Policing exam 2

Defining Excessive Force:

The application of an amount and/or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling suspect

What did colonist bring to the states?

brought ideas about criminal justice system as part of their culture to America—including limited police authority reflected in the Bill of Rights

Types of testing

criminal records check, background investigations, driving records, personality inventory, medical exams, personal interview, psychological testing, written test, and physical agility

What gender is underrepresented in policing?

women

What are some characteristics of Problem-Oriented Policing:

-POP is a strategy that puts COP into practice - Police examine underlying causes of recurring crime - Law is one of many tools for solving problems

Response:

-Ultimate challenge in POP - Search for most effective way of dealing with problem

Use of Force Continuum:

1.) Officer Presence 2) Verbalization 3) Empty-Hand Control 4) Less-Lethal Methods 5) Lethal Force

How many years of experience to have a job in the FBI

3 years

What is the average length of academy training

640 hours

What is SARA?

Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

Why did the reform area end?

Social changed in 60's and 70's

What establishes minimum selection and training standards

State POST Commission

What are problems?

group of 2+ similar incidents that cause harm

Defining Police Use of Force:

"Force or coercion occurs any time the police require citizens to act in a particular way"

Similarities (clustering) among incidents include:

- Behaviors, locations, people, times, and events - Hot spots policing in St. Louis

What are some characteristics of Community-Oriented Policing:

- Close interactions with local communities - Address crime control through a working partnership with the community - A long term process

Shared characteristics of community-oriented policing and problem oriented

- Close interactions with local communities - Focus on quality of life and citizen satisfaction - Geographically -defined officer assignments - Decentralization

what are the Rooted in 2 schools of thought?

- Community-Oriented Policing (COP) - Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)

What are some research findings in women in policing?

-Female officers as competent as male colleagues • More interpersonal communication skills • Calming effect in stressful situations • Less likely to use excessive force • Implement community-oriented policing • Improve law enforcement response to violence against women • Reduce problems of sex discrimination and harassment

(Methods of) Analysis:

. Computerized crime mapping and offense reports • Calls for Service (CFS) analysis - Reveal hot spots of crime and disturbances • Community surveys • Problem-analysis triangle - Helps officers visualize recurring problems

What are the following factors of reasonable searches and seizures

1) Whether suspect poses an immediate threat 2) The severity of the crime 3) Whether suspect is actively resisting arrest 4) Whether suspect is a flight risk or attempting to escape custody

Defining Excessive Force McEwen (1996)

1)Use of excessive force (amount used during an incident) vs. 2) Excessive use of force (frequency of use over a span of incidents)

What helps us improve our ability to detect excessive force

Body-worn cameras

What type of policing era are we in today?

Community policing

What is scanning?

Conduct preliminary inquiry to determine if a problem exists and if further analysis is needed

What type investigation is used by 99% of agencies

Character investigation

Examples of social changes?

Civil rights movement, anti-war protests, immigration to cities, younger age structure

What was people v. Waters

Defendant was charged with charged with felony gun possession. The defense believed that the officer planted the gun because his myspace account was set to "devious"

How do Officers Avoid Problems

Do not post, transmit, or disseminate: - any material that brings discredit to or may adversely affect the efficiency, reputation, or integrity of the agency - photographs or depictions of themselves dressed in uniform and/or displaying official identification, patches or badges, trademarks, or logos - sexual, violent, racial, or ethnically derogatory comments -sensitive, confidential, proprietary, or classified information - text, pictures, audio, or videos of department training or work-related assignments

Assessment:

Evaluate effectiveness of responses

Why Study Excessive Force?

Every year, incidents of police abuse of authority cost local communities tens of millions of dollars in legal damages. Tax dollars are wasted. Careers are destroyed. The public trust is compromised

Defining Excessive Force (Frye)

Extralegal violence or brutality: officers willfully and wrongfully use force that exceeds the boundaries of their authority

What is the federal government do to improve policing?

Federal funding increased number and improved quality of college criminal justice programs during 1960's and 1970's

what is the point of polygraph examinations

Help ensure applicants are honest

What type of training does a police officer go through

In-Service Training

Analysis:

Learn as much as possible about problem to identify root causes

what is the Field Training Officer (FTO) Program

Recruit assigned to veteran officer for initial field instruction and observation

What is the key problem facing police agencies

Recruitment

What is the 4th amendment?

No unreasonable search and seizures of peoples, papers, affects, and houses

What type of Research questioned the impact of police strategies?

Preventative patrol, rapid response, and criminal investigation units

Who is Herman Goldstein?

The philosopher behind community oriented policing. He developed the problem-oriented policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies.

What is cybervetting?

The use of social networking and internet sites to gather information about and conduct background checks on current and prospective employees.

What is the standard of academic training?

There is no standard

Graham v. Connor (1989):

Use of force must be "objectively reasonable" • "Reasonableness...is not capable of precise definition or mechanical application"

Defining Unnecessary force

force used by well-intentioned officers who are unable to handle a situation and result to violence too quickly or needlessly

What is a personal interview

involves individual interview by board composed of members of the department and community

Does a police officer stop training?

no

Traditional measures of Assessment

number of arrests, levels of reported crime, response times, clearance rates, citizen complaints, workload indicators

DOJ Guidelines

police officers should use only the amount of force necessary to control an incident, effect an arrest, or protect themselves or others from harm or death

What type of examination is used by larger agencies

polygraph

Non-traditional measures of assessment

reduced repeat victimization, decreases in related crimes, neighborhood indicators, increased citizen satisfaction, reduced citizen fear