*S4* Situational Leadership Theory that assumes employees can and want to carry out their tasks independently, they have a high level of task maturity as a result of which they need less support.

Cultural Dimensions Theory

Cultural Dimensions Theory by Geert Hofstede Describes the effects of a society's culture on the values of its members, and how these values relate to behavior, using a structure derived from factor analysis 6 Dimensions — *1.* Power distance index *PDI* *2.* Individualism vs. collectivism *IDV* *3.* Uncertainty avoidance index *UAI* *4.* Masculinity vs. femininity *MAS* *5.* Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation *LTO* *6.* Indulgence vs. restraint *IND*

Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation *LTO*

Cultural Dimensions Theory dimension that associates the connection of the past with the current and future actions/challenges. A lower degree of this index (short-term) indicates that traditions are honored and kept, while steadfastness is valued. Societies with a high degree in this index (long-term) views adaptation and circumstantial, pragmatic problem-solving as a necessity. A poor country that is short-term oriented usually has little to no economic development, while long-term oriented countries continue to develop to a point. — Contrast with Power distance index (PDI), Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO), Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)

Indulgence vs. Restraint *IND*

Cultural Dimensions Theory dimension that is essentially a measure of happiness; whether or not simple joys are fulfilled. Indulgence is defined as "a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun. Its counterpart is defined as a society that controls gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms. Indulgent societies believe themselves to be in control of their own life and emotions; restrained societies believe other factors dictate their life and emotions. — Contrast with Power distance index (PDI), Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO), Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)

Individualism vs. Collectivism *IDV*

Cultural Dimensions Theory index that explores the degree to which people in a society are integrated into groups. Individualistic societies have loose ties that often only relates an individual to his/her immediate family. They emphasize the "I" versus the "we." Its counterpart, collectivism, describes a society in which tightly-integrated relationships tie extended families and others into in-groups. These in-groups are laced with undoubted loyalty and support each other when a conflict arises with another in-group. — Contrast with Power distance index (PDI), Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO), Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)

Masculinity vs. Femininity *MAS*

Cultural Dimensions Theory index that is defined as a preference in society for achievement, heroism, assertiveness and material rewards for success. Its counterpart represents "a preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life. Women in the respective societies tend to display different values. In feminine societies, they share modest and caring views equally with men. In more masculine societies, women are more emphatic and competitive, but notably less emphatic than the men. In other words, they still recognize a gap between male and female values. This dimension is frequently viewed as taboo in highly masculine societies. — Contrast with Power distance index (PDI), Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO), Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)

Uncertainty Avoidance Index *UAI*

Cultural Dimensions Theory index that is defined as a society's tolerance for ambiguity, in which people embrace or avert an event of something unexpected, unknown, or away from the status quo. Societies that score a high degree in this index opt for stiff codes of behavior, guidelines, laws, and generally rely on absolute Truth, or the belief that one lone Truth dictates everything and people know what it is. A lower degree in this index shows more acceptance of differing thoughts/ideas. Society tends to impose fewer regulations, ambiguity is more accustomed to, and the environment is more free-flowing. — Contrast with Power distance index (PDI), Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO), Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)

Power Distance Index *PDI*

Cultural Dimensions Theory index that is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. In this dimension, inequality and power is perceived from the followers, or the lower level. A higher degree of the Index indicates that hierarchy is clearly established and executed in society, without doubt or reason. A lower degree of the Index signifies that people question authority and attempt to distribute power. — Contrast with Power distance index (PDI), Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV), Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI), Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS), Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO), Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)

Situational Leadership Theory

Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard There is no single "best" style of leadership 4 Stages of leadership — *S1* Telling (Directing) *S2* Selling (Coaching) *S3* Participating (Supporting) *S4* Delegating