Police Test 11-13

The case of Tennessee v. Garner accelerated the trend toward A. the fleeing-felon rule. B. the defense-of-life standard. C. the right-to-life standard. D. the Miranda warnings.

B. the defense-of-life standard.

One factor that most contributes to the exercise of discretion is the police A. visibility. B. work environment. C. public expectation. D. budget pressures.

B. work environment.

Officers generally work alone with no direct supervision, and the risk of being caught is often very low. This is known as A. under-the-radar work. B. beneath-big-brother police work. C. low-visibility work. D. high-temptation design.

C. low-visibility work.

Assuming the temptations to corruption are prevalent in all communities, individual officers are more likely to succumb if A. they believe they won't be caught or the punishment will not be severe. B. profits are much greater than their present compensation. C. the rewards they receive in terms of peer recognition are as great as the monetary profits received from the corruption. D. rewards do not impose tremendous guilt on their conscience.

A. they believe they won't be caught or the punishment will not be severe.

The Mollen Commission investigated which police department? A. Los Angeles B. New York City C. Chicago D. Las Vegas

B. New York City

_____ is a term meaning criminal and noncriminal behavior committed during the course of normal work activities or committed under the guise of the police officer's authority. A. Pervasive corruption B. Occupational deviance C. Cultural wrong D. Ethic deviance

B. Occupational deviance

What is an advantage that written rules offer to the citizenry? A. They eliminate any confusion over law-abiding behavior. B. They ensure equal protection of the law. C. They ensure a person's satisfaction with police efforts. D. They mandate that the police attend to the victim's preferences.

B. They ensure equal protection of the law.

A group of police officers band together and regularly steal money from organizations that violate tax practices in the United States. According to Lawrence Sherman's three-part typology of the different levels of corruption, this group of police officers would most likely be labeled A. the grass eaters. B. a rotten pocket. C. an extortion racket. D. squealers.

B. a rotten pocket.

While interacting with the police, _____ are most likely to be antagonistic to the police. A. whites B. blacks C. Asians D. Hispanics

B. blacks

The ability to understand and respond appropriately to differences in the languages, traditions, lifestyles, and patterns of communication in different racial or ethnic groups is known as A. multicultural acceptance. B. cultural competence. C. ethnic recognition. D. cross-cultural diversity.

B. cultural competence.

Which of the following is an example of a gratuity that acts as a form of police corruption? A. bribes B. discounts C. cover payments D. kickbacks

B. discounts

The process of creating police corruption by initiating officers into corrupt activities, sustaining it, and by covering it up is known as the A. corruption organization. B. occupational subculture. C. commitment to the pad. D. occupational setting.

B. occupational subculture.

In the context of policing, _____ exercise the greatest amount of discretion. A. chief inspectors B. patrol officers C. sheriffs D. detectives

B. patrol officers

The four dimensions of trust the authors describe are A. care, pleasantness, empathy, and sympathy. B. priorities, competence, dependability, and respect. C. bearing, integrity, honesty, and quality. D. service, dedication, honesty, and respect.

B. priorities, competence, dependability, and respect.

Discretion increases as one moves down the police organization. For this reason, patrol officers have been described as A. process bureaucrats. B. street-level bureaucrats. C. first-level judges. D. street-level justices.

B. street-level bureaucrats.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in _____ accelerated the trend toward adoption of the defense-of-life standard, which greatly restricts the use of deadly force by police officers. A. Robins v. United States B. Edwards v. United States C. Tennessee v. Garner D. Terry v. Ohio

C. Tennessee v. Garner

Successful control of corruption begins with the A. city government structure. B. police community tolerance. C. attitude of the chief administrator. D. level of narcotics enforcement.

C. attitude of the chief administrator.

Alpert found that police officers use more force than was indicated by citizen behavior in _____ of all cases. A. 10 percent B. 8 percent C. 15 percent D. 19 percent

D. 19 percent

The CALEA accreditation standards require a police officer to file a written report whenever he or she A. discharges a firearm. B. causes injury or death to another person. C. uses lethal or less-than-lethal weapons. D. All of the answers are correct

D. All of the answers are correct

Which of the following statements is true about Hispanics in the United States? A. About two-thirds of the Hispanics are of Puerto Rican heritage. B. Hispanics are the richest ethnic group in the United States. C. Hispanics are the slowest growing racial group. D. Many Hispanics are native-born Americans.

D. Many Hispanics are native-born Americans.

_____ are the most common form of contact between the police and the public. A. Buy-and-bust operations B. Narcotics raids C. Sting operations D. Traffic stops

D. Traffic stops

The Supreme Court ruled in Terry v. Ohio that A. beat officers can use the fleeing-felon rule in situations where a suspect has a gun or any other deadly weapon. B. police officers can "frisk" any person to search for evidence of contraband. C. citizens cannot use the defense-of-life standard in a residential neighborhood. D. a "stop" is constitutional if the officer has reasonable suspicion that a person is about to commit a crime.

D. a "stop" is constitutional if the officer has reasonable suspicion that a person is about to commit a crime.

Davis and Goldstein argue that the first step toward controlling police discretion is A. establishing a civilian review board to create policies. B. requiring the chief of police to review all policies. C. bringing in an outside consultant to review all policies. D. admitting that it exists.

D. admitting that it exists.

In the Justice Department report on "Broken Windows and Police Discretion," what does George L. Kelling suggest is necessary for the police to effectively address quality-of-life issues in neighborhoods? A. more money to recruit qualified officers B. better and newer equipment, especially computers C. more rigorous training standards D. clear guidance in the form of rules that tell them both what they should do and what they should not do

D. clear guidance in the form of rules that tell them both what they should do and what they should not do

A common problem associated with ride-along programs and police-community relations (PCR) units is that both A. discourage people from interacting with the police. B. attract only those people who have negative attitudes toward the police. C. are expensive to establish in any community. D. have no impact on police operations that are the source of tensions in a community.

D. have no impact on police operations that are the source of tensions in a community.

There are two basic approaches to the control of corruption within an organization namely A. community and political. B. federal and state intervention. C. peer and supervisory control measures. D. internal and external.

D. internal and external

The level of corruption is heavily influenced by the A. local economy of the times. B. unemployment rate. C. poor business-government relationships. D. local political culture.

D. local political culture.

The two key elements of police corruption are A. deviance and force. B. money and authority. C. authority and force. D. misuse of authority and personal gain.

D. misuse of authority and personal gain.

Controlling police corruption is extremely difficult. The history of the police indicates that successful reform efforts have been A. lasting. B. temporary. C. rejected unless matched with compensation. D. gradually taking hold with later generations of officers.

B. temporary.

Which of the following is considered the central tool of modern police management? A. the CALEA accreditation B. the SOP manual C. the UCR program D. the Internal Affairs Board

B. the SOP manual

In his classic study of the police subculture, William Westley reported that A. police officers were willing to lie to cover up an illegal act by another officer. B. low salaries are the main cause of police corruption. C. younger officers were much more likely to accept bribes than older officers. D. police corruption was the result of police unions.

A. police officers were willing to lie to cover up an illegal act by another officer.

In the 1990s, the Mollen Commission argued that a new form of corruption had emerged, which was a convergence of A. graft and corruption. B. corruption and brutality. C. gratuity and corruption. D. internal and external corruption.

B. corruption and brutality.

Mark and his colleagues are accused of corrupt practices in their police department. When questioned about these practices, Mark declines to testify against his colleagues and refrains from speaking about their activities. This behavior of Mark exemplifies A. the negative use of discretion. B. the blue curtain of silence. C. an under-enforcement of law. D. the Garrity ruling.

B. the blue curtain of silence.

Officers themselves argue that perhaps the best way to control police deviance is through A. better salaries. B. proper working conditions. C. good first-line supervision. D. administrative support.

C. good first-line supervision.

The most common form of police corruption involves A. force issues. B. bribery. C. gratuities. D. narcotics.

C. gratuities.

At the outset of their careers, most corrupt police officers are A. hired without background checks. B. constantly looking for an opportunity to engage in corruption. C. honest. D. looking to become part of a close-knit group of officers.

C. honest.

Corruptive activity is heavily dependent on peer pressure, which is particularly strong among police officers. The police subculture places a high value on A. criticism and cold shoulders. B. ostracized and defended officers. C. loyalty and group solidarity. D. criminal activity and rejection.

C. loyalty and group solidarity.

The fact that there is more than ample opportunity for a wide range of deviant activities for police corruption is known as the A. environment of temptation. B. lack of integrity training. C. occupational setting. D. importance factor.

C. occupational setting.

Differential treatment based on some extralegal category such as race, ethnicity, or gender is known as A. disparity. B. variation. C. demographic. D. discrimination.

D. discrimination.

In the context of explaining corruption, police officials prefer the rotten apple theory because A. it directly shifts the onus of accountability on the citizens. B. it adequately explains the long history of corruption in a police department. C. it helps the public to understand why some officers are honest and some are corrupt. D. it allows them to blame a few individuals without having to investigate larger problems in a department.

D. it allows them to blame a few individuals without having to investigate larger problems in a department.

The term "driving while black" refers to A. race patrolling. B. random patrolling. C. directed patrol. D. racial profiling.

D. racial profiling.

A situation where only a few officers are independently engaged in corrupt acts is known as the A. rotten pocket disorder. B. partial deviance factor. C. conduct unbecoming issue. D. rotten apple theory.

D. rotten apple theory.

Officers are more likely to use force against criminal suspects. Officers are also more likely to use force against male suspects. In other words, police use of force is more likely to be associated with certain A. sexual factors. B. age factors. C. incident factors. D. situational factors.

D. situational factors.

A problem with most police departments' standard operating procedure manuals (SOP manuals) is that A. the manuals cannot be shared with the citizens on a website. B. the manuals do not include details of corruption in police departments. C. the manuals do not include details of white-collar crimes and blue-collar crimes. D. the manuals ignore critical issues in the use of law enforcement power.

D. the manuals ignore critical issues in the use of law enforcement power.

According to William A. Westley, the police subculture view of citizens is that A. a face-to-face encounter with a citizen is always going to be confrontational. B. all encounters with citizens are negative for the most part. C. generally the citizenry needs the police and are accepting of them. D. the public is against the police or hates the police.

D. the public is against the police or hates the police.

The most important organizational variable in reducing corruption is A. the quality of personnel and the quality of the work product. B. a quality human resource management program. C. a competitive salary with competent management. D. the quality of management and supervision.

D. the quality of management and supervision.

An example of a detective's discretion in decision making is A. to give high priority to traffic law violations. B. to conduct a high-speed pursuit. C. to write a crime report. D. to seek a warrant for a search.

D. to seek a warrant for a search.

Most complaints about police harassment come from A. older white men. B. women about sexual harassment. C. females under the age of 21. D. young males.

D. young males.

Which is not a limitation concerning administrative rulemaking? A. Rules are typically written by departmental insiders. B. Rules cannot cover every situation. C. Complex rules create uncertainty for officers. D. Formal rules may encourage evasion.

A. Rules are typically written by departmental insiders.

_____ found that 73 percent of the police officers thought that the public was "against the police, or hates the police." A. William A. Westley B. James Q. Wilson C. Thomas McAninch D. Jerome Skolnick

A. William A. Westley

Any level of force more than is necessary to fulfill a lawful objective is called A. excessive force. B. excessive use of force. C. physical force. D. police violence.

A. excessive force.

Clearly defining what actions will not be tolerated involves developing A. rules and regulations. B. standard operating procedures. C. department guidelines. D. rules of prohibition.

A. rules and regulations.

Which of the following statements is true about traffic safety stops? A. They are mostly used when police officers have an outstanding warrant against a driver. B. They are primarily used to check for possible criminal code violations by a driver. C. They are mostly nondiscretionary in nature. D. They are more intrusive than investigatory stops.

C. They are mostly nondiscretionary in nature.

Stephen Mastrofski and colleagues investigated the extent to which citizens comply with requests from police officers. What was a finding of this investigation? A. Citizens often did not comply with officer requests. B. Failure to comply did not affect the officer's decision to arrest. C. An arrest resulted in a large majority of the failure-to-comply cases. D. Citizens complied with officer requests most of the time.

D. Citizens complied with officer requests most of the time.

A factor that ranks second to race and ethnicity in public attitudes toward the police is A. gender. B. wealth. C. sex. D. age.

D. age.

Vincent tells the police that he heard strange noises in his home at midnight. Vincent believes that something was stolen in his house, but the police find that nothing was missing in his home. The police also find no evidence for such a crime and hence do not complete the report for it. This action of the police exemplifies A. the denial of due process. B. an under-enforcement of the law. C. a positive use of discretion. D. the code of silence.

A. the denial of due process.

An example of a police manager's discretion in decision making is A. to give high priority to traffic law violations. B. to conduct a high-speed pursuit. C. to conduct a stakeout. D. to make an arrest.

A. to give high priority to traffic law violations.

Public attitudes are affected by controversial incidents, particularly A. unjustified shootings or the use of excessive force. B. thefts or organized theft rings. C. sex crimes or organized prostitution. D. internal scandals or questions of integrity.

A. unjustified shootings or the use of excessive force.

Relative to their numbers in the population A. whites are arrested more than African Americans. B. African Americans are arrested more than whites. C. women are arrested more than African American males. D. Latinos are arrested less than white females.

B. African Americans are arrested more than whites.

What is the purpose of controlling police discretion? A. to enhance citizen satisfaction B. to prevent abuse of police authority C. to efficiently combat neighborhood disorder D. to prevent an increase in the crime rate

B. to prevent abuse of police authority

When minority citizens argue that they do not have enough police protection, they are complaining about A. too much crime. B. underenforcement by the police. C. overenforcement by the police. D. overrepresentation by the police.

B. underenforcement by the police.

According to the text, the greatest gap among the attitudes of whites, Hispanics, and African Americans relates to how the police A. manipulate public opinion. B. use force. C. control the news media. D. foster community relations.

B. use force.

The probability of arrest and officer use of force increases when a suspect is A. wanted by law enforcement. B. socially rejected by law enforcement. C. disrespectful toward the police. D. offends others in the presence of the police.

C. disrespectful toward the police.

Corruption reaches a higher degree of intensity when A. it includes the management and the media, who hide it from the public. B. the management is ignorant of it, which allows for the corruption to breed at the lower ranks. C. it has a majority of personnel who are corrupt, but who have little relationship to each other. D. it includes occasional but serious forms of deviance at all levels involving money.

C. it has a majority of personnel who are corrupt, but who have little relationship to each other.

In the context of using different benchmarks to study traffic stop data, a problem with the approach of internal benchmarking is that A. it cannot be applied to police officers who are receiving their in-service training. B. it cannot be applied to beat officers. C. it is not useful if all police officers are engaging in racial profiling. D. it is not useful if all police officers belong to the same department.

C. it is not useful if all police officers are engaging in racial profiling.

How does tolerating vice crimes harm low-income and racial minority communities? A. It breeds disrespect for the law and the police because of the corruption that usually accompanies it. B. The form of corruption that emerged in the 1980s involved both corruption and physical brutality. C. Underenforcement of the law exposes law-abiding citizens in minority communities to criminal activities such as prostitution and drug dealing. D. All of the answers are correct.

D. All of the answers are correct.

According to Lawrence Sherman, the moral career of a corrupt officer is complete when he or she A. begins to accept minor gratuities as a normal part of the job. B. behaves like a grass eater. C. frequently solicits bribes. D. actively participates in the sale and distribution of illegal drugs.

D. actively participates in the sale and distribution of illegal drugs.

When departmental rules set the boundaries of discretion of police officers, such as indicating situations where police officers can shoot or fire warning shots, it is a way of _____. A. mandating discretion B. checking discretion C. structuring discretion D. confining discretion

D. confining discretion

While addressing incidents, such as domestic violence, that are largely hidden from public view, police officers can more easily ignore policy and the reporting requirement. This type of incident is called A. course-of-action work. B. sub-action police work. C. low-level work. D. low-visibility work.

D. low-visibility work.

Criminal behavior committed during the course of normal work activities or under the guise of the police officer's authority is called A. police violence. B. police profiteering. C. abuse of authority. D. occupational deviance.

D. occupational deviance.

According to the text, which of the following is a type of discretion that has been argued about in the context of abolishing police discretion? A. use of informants B. mandatory sentencing systems C. sting operations and arrests D. plea bargaining

D. plea bargaining

Different outcomes that are not necessarily caused by differential treatment are called A. disparity. B. variation. C. demographic. D. discrimination.

A. disparity.

An example of administrative rulemaking is A. affirmative action. B. the use of deadly force. C. the budget of the police department. D. the type of patrol car that is purchased.

B. the use of deadly force.

An example of a patrol officer's discretion in decision making is A. to give high priority to traffic law violations. B. to conduct a high-speed pursuit. C. to conduct a stakeout. D. to adopt community policing or problem-oriented policing.

B. to conduct a high-speed pursuit.

Herman Goldstein said that corruption A. "thrives best in poorly run organizations where lines of authority are vague and supervision is minimal." B. "begins with the chief and works its way down." C. "occurs mostly in medium-sized cities." D. "occurs mostly in poorly educated police departments."

A. "thrives best in poorly run organizations where lines of authority are vague and supervision is minimal."

Under the _____, an officer can be disciplined and even dismissed for refusing to answer questions by internal affairs (although anything the officer discloses cannot then be used against him or her in a criminal prosecution). A. Garrity ruling B. exclusionary rule C. fleeing felon rule D. Miranda ruling

A. Garrity ruling

Which of the following statements is true about the rotten apple theory? A. It appeals to private citizens because they can understand personal guilt more easily than complex legal or organizational issues. B. It describes a situation where a group of people join and engage in corrupt practices. C. It thoroughly explains why honest police officers become corrupt. D. It states that the very structure of policing provides plenty of opportunities to learn the entrenched patterns of police misconduct.

A. It appeals to private citizens because they can understand personal guilt more easily than complex legal or organizational issues.

Officers in the CRASH unit of which police department were accused of routinely choking and punching individuals for the sole purpose of intimidating them? A. Los Angeles B. Chicago C. New York D. Washington

A. Los Angeles

The Christopher Commission investigated which police department? A. Los Angeles B. New York City C. Chicago D. Las Vegas

A. Los Angeles

The least serious form of corruption exists when A. it involves only a few police officers acting on their own. B. only the police chief is engaged in corrupt acts. C. several corrupt officers cooperate with one another. D. three to five officers work semi-independently, protecting each other.

A. it involves only a few police officers acting on their own.

The Knapp Commission concluded that, in many ways, the rotten-apple police-corruption doctrine had actually A. attracted many morally inferior people to policing. B. been an obstacle to meaningful reform meant to root out corruption. C. led to the advent of police reform throughout the nation. D. improved the hiring standards for police personnel.

B. been an obstacle to meaningful reform meant to root out corruption.

A major obstacle facing anti-corruption investigations is the same one that all detectives face which is A. getting administrative support. B. obtaining credible evidence. C. the use of proper interrogation techniques. D. the lack of supervisory support.

B. obtaining credible evidence.

The "rotten apple" theory describes a situation where A. the police chief is the source of police corruption. B. only a few officers are independently engaged in corrupt acts. C. several corrupt officers cooperate with one another. D. three to five officers work semi-independently, protecting each other.

B. only a few officers are independently engaged in corrupt acts.

When virtually all officers in an organization are engaged in systematic arrangements with criminal elements, this type of corruption is known as A. dog-eat-dog corruption. B. pervasive organized corruption. C. unorganized corruption. D. omnipresent organized corruption.

B. pervasive organized corruption.

With respect to the exercise of discretion, patrol officers are also known as A. bobbies. B. street-level bureaucrats. C. thugs. D. posses.

B. street-level bureaucrats.

Thomas Barker argues that _____ contributes to police corruption. A. a lack of ethics and integrity B. the occupational setting of police work C. bad neighborhoods D. the fact that policing is low-visibility work

B. the occupational setting of police work

The police "pad" is defined as A. the place where the officer could sleep on duty. B. the process involving regular payoffs to the officers to protect an ongoing illegal activity. C. the record of which bar owners were to be protected and which were to be forced out of business until monies were paid to the police. D. the pad of paper held by the lieutenant at the desk where officers would pick up monies for extra protection from merchants.

B. the process involving regular payoffs to the officers to protect an ongoing illegal activity.

Many police departments have abandoned their ride-along programs because A. of the lack of participation by the gang members who are trying to leave the gang life. B. the program tends to attract only those persons who already have a favorable attitude toward the police and does not reach those who have complaints. C. there are not enough storefront neighborhoods to accommodate the demand for rides with the officers. D. the age of the persons the program generally attracted was creating a liability for the program.

B. the program tends to attract only those persons who already have a favorable attitude toward the police and does not reach those who have complaints.

According to David Carter and Thomas Barker, _____ includes actions that tend "to injure, insult, trespass upon human dignity . . . and/or violate an inherent legal right" of a citizen. A. police violence B. police profiteering C. abuse of authority D. occupational deviance

C. abuse of authority

During the nineteenth century, one of the fastest ways to get promoted in the New York City police department was to A. do something heroic. B. do your job well. C. pay for it. D. pass the promotion test with the highest score.

C. pay for it.

The control of corruption involves two different tasks. The first is trying to prevent it from occurring in the first place. The second task revolves around A. grand jury intervention. B. close relationships with the prosecutor. C. reduction and elimination once it exists. D. use of sting operations to keep everyone honest.

C. reduction and elimination once it exists.

The most important misperception of public attitudes experienced by police officers results from A. police protection. B. news media reports. C. selective contact. D. too little enforcement.

C. selective contact.

A "rotten pocket" exists when A. police officers from different departments are working together to commit corruption. B. only a few officers are independently engaged in corrupt acts. C. several corrupt officers cooperate with one another within one department. D. three to five officers work semi-independently, protecting each other.

C. several corrupt officers cooperate with one another within one department.

The most serious form of corruption exists A. when only a few officers are independently engaged in corrupt but serious acts. B. when it reaches the point where only federal investigations can uncover its full breadth and depth. C. when it involves the management of the department but the rank-and-file remain unaware of it. D. when it becomes organized and penetrates the higher levels of the department.

D. when it becomes organized and penetrates the higher levels of the department.

The current standard for the use of deadly force is the A. defense-of-life standard. B. fleeing-felon rule. C. shot-to-wound policy. D. the "exception policy."

A. defense-of-life standard.

Stereotyping minorities as criminal suspects can be reinforced by A. departmental policy. B. community culture. C. patrol subculture. D. racial and ethnic slurs.

A. departmental policy.

Differential treatment based on some extralegal category such as race, ethnicity, or gender is known as A. discrimination. B. disparity. C. disparate treatment. D. inequality.

A. discrimination.

Even though Gary, a police officer, never actively demands gratuities, but he receives free food and meals from people in his neighborhood so that minor incidents of disorder are ignored in the neighborhood. According to the Knapp Commission, Gary would most likely be labeled a A. grass eater. B. squealer. C. station queen. D. hard charger.

A. grass eater.

The benefit of engaging in systematic rulemaking rather than administrative rulemaking is that A. it allows the police to anticipate problems before they become crises. B. it is more effective. C. policies would not be in writing, thus leading to more discretion. D. policies could be changed in response to crises.

A. it allows the police to anticipate problems before they become crises.

The two most important specific programs that police departments have adopted for improving police-community relations have been A. police-community relations units and ride-along programs. B. race relations task forces and mobile race relation patrols. C. citizens' advisory boards and chief's race relations committees. D. All of the answers are correct.

A. police-community relations units and ride-along programs.

Ryan says that the police officer who arrested him for reckless driving did not treat him with respect. He says that the police officer refused to answer his questions and interrupted him whenever Ryan tried to seek an explanation for his arrest. In this case, Ryan feels that he was most likely denied A. procedural justice. B. distributive justice. C. retributive justice. D. proportionate justice.

A. procedural justice.

The practice of the police stopping drivers solely on the basis of their race and not because of any traffic violation or suspected criminal activity is commonly referred to as A. racial profiling. B. street profiling. C. ethnic profiling. D. cultural profiling.

A. racial profiling.

Many police experts argue that the traditional professional model does not apply to policing because A. recruitment standards are low, compared with law and medicine. B. preservice training is extremely long, compared with other professions. C. the peer culture of policing fails to cover up improper conduct of police officers. D. police officers are specialists rather than generalists

A. recruitment standards are low, compared with law and medicine.

The fact that police officers are more likely to remember unpleasant or traumatic incidents than routine uneventful ones is known as A. selective perception and memory. B. selective contact. C. selective contract. D. working personality.

A. selective perception and memory.

A police department collects and codifies its rules and policies through a(n) A. standard operating procedure manual. B. rules and regulations manual. C. code operations book. D. administrative guide to patrol.

A. standard operating procedure manual.

What standard for the use of deadly force clearly spells out when deadly force may be used and when it may not be used? A. the defense-of-life standard B. the imminent danger standard C. the threat to wellbeing standard D. the armed felon standard

A. the defense-of-life standard

The most serious examples of racial profiling that have been documented involve traffic stops by state police officers on interstate highways in A. California. B. Maryland and New Jersey. C. Florida. D. West Virginia.

B. Maryland and New Jersey.

James J. Fyfe conducted a study of the restrictive policy on deadly force adopted by the NYPD. What was his finding? A. The weekly average number of firearm discharges increased. B. The weekly average number of firearm discharges decreased. C. There was little impact on the weekly average number of firearm discharges. D. The department saw a large decline in the number of civil suits brought against them as a result of deadly force policies.

B. The weekly average number of firearm discharges decreased.

Police-community relations in America represent an apparent contradiction. Which of the following best represents that contradiction? A. There is an attempt to please minorities yet a desire to strictly enforce law. B. There are disparities in arrest and incarceration based on race, yet minorities give the police very favorable ratings. C. The police do not like minorities, yet they display efforts to curb violence in their neighborhoods. D. The police patrol minority neighborhoods in an attempt to improve community relations yet do not really care for the minority residents.

B. There are disparities in arrest and incarceration based on race, yet minorities give the police very favorable ratings.

Which of the following is an example of an investigatory stop? A. When a police officer checks the blood alcohol level of the driver B. When a police officer checks the driver for possession of illegal drugs C. When a police officer stops the driver for reckless driving D. When a police officer stops the driver for speeding

B. When a police officer checks the driver for possession of illegal drugs

The approach of guiding police officers' discretion via written policy is known as A. officer constraint. B. administrative rulemaking. C. abolishment. D. discretionary preservation.

B. administrative rulemaking.

In the context of using different benchmarks to study traffic stop data, a problem with the approach of systematic direct observation of roadways is that A. it can only be conducted in the presence of bicycle patrols. B. it is extremely expensive to conduct. C. it is inaccurate when all police officers are involved in racial profiling. D. it does not observe the racial breakdown of drivers.

B. it is extremely expensive to conduct.

Historically, the police have denied that they exercise discretion, claiming instead they fully enforce all laws. This is known as the A. political discretionary culture. B. myth of full enforcement. C. official department policy. D. politically correct philosophy.

B. myth of full enforcement.

The term "meat eater" as defined by Knapp Corruption Commission refers to A. officers who passively accept what is offered to them. B. officers who aggressively demand favors. C. investigative divisions who only investigate narcotics corruption cases. D. administrators who do not take a serious approach to police corruption.

B. officers who aggressively demand favors.

What is the basic strategy for ensuring compliance with departmental policy? A. issuing heavy sanctions on noncompliant officers B. requiring officers to file written reports that will be reviewed by supervisors C. rewarding officers for consistently compliant behavior D. mandating random internal affairs evaluations

B. requiring officers to file written reports that will be reviewed by supervisors

Identify an accurate statement about investigatory stops. A. They are primarily used to monitor minor traffic code violations by drivers. B. They are generally the product of bias on the part of individual officers. C. They are more personally offensive than traffic safety stops. D. They are usually made when a police officer finds a car dangerously weaving on a highway.

C. They are more personally offensive than traffic safety stops.

What is the effect of official department policies on police discretion? A. They have no effect. B. Whatever effect they may have is not noticeable. C. They have a powerful influence over police discretion. D. It is difficult to ascertain their effects.

C. They have a powerful influence over police discretion.

What is an advantage that written rules offer to the police officer? A. They eliminate the need for professional judgment. B. They increase citizen satisfaction with the police. C. They provide direction on how to handle critical incidents. D. They allow for more efficient patrolling activity.

C. They provide direction on how to handle critical incidents.

Kenneth C. Davis, a leading authority on administrative law, describes the principles of administrative rulemaking as A. attempts to avoid law suits. B. combining law and practice. C. a strategy to fill the gap between law and practice. D. answering all questions of policy.

C. a strategy to fill the gap between law and practice.

The exercise of police discretion through written policy is called A. department philosophy. B. bureaucratic controls. C. administrative rulemaking. D. profession downward judgment.

C. administrative rulemaking.

The definition of a "grass eater" officer according to the Knapp Commission is A. an officer who works with a corrupt officer but does not turn them in. B. an officer who assists a corrupt officer but does not share in the profits. C. an officer who passively accepts what is offered in terms of favors. D. an officer who aggressively demands favors.

C. an officer who passively accepts what is offered in terms of favors.

According to Kenneth C. Davis, discretion is defined as A. a decision based on sound public policy. B. a decision by a judge based upon all the facts submitted by an individual. C. an official action by a criminal justice official based on that individual's judgement about the best course of action. D. reinforcement of law with a good decision.

C. an official action by a criminal justice official based on that individual's judgement about the best course of action.

When you compare people with the police and the larger society, people who are the victims of discrimination or who feel powerless or alienated from society A. are more likely to abuse people in society. B. are more likely to have public attitudes about other social and political issues of the day. C. are likely to have more negative attitudes toward the police. D. may be in fact very satisfied with their treatment by the police.

C. are likely to have more negative attitudes toward the police.

The ability to understand and respond appropriately to differences in languages, traditions, lifestyles, and patterns of communications of different racial or ethnic groups is called A. language knowledge. B. cultural awareness. C. cultural competence. D. cultural barrier removal.

C. cultural competence.

Ethnicity differs from race in terms of A. religious differences. B. self-reporting differences. C. cultural differences. D. immigration differences

C. cultural differences.

The data from one Bureau of Justice Statistics survey A. demonstrate that racial profiling by white officers against black suspects is at an all time high. B. demonstrate that both white and black officers engage in racial profiling. C. demonstrate that people of different races who live in the same area similarly perceive the same activities and reputations of their police departments. D. demonstrate that Hispanics are never profiled.

C. demonstrate that people of different races who live in the same area similarly perceive the same activities and reputations of their police departments.

Research has shown that the police are more likely to make arrests in A. affluent neighborhoods. B. middle class neighborhoods. C. low-income neighborhoods. D. gay and lesbian communities.

C. low-income neighborhoods.

Joseph Goldstein conducted one of the first studies of police discretion in which he concluded that A. discretion typically does not pose a problem. B. discretion is effective and necessary. C. police discretion is illegal and should be abolished. D. police discretion efficiently allocates limited police resources

C. police discretion is illegal and should be abolished.

When several corrupt officers cooperate with one another, it is an example of a A. deep pocket. B. deep corruption pocket. C. rotten pocket. D. persistent ethic problem.

C. rotten pocket.

Edward Garner was A. beaten by the police in New York City. B. beaten by the police in Los Angeles. C. shot and killed by the police in Memphis, Tennessee. D. arrested by the police for killing a police officer

C. shot and killed by the police in Memphis, Tennessee.

The 1985 Supreme Court decision in Tennessee v. Gardner ruled that _____ was unconstitutional. A. the driving while intoxicated standard B. the police pursuit standard C. the fleeing felon standard D. the mandatory arrest standard

C. the fleeing felon standard

Which of the following is an extra-legal factor affecting a police officer's discretion in arresting a suspect? A. the seriousness of the crime committed by the suspect B. the preference of the victim to save the suspect C. the marital relationship between the suspect and the police officer D. the evidence of a weapon on the suspect

C. the marital relationship between the suspect and the police officer

A police officer is most likely to make an arrest when A. the crime is committed in a high-income area. B. the suspect is a vagrant in a skid row. C. the offender and the victim are strangers. D. the preference of the victim is to save the suspect.

C. the offender and the victim are strangers.

The quality of supervision in a police department depends heavily on A. the disciplinary procedures for supervisors in the department. B. the neighborhood where supervisors work. C. the span of control for supervisors in the department. D. the number of complaints supervisors receive from their subordinates.

C. the span of control for supervisors in the department.

The use of excessive force by police officers is also called A. police corruption. B. bullying. C. police battery. D. police brutality.

D. police brutality.

What is the name of the process by which citizen oversight agencies contribute to rulemaking? A. administrative review B. police council C. policy committee D. policy review

D. policy review

What situation related to domestic violence mandates officers to make an arrest, thus inhibiting the use of discretion? A. when witnesses are present B. when the suspect is a minor C. when arrest is preferred D. when a felonious assault has occurred

D. when a felonious assault has occurred