POLI 2474 - Exam 2

Since the Stockholm treaty has entered into force, nearly 20 new chemicals have been added to the annexes of the convention. The addition of these new chemicals demonstrates a regulatory shift from ___ -Naturally-occurring chemicals to synthetic chemicals -"Dead" chemicals to "Live" chemicals -Harmful chemicals to chemicals that are less harmful, but still bad for the environment -A and C -All of these -None of these

-"Dead" chemicals to "Live" chemicals

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol required: -Different industrialized countries to reduce GHG emissions by differing percentages -Industrialized countries to address 6 different GHGs: CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride -Large developing countries to reduce CO2 emissions to 1992 levels, as industrialized countries were previously required to do under the 1992 UNFCCC -All of these -A and B -A and C -A and D

-A and B (Different industrialized countries to reduce GHG emissions by differing percentages; and Industrialized countries to address 6 different GHGs: CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride)

What of the following groups of nations with few indigenous fossil-fuel resources have learned to maintain high living standards while reducing their fossil fuels? -Italy, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Turkey, USA -UK, France, Venezuela, Poland, and the Netherlands -Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden -USA, Brazil, Germany, France, and Australia -China, India, France, South Africa, Japan, Germany -All of these are correct

-Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden

Why do states sometimes fail to translate regime treaties into domestic policy? (You can chose more than 1) -Domestic interest groups and politicians may prevent a treaty's ratification -National or local bureaucratic agencies lack expertise and capacity to carry out the treaty -Because most states sign environmental treaties without the intention of complying -All of these

-Domestic interest groups and politicians may prevent a treaty's ratification -National or local bureaucratic agencies lack expertise and capacity to carry out the treaty

The Antarctic "Ozone hole" is projected to probably... -Never recover -Worsen significantly within the next 2 decades and then plateau -Remain unchanged for the next 200 years -Recover almost entirely in this century or the next

-Recover almost entirely in this century or the next

What led to the creation of HFCs? -The agreement to place strong global controls on POPs -The agreement to place strong global controls on CFCs -The agreement to place strong global controls on GHGs -The agreement to place strong global controls on mercury emissions -Only A and C

-The agreement to place strong global controls on CFCs

What did China and some other key countries in Asia do recently with regard to imports of plastic for recycling? -They issued expanded welcomes for plastic waste from the USA and other countries as this is a lucrative sector for them -They developed policies banning the import of most plastic waste, creating a domino effect with other countries in the region -They announced several technological breakthroughs that will allow them to accept more -They announced their withdrawal from the Basel and Stockholm Conventions, citing former President Trump's withdrawal of the US from the Paris Climate Agreement as justification for reversing earlier commitments in this section -None of these

-They developed policies banning the import of most plastic waste, creating a domino effect with other countries in the region

Approximately how much higher above the preindustrial average between 1850 and 1900 was the earth's average temperature in 2019? -No change -1 degree C -5 degrees C -7 degrees C -None of these

1 degree C

In what year was the first scientific paper publishing showing how significant increases in atmospheric CO2 could increase temperatures on earth? -1776 -1866 -1896 -1946 -1974 -1992

1896

What year was the first threat to the ozone discovered?

1974

If we want to limit warming to 1.5 degrees by 2100, we likely must stop emitting all GHG by _____ -2060 -2020 -2050 -2100 -None of these

2050

How much warmer or cooler, in Celsius, would the average global surface temperature be now without the natural greenhouse effect? -5-12 warmer -5-12 cooler -No change -30-33 warmer -30-33 cooler

30-33 cooler

As documented by NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, atmospheric concentration of CO2 in Hawaii has increased. In 1959, the concentration of CO2 was 315.97 ppm. What was the approximate concentration in 2019? -248.18 ppm -315.97 ppm -410.27 ppm -753.32 ppm

410.27 ppm

The Kyoto Protocol required industries to collectively reduce emissions of GHG by about ___% from 1990 levels -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30

5 (5.2%)

Under the Paris Agreement, countries must submit new nationally determined contributions every___ -Year -2 years -5 years -10 years

5 years

Why did the Stockholm Convention allow specific exemptions for countries in terms of POPs control as outlined in Chapter 35 of Downie and Templton? -Allowed for the continued use of certain chemicals that had significant economic importance for some countries -To be mindful of broad participations without sacrificing effectiveness of regime -To ensure participation from specific countries of Sweden and Canada -A and B -B and C -All of these

A and B

How does anarchy in international politics hamper environmental regimes? -It makes international cooperation difficult due to state competition -States might distrust and thus fear that they might defect on their commitments -It leads to a world government focused on economic issues rather than protection of human health and the environment -It leads to a situation in which small states always have surprising influence -None of these -All of these -A and B -B and C

A and B (It makes international cooperation difficult due to state competition; States might distrust and thus fear that they might defect on their commitments)

The effectiveness of the Stockholm Convention requires what provisions for financial support as outlined in Chapter 35 of Downie and Templton? -Financial support of developed nations in the Convention -Committed support from developing nations to find the funds to eliminate POPs on their own -Financial support for developing countries/certain developing countries to regulate chemicals and build capacity to control -Only A and C

A and C (Financial support of developed nations in the Convention; Financial support for developing countries/certain developing countries to regulate chemicals and build capacity to control)

What led to international action of control POPs as outlined in Chapter 35 of Downie and Templeton? -Discovery of substantial contamination throughout the Arctic -Evidence of bioaccumulation and long-range transport -Particular attention to as risk groups such as children, pregnant women, and indigenous peoples -The push for international change led by research on behalf of the USA -A, B, C -All of these

A, B, C

Among developing countries, the strongest greenhouse gas mitigation measures are likely favored by whom? -G-77 -Brazil and Venezuela -India and Kenya -AOSIS

AOSIS

What does anarchy in international relations refer to? -Chaos and destruction -Lack of coordination between international regimes -Absence of hierarchy or world government -A state of perpetual war and conflict between countries -The impact of negative externalities

Absence of hierarchy or world government

Due to the release of GHGs, the oceans are becoming more ___. This could have significant consequences on marine organisms which may alter species composition, disrupt marine food webs, and potentially damage fishing and tourism activities. -Septic -Acidic -Basic -Coral ridden -Chlorinated -Phosphorescent

Acidic

From the lecture, discussion, list (in complete, coherent phrases or sentences for each) the 3 broad categories of "meta" or major causal factors that significantly shaped the development of the ozone regime and have the capacity to shape the development of global environmental policy in other issue areas.

Advancing scientific and technical knowledge and consensus Changing patterns of economic interests (and power) Existing institutions and existing regime development

Which of the 5 general interrelated stages of environmental regime development involves bringing an issue to the attention of the international community and identifying the scope and magnitude of the environmental threat, its primary causes, and the type of international action required? -Fact finding -Regime review and strengthening -Resource analyzation -Agenda setting and issue definition -Bargaining on regime creation -Regime implementation

Agenda setting and issue definition

What is true of the amendment to the Montreal Protocol that established binding controls on HFCs? -All countries are categorized into 2 categories, developed and developing countries, different timetables for reducing HFC production and use between the two -All countries are categorized into two main categories and their responsibilities are determined by their position in those categories; the less industrialized, the greater the responsibilities -All countries are categorized into main categories that take into account both their level of development and ambient temperature, and countries in each category have different timetables for reducing HFC production and use -All countries are categorized into five main categories and their position on these categories are not correlated with their responsibilities but rather on groups that ensure at least one major HFC producer in each category

All countries are categorized into main categories that take into account both their level of development and ambient temperature, and countries in each category have different timetables for reducing HFC production and use

In complete sentences for each, outline 3 elements of the Paris Climate Agreement that its supporters point to as key elements that will/could make it an impactful agreement.

All countries are required to do something, and all the major polluters are involved While each country creates its own NDC, everyone is required to do something Parties are bound to a transparency framework, which holds them accountable. Publicity of NDCs creates positive feedback because if your NDC is really strong, it reflects well on your party. The Paris Agreement has room for growth! Stocktaking and ratcheting up every 5 years allows for NDCs to continually be strengthened.

Ground-level ozone pollution is... -Could be called tropospheric ozone, in contrast to stratospheric ozone -Harmful to people with asthma -Harmful to many animals and plants -Contributes to respiratory problems -An air pollutant -All of these -None of these

All of these

How does plastic affect natural life and processes? -Unable to digest plastic, sea creatures starve to death -Animals can get tangled in fishing nets and trapped in plastic rings -Plastic pollution clogs drains and prevents rainwater from soaking into the soil, leading to flooding -All of these

All of these

Regime strengthening may (but does not always) occur because... -New scientific evidence becomes available -Political shifts take place within one or more key states -New technologies emerge that make addressing the environmental issue less expensive -The current regime is ineffective in bringing about meaningful results on which the international community is generally agreed should be pursued -All of these -Only a, b, and c -Only a, c, and d -None of these

All of these

The Paris Agreement requires... -All parties to report emissions -All parties to report on implementation efforts -All parties to undergo international review -All of these -A and B only

All of these

The Paris Agreement requires___ -All parties to report emissions -All parties to report on implementation efforts -All parties to undergo international review -All of these -None of these -A and B only

All of these

What are 4 key, measurable characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)? -Toxic -Capable of travling long distances -Bioaccumulative -Persists in the environment after released (relatively long half-life) -All of these -Only A and D -None of these

All of these

What are key characteristics that initiate international collaborative action in terms of persistent organic pollutants as outlined in Chapter 35 of Downie and Templeton? -It is toxic to humans and wildlife in terms of disease, cancer, birth defects, etc. -POPs are persistent, as they remain intact and toxic for extended periods -POPs bioaccumulate, as they increase in concentration with tissues of individual animals as they pass through food webs -POPs can travel thousands of kilometers from emissions sources such as water and air -All of these -A, B, D only

All of these

What arguments did India, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia -- among others -- use to block, for many years, the proposals of the Montreal Protocol to control HFCs? -HFC alternatives potentially more expensive -They worried that HFC alternatives are not effective in all air-conditioning applications in very high temperature countries -Implementing controls on HFCs would take resources away from eliminating HCFCs and methyl bromide -All of these -Only b and c -None of these

All of these

What determines the effectiveness of an environmental regime? -Regime design: provisions addressing the environmental threat, reporting, monitoring, and financial assistance -Level of implementation: extent to which countries adopt legislation to enact the agreement -Compliance: the degree to which countries observe regulations and norms -All of these -B and C only

All of these

What difference exists among responsibilities in the agreement to reduce HFC production and use? -An extension of four years on all deadlines is accorded to 34 high ambient temperature countries in Africa and the Middle East -Russia and some key allies gained a slightly more generous baseline and initial cuts than those required of other industrialized countries -Donor countries, but not the least developed countries, will be expected to provide funding to the Multilateral Fund to assist developing countries reduce HFCs -All of these -A and C only

All of these

What were some of the hoped for goals for reaching political agreement (not legally binding) at Climate COP25? -Stabilize global temperature rise at 1.5 degrees C by the end of the century -Reduce emissions 45% by 2030 -Achieving climate neutrality by 2050 -All of these -A and C -None of these

All of these

Which of the following is true of emission trading systems? -Countries or companies that are able to exceed reductions would be allowed to sell excess reductions, or credits, to a country that has trouble meeting targets -Emission trading allows countries or companies with inexpensive options to make more reduction and countries with expensive options to do less -If emissions trading were successful, it would encourage greater technological advances while simultaneously achieving GHG reductions for a lower cost -All of these -Only A and C

All of these

Which of the following is among main categories of the regulatory actions that Parties to Stockholm Convention are required to do with respect to controlling emissions of POPs? -Eliminate production and use and emissions of certain intentionally produced POPs -Take measures to minimize the release of certain unintentionally produced POPs -Limit the production and use and emission of certain intentionally produced POPs so that they are only used for certain limited purposes -Take measures to limit the release of POPs from stockpiles and wastes (trash) -All of these choices -None of these

All of these choices

What is an obstacle to effective domestic implementation of global regimes? -Some public and governmental officials in some countries appear to still be unaware of threats posed by some environmental issues -Lack of awareness of environmental costs -A misperception of the relative economic costs of preventing more serious environmental problems versus the economic costs that stem from serious environmental issues -Pressure or influence by companies that contribute to the problem but whose profits would be hurt if policy is taken to address the problem -All of these options

All of these options are correct

Countries that are Parties to the ozone regime have fulfilled... -Many of their obligations, while failing to meet several controversial obligations -Almost all of their current obligations as set out by the regime -Only a few of their obligations -Most of their obligations, except for developing countries where implementation have been largely unsuccessful

Almost all of their current obligations as set out by the regime

After many years of difficult negotiations, veto states eventually agreed to the Kigali Amendment and received in part... -Promises of stock in the companies that make HFCs -Access to the Multilateral Fund to help reduce the use of HFCs -No taxes on exports of their products -No visa requirements on trips to the US and Europe -An extended time frame to reduce the use of HFCs compared to industrialized countries -All of these -A, B, D -B, C, E -B and D

An extended time frame to reduce the use of HFCs compared to industrialized countries, Access to the Multilateral Fund to help reduce the use of HFCs (B and E)

List (in complete, coherent phrases or sentences for each) at least 7 major categories of potential impacts from climate change.

Arctic sea ice declines; the melting of permafrost, glaciers, and snow pack; Greenland and Antarctic melt (sea level/coastal impacts); changes in extreme events (temperature, storms, droughts/floods); water scarcity/water stress; food (agriculture and livestock); human health; ecosystems and species (extinctions, biodiversity loss); security

The discovery of the ozone hole ____ -Led many countries to reject the idea that CFCs could cause environmental harm -Helped to sway public opinion in some countries in support of controlling CFCs -Provided an argument for countries who supported a global ban on CFCs to restart negotiations -Helped to create agreement in 1985 to completely phase out CFCs by 2015 -Both A and B -Both B and C

B and C (Helped to sway public opinion in some countries in support of controlling CFCs; Provided an argument for countries who supported a global ban on CFCs to restart negotiations)

Which of the following is one reason why the bargaining stage is complicated? -Nation states with less resources always have the advantage -Outcomes on particular issues can depend in part on the bargaining leverage and cohesion of potential lead and veto state coalitions -Veto states can often prevent the creation of a very effective international regime by refusing to participate in it -Veto states demands for particular concessions can lead to a much weaker regime than lead states had hoped -Because of their inherent power, lead and veto states always achieve their goals -All of these -Only b, c, and d -Only b, d, and e

B, C, D

Which Convention took the first significant action to address plastic waste, including classifying certain plastics as hazardous? -Stockholm -Montreal -CBD -Rotterdam -Basel -Kyoto -CITES

Basel Convention

Which of the following seeks, as its primary mission, to help protect human health and the environment from hazardous wastes? -Montreal Protocol -Minamata Convention -Basel Convention -Rotterdam Convention -Stockholm Convention -UNDP -UNIDO -FAO -All of these -None of these

Basel Convention

Which of the following contributes the most GHG emissions to the atmosphere? -Nuclear energy -Burning fossil fuels -Deforestation linked to aquaculture -Methane emissions from animals raised for humans to eat -All of these equally

Burning fossil fuels

Which of these sources account for the majority of total world GHG emissions -- at 78%? -Deforestation -Methane capture -Organic agriculture -Livestock manure used to create energy -Burning of fossil fuels -None of these

Burning of fossil fuels

Methyl bromide use continues, and potentially harms the ozone layer, despite binding targets for its elimination because of___ -The inability of countries to detect the source of methyl bromide emissions -The difficulty enforcing mandatory bans of methyl bromide in developed countries -A broad exemption for critical agricultural use -A broad exemption for quarantine and pre-shipment applications -A broad exemption for manufacturing use -All of these -None of these -C and D -A and D -B and C

C and D (A broad exemption for critical agricultural use; A broad exemption for quarantine and pre-shipment applications)

Economic factors that positively impacted the development of the ozone regime include: -CFCs accounted for an increasing small percentage of revenue for their major manufacturers in OECD countries -The market for air-conditioning proved far smaller in developing countries than anticipated -Manufacturers of CFCs discovered they could produce substitutes -CFC substitutes proved approximately 175% less expensive to produce -CFCs accounted for an increasing small percentage of revenue for their major manufacturers in OECD countries AND manufacturers of CFCs discovered they could produce substitutes -Countries created large subsidies for manufacturers to keep producing CFCs -All of these -None of these

CFCs accounted for an increasing small percentage of revenue for their major manufacturers in OECD countries AND manufacturers of CFCs discovered they could produce substitutes

Which of the following gases is most responsibly for the greenhouse effect? -Oxygen -Mercury -Carbon dioxide -Ozone -Ammonia -CFCs

Carbon dioxide

Which country currently emits the most greenhouse gases? -India -The UK -China -The United States -Brazil -Russia

China

Which countries are likely among the top 5 CO2 emitters in the world? -Brazil, Mexico, Italy, Australia -France, Germany, Belgium, UK -China, USA, India, Russia -China, USA, Germany, France

China, USA, India, Russia

The decomposition of CFCs releases, among other things, ___, which then causes the catalytic destruction of ___

Chlorine, stratospheric ozone

In 2 complete, coherent sentences for each, what are the two central arguments for believing that climate change can impact traditional security concerns?

Climate change, resource depletion, and environmental degradation act as threat multipliers and tectonic stressors that augment and exacerbate other conditions known to cause violence among opposing groups within a state or among states. Climate change could produce huge numbers of refugees from flooded coastal areas, increase water and food scarcity, spread disease, and weaken economies in parts of the world that are already vulnerable, unstable, prone to extremism, or suffering significant cultural, ethnic, or economic divisions.

In at least one sentence for each, summarize 3 key elements of the Pope's comments on climate change as set out in the Environmental Encyclical.

Climate is a common good, and it affects the poor the most. However, those in power would rather hide the problem, indicating a loss of responsibility for our fellow human beings. We are experiencing biodiversity loss on a massive scale each year. Biodiversity is not just an "exploitable resource" but plants and animals have inherent value themselves. He praises the work being done to protect biodiversity, but condemns that which is done for profit. Humans no longer recognize their place in the world, but instead take on a self-centered approach to life. This justifies a life of wastefulness, using things and then throwing them away, both in terms of the environment and in terms of other humans. He proposes an "integral ecology" in which nature is not regarded as being separate from us.

A significant threat to the success of the ozone regime is... -Complacency by governments given success to date and the controls already agreed to -The alienation of developed nations from inflexible policies -Strained relationships between world superpowers -The projected dissolution of the Multilateral Fund after 2018 -All of these -None of these

Complacency by governments given success to date and the controls already agreed to

What is the legally binding portion of the Paris Agreement? -Countries are bound to meet every 10 years to discuss development about decreased GHG emissions -Countries are bound to limit the increase in global temperature to well below 2 degree C above preindustrial levels every 4 years -Countries are bound to stay in the agreement permanently -Countries are bound to a transparency framework in which they are obliged to undertake and communicate their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) -None of these

Countries are bound to a transparency framework in which they are obliged to undertake and communicate their nationally determined contributions (NDCs)

During negotiations on creating the Stockholm Convention, reaching an agreement on provisions to adopt new POPs required a compromise between: -Countries with large populations vs. those with small populations -Industrialized countries vs developing countries -Countries that preferred delegated rule-making, a strongly precautionary approach and the potential for a quick response vs. those that preferred detailed risk evaluation and sovereign control over decision making -Countries with high concentrations of POPs vs countries with low concentration of POPs

Countries that preferred delegated rule-making, a strongly precautionary approach and the potential for a quick response vs. those that preferred detailed risk evaluation and sovereign control over decision making

The complete phase out of HCFCs is difficult because of_____ -New uses being introduced to the market on a massive since the phase-out was announced -Disagreements in the scientific community over the extent to which HCFCs harm ozone -Demands by corporations that HCFCs be used as pesticides in the farming sector -Some smuggling and illegal use of HCFCs -The need for inexpensive refrigeration and air-conditioning in developing countries -All of these -None of these -A and E -B and C -C and E -D and E

D and E (Some smuggling and illegal use of HCFCs; The need for inexpensive refrigeration and air-conditioning in developing countries)

The Paris Agreement is unlike previous agreements in that it... -Establishes binding emissions targets by all nations -Has been ratified by the US Congress -Encompasses the US, China, and India -Currently contains sufficient binding NDCs to meet the 2 degree goal -All of these -A and B -A and C -C and D

Encompasses the US, China, and India

The Paris Agreement is unlike previous agreements in that it____ -Establishes binding admissions targets by all nations -Has been ratified by the US congress -Encompasses the US, China, and India -Contains sufficient commitments to meet the 2 degree goal -All of these

Encompasses the US, China, and India

Under the Paris Agreement, countries must submit new nationally determined contributions every... -Year -2 years -5 years -10 years -None of these

Every 5 years

The record snowstorms in the winter of 2010-2011 and the large storms in 2013-2014 in the eastern United States proved global warming is not happening.

False

True or False: All provisions of the Paris Agreement related to how much individual countries will reduce GHG emissions are legally binding.

False

True or False: Detailed study of the impact of possible rising levels of CO2 concentrations is fairly recent, so there is still no global scientific consensus that global warming is a serious problem.

False

True or False: In emissions trading, typically the party with fewer emissions credits sells credits to parties with extra emissions credits.

False

True or False: Most of the recent global warming (last 25 years) has been caused by increased energy output by the sun.

False

True or False: Most of the time, countries face equal adjustment costs in a particular regime.

False

True or False: Scientists can't predict the weather more than a few days in advance, so they can't possibly predict the climate of the future.

False

True or False: The USA has ratified the Stockholm Convention and therefore is "party" to the treaty.

False

True or False: The United States has ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol that places binding controls on HFCs.

False

True or False: The current GHG emissions cuts announced as part of the Paris Agreement process are sufficient to reach the 2-degree target?

False

True or False: The earth's climate has changed naturally in the past, therefore humans are not the cause of any current global warming.

False

Diminishing glaciers not only influence sea-level rise, but also threaten the well-being of as much as one-sixth of the world's population due to their impact on the availability of: -Fresh air -Fresh water -Sunlight -Winter sports -Nachos

Fresh water

Which non-governmental organization put pressure on policy makers by publishing a report that exposed 1,000 cases of illegal hazardous waste exportations? -WWF -Sierra Club -Arcade Fire -Greenpeace -World Resources Institute -WEO

Greenpeace

How are HFCs different from HCFCs? -HFCs are weak GHGs and unlike HCFCs, they are ODS -HFCs are potent GHGs but unlike HCFCs, they are not an ODS -HFCs are alternatives for GHGs, and unlike HCFCs, they are helpful to the ozone layer -None of these

HFCs are potent GHGs but unlike HCFCs, they are not an ODS

As a result of the ozone regime the production of most but not all ODSs, including CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachlorides, and methyl chloroform ____ -Have been reduced significantly in the industrialized world while progress elsewhere is difficult to track -Have been almost completely eliminated -Continue to be produced due to the inability of some countries to enforce international law

Have been almost completely eliminated

The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol, and its amendments are the only global environmental treaties to... -Have China as a full and active party -Have the USA as a full and active party -Have been ratified by a majority of developing countries -Have been ratified by the United States -Have been ratified by all countries -None of these

Have been ratified by all countries

When the first systematic measurement of POPs in the environment, people, and certain wildlife was undertaken in northern Canada, where industrial chemicals are neither produced nor widely used, the concentration of POPs were found to be_____ -Lower than anticipated -Higher than anticipated -Higher than anticipated but lower than in the Amazon -None of these

Higher than anticipated

Which principal international entity is charged by member states with the task of researching and establishing a common factual basis on climate change? -UNEP -NASA -Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) -World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

IPCC

Which of the following is a prime health risk associated with greater UV radiation through the atmosphere due to depletion of stratospheric ozone? -Damage to the digestive system -Increased liver cancer -Increased skin cancer -Increased asthma -Neurological disorder

Increased skin cancer

The Paris Agreement essentially treats which country as a developing nation, allowing this country to claim extra time to grow its emissions despite its status as one of the world's largest polluters? -USA -Asia -India -EU -Turkey

India

At what point did humans start to add significant amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere? -Ice age -Great depression -Industrial revolution -Mesozoic Era -1915 -1650 -Tuesday -Wednesday

Industrial revolution

Which of the following is not a stage in regime development, as outlined by Chasek and Downie? -Issue pre-watching -Agenda setting and issue definition -Fact finding -Bargaining on regime creation -Regime implementation -Regime review and strengthening -All these choices are correct

Issue pre-watching

What did the Paris Agreement have to do in order to be accepted by the United States? -It had to exclude China and Russia from getting involved -It had to be written in such a way that President Obama could accept it without seeking congressional approval -It had to be very similar to the Kyoto Protocol because that agreement passed Congress -It had to be the best plan, the huge plan, a plan unlike any other -None of these

It had to be written in such a way that President Obama could accept it without seeking congressional approval

What is 'hot air' and why is it a problem for emission trading systems? -It is when hot air balloons release huge amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere but can't be reliably counted for in emission trading systems -It is smoke released from mining. It causes dust particles that swarm the earth's surface, making it difficult to measure what comes out of smoke stacks within an emission trading system -It is emissions that no longer exist but are counted in a country's or facilities baseline in emissions trading and it allows parties to buy emissions-reduction credits without actually reducing GHG emissions -It is the byproduct of drilling that releases methane to the atmosphere but can't be reliably counted for in emission trading systems

It is emissions that no longer exist but are counted in a country's or facilities baseline in emissions trading and it allows parties to buy emissions-reduction credits without actually reducing GHG emissions

Although with a successful start and effective steps taken to control POPs, what challenges still remain as outlined in Chapter 35 of Downie and Templeton? -Technical assistance and availability to developing countries -Ratification of the convention in numerous countries on a global scale -Longstanding divisions among Parties -A and B -All of these

Longstanding divisions among Parties

The ozone regime currently does NOT including binding rules to eliminate... -CFC production and use (excluding exemptions) -HCFC production and use (excluding exemptions) -Halons production and use (excluding exemptions) -Methyl bromide production and use (excluding exemptions) -Millions of tons of CFCs, HCFC, and other ODS found in obsolete equipment and materials -All of these -None of these

Millions of tons of CFCs, HCFC, and other ODS found in obsolete equipment and materials

Which of the following seeks to help protect human health and the environment from depletion of the ozone layer? -UNFCC -Minamata -Basel -Rotterdam -Stockholm -Montreal -UNDP -All -None

Montreal

Why would a decrease in the density of the ozone layer create a public health concern? -The greenhouse effect would not be as efficient and the temperature of the earth would decrease -The greenhouse effect would be more efficient and the temperature of the earth of increase -Plant life would no longer have the ozone it needs for photosynthesis to create chlorophyll -More ultraviolet radiation from the sun would reach the Earth's surface -All of these -None of these

More ultraviolet radiation from the sun would reach the Earth's surface

Described by some as perhaps the most important part of the ozone regime besides the control measures on ODS, the ___ provides the financial assistance to developing countries to transition away from ozone-depleting substances. -GEF -Multilateral Fund (From Montreal Protocol) -Adaptation Fund (From Montreal Protocol) -Environmental Success Fund

Multilateral Fund

In one complete sentence for each, list 5 of the key lessons of the ozone regime's history — as outlined in the lecture.

Nature has important dynamic equilibriums that can be upset by human interference Basic scientific research, regular observations of nature, and curiosity can matter a great deal Beware of unintended consequences and unexpected interconnections among natural human systems Precaution can matter because of non-linear aspects of environmental issues and unexpected consequences Regime design matters — key aspects of the design of the ozone regime impacts its effectiveness — designed to grow, multilateral fund, clear and strong controls

Even though the production of new CFCs has been largely curtailed, an enormous source of CFCs can be found in ____ -New refrigerators currently being used in the United States -Currently sold aerosol spray cans -Paint and cleaning solvents -Obsolete refrigeration equipment and other waste, including some foams -Aircraft supply systems -All of these -None of these

Obsolete refrigeration equipment and other waste, including some foams

Even though the production of new CFCs has been largely curtailed, an enormous source of DFDs can be found in... -New refrigerators currently being used in the US -Currently sold aerosol spray cans -Paint and cleaning solvents -Obsolete refrigerator equipment and other waste, including some foams -Aircraft supply systems

Obsolete refrigerator equipment and other waste, including some foams

What is the raw material for most currently made plastic? -Oil and gas -Plants -Highly refined sand -Other human made materials

Oil and Gas

Which of the following is a mechanism used to achieve reduction targets in the Paris Agreement? -Ratcheting -Stocktaking -Binding targets -Acclimating -Potentiating -Ratcheting and Stocktaking -Binding targets and Stocktaking -Acclimating and Potentiating

Ratcheting and Stocktaking

The ozone regime has the potential to help... -Create less-toxic hazardous waste -Reduce mercury pollution -Reduce emissions of persistent organic pollutants -Reduce emissions of certain high-GWP GHG -Reduce emissions of high-LCD corporations -All of these

Reduce emissions of certain high-GWP GHG

One obstacle for effective environmental policy is economic interests. CFC and HCFCs, which deplete the ozone layer, are/were linked primarily with which area of economic activity? -Farming -Energy production -Refrigerants and Air-Conditioning -Fossil Fuel Production -Transportation

Refrigerants and Air-Conditioning

Which of the following is NOT one of 5 general interrelated stages of the development of global environmental regimes? -Fact finding -Agenda setting and issue definition -Regime review and strengthening -Resource analyzation -Bargaining on regime creation -Regime implementation

Resource analyzation

Which of the following seeks to help protect human health and the environment from toxic chemicals and hazardous pesticides by requiring "prior informed consent" before certain substances can be legally imported into countries which request it. -Montreal Protocol -Minamata Convention -Basel Convention -Rotterdam Convention -Stockholm Convention -UNDP -UNIDO -GEF -All of these -None of these

Rotterdam Convention

Common by differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) is the principle that all countries have a common responsibility to address global environmental issues but that... -Their response to the issues must be proportionate to their global prestige -Poorer countries should always take the load of the burden because they always rely on richer countries to solve all of their problems and that causes further inequality -Some countries have the responsibility to act first or enact more measures because of their contribution to the problem or because they have the resources to do so

Some countries have the responsibility to act first or enact more measures because of their contribution to the problem or because they have the resources to do so

The amount of CO2 emitted per US$1 of GDP has dropped by nearly 25% since 1992, underlining that... -GDP is becoming less expensive to produce -CO2 does not vary with oil production except in certain countries -Some decoupling of economic growth from resource use and CO2 production has occurred -The use of energy is unrelated to GDP -Newer mobile phones use far more energy despite claims by manufacturers -Miles Davis' stunning arrangements on the album Kind of Blue remain unappreciated

Some decoupling of economic growth from resource use and CO2 production has occurred

Which foundational principle of international law limits the scope and effectiveness of international environmental policy the most? -Precautionary principle -Sovereignty -Bounded-free trade -Enlightened self-interest

Sovereignty

Which of the following is a mechanism used to achieve reduction targets in the Paris Agreement? -Stocktaking -Binding targets and timetable for emissions reductions -Incremental Acclimating -Potentiating -All of these

Stocktaking

Which of the following actions would NOT reduce global warming if they were done worldwide (you can circle more than one) -Switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy -Ensuring that semi-toxic waste is treated appropriately -Planting trees -Eating less beef -Reducing tropical deforestation -Switching from gasoline to electric cars -Increasing public transportation -Switching to more efficient light bulbs -Stop punching holes in the ozone layer with rockets -Insulating buildings more effectively -Placing larger taxes on fossil fuels while cutting income taxes

Stop punching holes in the ozone layer with rockets

In a complete sentence for each, list the three main ways that Parties can formally strengthen an environmental treaty or regime. (Chapter 3)

The COP can adopt a new treaty, usually called a protocol, which establishes new, concrete commitments. A COP can formally amend the treaty, changing or adding provisions in the main text or binding annex. A COP can mandate new or stronger actions without a formal amendment or protocol procedure.

Which of the following is NOT identified in the chapter as a form of regime strengthening? -The COP can adopt a new treaty, called a protocol, which establishes new, concrete commitments -The COP can formally amend a treaty, changing or adding provisions in the main text or binding annex -The COP can rebrand positions and hire new individuals to manage the negotiations -Some treaties can allow the COP to mandate important new or stronger actions without a formal amendment or protocol procedure -All of these are true -None of these are true

The COP can rebrand positions and hire new individuals to manage the negotiations

Which institution of the Montreal Protocol likely contributed most to the initial participation of large developing countries? -The Opportunity and Economic Assessment and Assistance Panel -The Ozone Equipment Technical Evalutation -The Multilateral Fund -GEF -The Environmental Damage Estimate Panel -None of these

The Multilateral Fund

In 2-4 very clear, complete sentences: What is the main function of the Multilateral Fund, and in general what does it provide money for?

The Multilateral Fund assists developing countries and "countries with economies in transition" in implementing the protocol. It meets the incremental costs of to developing countries of implementing the control measures (increased cost associated with producing or using ODS alternative) and also finances the development of national plans, capacity building, technical assistance, training, information sharing, and operation of the fund's secretariat.

(A) What is the stated objective of the UNFCCC (the 'parent' treaty to the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement)? (B) What are the key principles of the climate regimes set forth by Article 3 of the UNFCC and intended to guide creation of rules with respect to combating climate changes?

The UNFCCC objective is the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." The key principles set forth by Article 3 are the precautionary principle, common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), equity, cost effectiveness, and sustainable development

Which of the following is NOT listed by Downie in the article "Still No Time for Complacency" as evidence of the ozone regime's success? -The indirect reduction of certain GHG emissions -The declining production and consumption of ODS -The accepted implementation of carbon pricing -The record levels of ratification of all the major ozone regime agreements -The level of country implementation and compliance for Montreal Protocol measures

The accepted implementation of carbon pricing

What are adjustment costs in the context of global environmental politics? -The cost to a state's reputation if the state does not adjust to renewable energy -The cost of human activity on the environment -A state's costs of conducting negotiations, research, and monitoring -The economic, social, and political costs of transitioning to practices that conform to the proposed or agreed upon global environmental policy

The economic, social, and political costs of transitioning to practices that conform to the proposed or agreed upon global environmental policy

List (in complete, coherent phrases or sentences for each) 5 of the key design features of the ozone regime that aid its effectiveness.

The ozone regime is pre-emptive and precautionary (at least originally). It has clear, strong, binding control measures with a total phase-out goal, differentiated responsibilities It has the ability to grow in response to new information and developments It has a clear financial mechanism, Multilateral Fund, to provide financial assistance. It includes implementation tools including trade sanctions (the membership stick) for non-participants, and a non-compliance procedure designed to both reveal and publicize non-compliance, but also aid in implementation in most cases.

In complete sentences for each, outline 3 elements of the Paris Climate Agreement that those who wanted a stronger agreement point to as key elements that could make it less impactful that needed to address the climate crises successfully.

There are no mandatory greenhouse gas reductions required in the agreement. Each party creates their own nationally determined contribution. The financial assistance is listed in the preamble only, which creates vague promises instead of requirements. Because of the use of nationally determined contributions, gaslighting can occur. Outside parties, organizations, corporations, etc. can create a situation in which a party will choose a less than ideal NDC because of outside pressure.

The effect to create the Paris Agreement was successful in part because... -There was no "plan B" if the deal fell apart -The foundation was laid in the Copenhagen Accord -The position of several key developing countries had changed -It gave new hope to the UN climate-change process and to environmental multilateralism -All of these

There was no "plan B" if the deal fell apart

In the Paris Agreement negotiations, poorer countries wanted rich countries to appropriate a minimum of at least $100 billion a year to help them mitigate and adapt to climate change. However, this figure only appeared in the preamble and not in the legally binding portion of the agreement. What was the major reasons poorer countries accepted this? -Poorer countries knew that the rich countries would still help them financially, so having it in writing was not really necessary -There was no Plan B, and it would reflect poorly on the poorer countries if they're the ones who failed to unite the world on the agreement -Industrialized countries were the ones releasing more of the GHG emissions, therefore they needed the money more than the poorer countries

There was no Plan B, and it would reflect poorly on the poorer countries if they're the ones who failed to unite the world on the agreement

The Paris Agreement seeks to use ___ as a method to hold countries accountable. -Transparency and Stocktaking -Monitoring by a new regime committee with enforcement powers -The Mandatory Oversight Mechanism -Binding Arbitration -The Non-Compliance Monitoring and Evaluation Effective Committee -All of these

Transparency and Stocktaking

The Paris Agreement seeks to use ___ as a method to hold countries accountable. -Transparency and stocktaking -Monitoring by a new regime committee with enforcement powers -The Mandatory Oversight Mechanism -Binding Arbitration -The Non-Compliance Monitoring and Evaluation Effective Committee -All of these -None of these

Transparency and Stocktaking

True or False: As temperatures warm, we expect some diseases and parasites that do well in warm weather to move northward from the tropics?

True

True or False: CO2 levels are now at the highest point in the past 800,000 years.

True

True or False: In December 2018, countries involved in the Paris Agreement met in Katowice, Poland, and agreed on most elements of 'rulebook.' However, two key issues that the countries could not agree on were: The rules that would delineate exactly how countries can work together across borders to reduce emissions through approaches like international carbon markets; and if financing for all of the aspects displayed in the rulebook should be proportion to each countries' resources.

True

True or False: Increasing energy efficiency will probably reduce GHG emissions.

True

True or False: OPEC is a group of countries with economies that rely heavily on fossil-fuel extraction and export and oppose measures to reduce GHGs that would significantly impact their economies.

True

True or False: One global warming feedback mechanism involves the reduction of global snow and ice cover.

True

True or False: The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement represents an evolution in climate governance and a change in the UNFCCC COP process.

True

True or False: The Kyoto Protocol could only enter into force after ratification by 55 parties to the convention, accounting for at least 55% of the CO2 emissions in 1990.

True

True or False: The Paris Agreement addresses GHGs other than CO2 in its long term goals.

True

True or False: The Paris Agreement aims to "achieve a balance" between anthropogenic carbon emissions and removals in part by supporting enhanced action to sequester it in carbon sinks.

True

True or False: The Paris Agreement recognizes the 2 degree target while recognizing the importance of pursuing a 1.5 degree target.

True

True or False: The Paris Agreement requires parties to make nationally determined contributions.

True

True or False: The Stockholm Convention requires countries to stop producing certain toxic chemicals but also allows for certain exemptions.

True

True or False: The decade from 2010 to 2019 was warmer than any other decade since 1850.

True

True or False: The first assessment report of the IPCC (1990) acted as the basis for negotiating the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

True

True or False? Some of the chemicals that deplete the ozone layer, and some of the substances developed to replace them, are powerful greenhouse gases.

True

The 'lowest common denominator problem' is generally created by what type of state? -Veto -Implicating -Neutral -Lead

Veto

In the negotiation of the Kyoto Protocol, the influence of veto states helped produce... -Weaker compliance system than lead states wanted -More favorable terms for using flexibility mechanisms than environment NGOs had wanted -Greater state sovereignty with respect to regime operations -Minimized requirements for providing information on carbon sinks -All of these

Weaker compliance system than lead states wanted