POLS1336 US and Texas Constitution and Politics Exam 3

Franklin Roosevelt During the Great Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt used radio to speak to the American public in what were known as "fireside chats." Evaluating the News Media

"Fireside chats" were most associated with which president? a. Abraham Lincoln b. John Kennedy c. Franklin Roosevelt d. Ronald Reagan

Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers are a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay arguing for the ratification of the Constitution and are considered today a leading source for understanding the Constitution.

A famous series of essays published in New York newspapers in 1787, known as the ________, provided a vital form of partisan debate over the ratification of the Constitution. Declaration of Independence Republican Papers Common Sense pamphlets Federalist Papers

seditious libel Seditious libel is conduct or language that incites rebellion against the authority of a state.

A landmark case in the early 1700s in colonial America advanced the idea that a free press was more important than a law against ________, which punished people who spoke out against the government. seditious libel partisan debate yellow journalism actual malice

False The many changes in the news media have led to a decline in the number of professional journalists who are covering politics.

Changes in today's news media have led to an increase in the number of professional journalists who are covering politics. True False

South Carolina South Carolina elected Joseph Rainey, the first African American member to the House of Representatives. This is ironic as South Carolina was the first state to secede. The History of Voting in America

Ironically, which state elected Joseph Rainey, the first African American member of the House of Representatives? a. South Carolina b. North Carolina c. West Virginia d. Virginia

The public agenda

Issues that are perceived by the political community as meriting public attention and governmental action are known as which of the following? a. Priming news b. The public agenda c. Whistleblowing d. Watchdog news e. Infotainment

The speed with which journalists must act David Broder attributed bias to the speed with which journalists have to act. With the rise of the 24-7 news cycle, bias in selecting what to cover becomes even more evident. Evaluating the News Media

According to journalist David Broder, what is the main factor that contributes to bias in the media? a. The speed with which journalists must act b. The inability of journalists to recognize their own bias c. The influence of large corporations d. Pressure from the government

the Internet Despite recent changes in the mass media, evidence suggests that Americans have as much information about politics as they did before the arrival of the Internet and the 24-7 news cycle.

Although there have been many changes in the mass media in the last 30 years, evidence suggests that Americans have as much information about politics as they did before ________. the Internet radio talk shows campaign rallies cable news

Troll

An individual who posts outrageous things on blogs merely to get attention is sometimes referred to as which of the following? a. Troll b. Professional journalist c. Citizen journalist d. Talking head e. Advocate

False The mass media help ensure government accountability and responsiveness by performing three important tasks: informing, investigating, and interpreting the news. Political News

The mass media help ensure government accountability and responsiveness by performing three important tasks: informing, investigating, and modifying the news. a. True b. False

60 Voter turnout peaks at about 60 years old. Even when differences in education income are controlled for, participation remains higher for older Americans Who Votes?

Around what age does voter turnout peak in the United States? a. 60 b. 25 c. 30 d. 45

media bias and quality of information Worries about the news media often center on two general concerns. One is that the media are biased and do not present objective information. The second focuses on the general quality of information available to the public.

As the public's confidence in the press continues to decline, the two reasons most cited for their concern are ________. media bias and quality of information polarization and media bias cable news and the Internet hard news and soft news

social media platforms Politicians are making increased use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to communicate with the public.

Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are examples of ________ that many Americans, including politicians, use to share information with the public. mainstream media social communication blog posts social media platforms

ideological People follow news outlets that conform to their existing ideological preferences. This self-selection can fuel further polarization, because many people are not getting information from the other side.

Because there are so many news outlets to choose from, people can follow the outlets that match their existing ________ preferences, which can increase polarization. campaign complex intellectual ideological

True Bloggers are afforded the same protections as journalists working for established news outlets.

Bloggers who write stories published on the Internet enjoy First Amendment protections the same way print journalists are protected. True False

Blogs Blogs have provided the average citizen a forum to express his or her opinion, and they offer a gateway for people to influence politics. Mass Media in the Twenty-First Century

Boing Boing, Techcrunch, Talking Points Memo, and Engadget: what do we call these forms of media that provide forums for commentary, video postings, and general conversation, and allow average citizens to express their opinions to a wider audience? a. Television b. Newspapers c. Radio d. Blogs

agenda setting Agenda setting is the ability of the media to affect the way people view issues, people, or events by controlling which stories are shown and which are not.

By emphasizing certain issues or headlines, the media influence what citizens care about or what they perceive to be the most pressing issues of the day. This type of media effect is called ________. priming lobbying framing agenda setting

True Framing is the ability of the media to alter the public's view on an issue by presenting it in a particular way.

By framing or "spinning" matters in a certain way, the news media can change a voter's mind about a political issue or figure. True False

Walter Cronkite Walter Cronkite represented both the height of objective journalism and the dominance of TV network news. Most Americans assumed that Cronkite provided the facts and did not let partisanship shape his reporting.

During the heyday of television news broadcasting in the 1960s and 1970s, Americans labeled ABC anchorman ________ as "the most trusted man in America." Lester Holt Chet Huntley Walter Cronkite Peter Jennings

why In the decades following 1960, journalists started to interpret events more frequently and assessing why something happened. Some news outlets, such as cable news, deliver more commentary than hard news.

During the last 60 years, the news media has taken a more active role in interpreting campaign stories by focusing more on ________ something happened and delivering more commentary. how when why where

slogans Presidential campaigns have always made effective use of simple slogans to remind voters of their campaign platforms.

Even before the invention of television, presidential candidates were using short catchy statements called ________ to convey a favorable image of themselves and their campaigns. fireside chats Congressional hearings soft news slogans

social networking site Facebook is an example of a social networking site. Social networking websites are increasingly important ways to spread political news. Mass Media in the Twenty-First Century

Facebook is an example of a(n) a. hard news aggregator. b. social networking site. c. infotainment program. d. blog.

priming An extension of agenda setting is priming. Emphasis by the media can alter the criteria that citizens use when evaluating or making decisions about political leaders.

Following the events of 9/11, the news headlines focusing on terrorism powerfully influenced the criteria that citizens used to decide how much they liked President Bush. This process is called ________. framing sourcing priming idolizing

Media

Forms of communication, including radio and television, that have a broad reach to many people are known as which of the following? a. Mass messages b. Popular press c. Journalism d. News e. Media

Jeffersonian model The Jeffersonian Model holds equality as an important political value and that more participation yields a more involved and engaged public and that, in turn, produces better outcomes. The Practice and Theory of Voting

Franco believes that equality and citizen participation are important political values. He believes that the more people are allowed to vote, the better the government can respond to people's interests. Franco believes in which model of voting? a. Psychological model b. Jeffersonian model c. Economic model d. Hamiltonian model

The First Amendment Freedom of the press is intertwined with the idea of democratic government, and the First Amendment to the Constitution protects it.

Freedom of the press is a basic tenet of democracy. Which part of the Constitution protects the freedom of the press to report news? The Preamble The Articles The Fifth Amendment The First Amendment

hard news The decline of newspapers and newspaper readership raises concerns because newspapers tend to contain more hard news—fact-based stories, as opposed to interpretive narratives—than is reported elsewhere. Mass Media in the Twenty-First Century

Jake, a freshman in college, gets most of his news online from sources such as the Huffington Post and Daily Kos while his grandfather Joe reads a print version of the Wall Street Journal from cover to cover. Some would argue that because he's reading a traditional printed newspaper, Joe is exposed to more a. hard news. b. yellow journalism. c. classified listings. d. soft news.

False Journalists and politicians are usually in an adversarial relationship because journalists want to report new stories on topics of interest to the public and politicians only want favorable coverage.

Journalists are obligated to report only favorable news about candidates running for office. True False

News media is a subset of mass media. Mass media includes many news sources, including newspapers, television, radio, and the Internet. The news media is a subset of mass media that provides the news of the day.

How does the news media differ from mass media? Mass media is a subset of the news media. News media is a subset of mass media. Mass media and the news media are two names for the same thing. The news media refers to print communication; mass media refers to all online communication.

actual malice Actual malice is the Supreme Court test for libel of a public figure. The individual must prove that the publisher knew the story was false or acted with reckless disregard of whether it was true or false.

If a supermarket tabloid writes a story that portrays a popular actor, performer, or other public figure negatively, the individual harmed in the article has to prove ________ to win the suit for libel. gross negligence seditious libel critical acclaim actual malice

Citizens In a democracy such as the United States, citizens are supposed to be the ultimate source of power.

In a democracy, who is the ultimate source of power? The president Congress The Supreme Court Citizens

True A model where the government holds a monopoly on information is dangerous and is inconsistent with how the press works in open societies such as the United States.

In the United States, media sources control programming, and the flow of information is free from government control. True False

Agenda setting By stressing certain issues, the media influence what the American public views as the most pressing concerns. This effect is called agenda setting. The Impact of the News Media on the Public

In the mid-1990s, virtually every form of media—TV news, magazines, newspapers, radio—covered O.J. Simpson's murder trial, a criminal court case involving the former football player and the suspicious deaths of his ex-wife and her friend. The O.J. trial captivated the nation for years. What is this effect called when the news covers an item so frequently that the audience begins to see the issue as immensely important? a. Muckraking b. Framing c. Agenda setting d. Soft news

New York Times v. Sullivan The Court has reinforced the protections of press freedom in a libel case. In New York Times v. Sullivan, the court required proof of actual malice in order to convict of libel. The Law and the Free Press

In which Supreme Court case did the court require proof of actual malice in order to convict of libel? a. Near v. Minnesota b. Loving v. Virginia c. New York Times v. Sullivan d. Gibbons v. Ogden

Framing

Lisa watched a news report on recycling and was proud that citizens had stepped up to be more conscious of what they throw away. Jeremy heard a similar report on the radio as he drove home and was frustrated because it showed that companies were still putting products in nonrecyclable containers. These two responses to similar information demonstrate the effect of which of the following? a. Socializing b. Framing c. Sourcing d. Priming e. Blogging

True The media can also make news by researching and revealing information about events.

The media doesn't just report the news; it can also make the news. True False

An aging audience An aging audience is the biggest threat to the television evening news since younger people are less likely to tune in. Mass Media in the Twenty-First Century

Which factor poses the biggest threat to the television evening news? a. The prominence of "technical difficulties" b. An aging audience c. A lack of qualified journalists d. A lack of hard news

True Selective exposure is the process whereby people secure information from sources that agree with them, reinforcing their beliefs. The Impact of the News Media on the Public

Selective exposure is the process whereby people secure information from sources that agree with them, reinforcing their beliefs. a. True b. False

False Millennials appear to be more interested in politics at this point in their lives than were previous generations. This interest is not gauged by whether they watch the evening news or read newspapers, but by the ways they use new media to share information and express their interest in politics.

Millennials appear to be less interested in politics at this point in their lives than their parents' and grandparents' generations. True False

College-educated Nearly three-fourths of college-educated people vote, whereas less than a quarter of those with just a grade-school education do so. Who Votes?

Nearly three-fourths of which group of people vote in elections? a. Grade-school educated b. The 1 percent c. Latinos d. College-educated

the penny press In the early 1800s, newspapers sold for a penny, initiating an era in which the press began to rely on circulation and advertising for income and not on political parties.

Newspaper publishers in the early 1800s began selling their newspapers and accepting advertising to make a profit. This time in the history of the press is known as the era of ________. the free press professional journalism yellow journalism the penny press

hard news Hard news coverage of politics, traditionally found in the printed press, is more fact-based than the more interpretive commentary reported on TV.

Newspapers print more fact-based stories about politics, also known as ________, than the more interpretive commentary reported on TV. soft news editorial columns political narrative hard news

It has declined for both younger and older age groups. Newspaper readership has declined for all age groups. Mass Media in the Twenty-First Century

Since the 1990s, what has happened to newspaper readership? a. It has declined for younger age groups, but it has remained stable for older age groups. b. It has remained stable for both younger and older age groups. c. It has risen for older age groups, but it has declined for younger age groups. d. It has declined for both younger and older age groups.

soft News stories focused less on facts and policies than on sensationalizing secondary issues or on less serious subjects of the entertainment world are referred to as soft news.

Popular "infotainment" shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert offer __________ news, which emphasizes less serious stories that appeal to viewers' emotions. hard fake soft old

True Trump was able to get unprecedented coverage from the news media at no cost through his use of Twitter, the caustic tone of his campaign speeches, and by calling in to morning news shows.

President Trump's unconventional approach to campaigning in the 2016 election included making controversial remarks that resulted in millions of dollars in free media coverage. True False

Alters public perceptions of an issue by embedding that issue in particular stories

Priming can be defined as a way in which the media does which of the following? a. Sets the public agenda of what government ought to do b. Limits access to opinionated information c. Seeks to make a profit d. Alters public perceptions of an issue by embedding that issue in particular stories e. Socializes new generations about major political issues

Barbara Walters In 1976, Barbara Walters became the first woman to co-anchor the evening news (ABC).

Prior to 1976, there were no women news anchors on TV. ________ became the first woman co-anchor of a network evening news program. Katie Couric Barbara Walters Diane Sawyer Jane Pauley

libel Publishing false and damaging statements about another person is called libel.

Publishing a false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation is called ________. slander libel censorship malice

minimal effects The minimal effects model is a view of the media's impact as marginal because most people seek news reports to reinforce beliefs already held rather than to develop new ones.

The ________ model describes the tendency for only a few voters to change their minds about who they are voting for when new information about a campaign is offered by the media. selective exposure minimal effects naïve propaganda

watchdog The watchdog role of the press lies at the heart of democracy. The First Amendment to the Constitution protects freedom of the press.

The ________ role of the press allows journalists the freedom to be critical of the government and to do their job free from governmental interference. watchdog informational democratic subversive

online Americans are getting their news increasingly from digital and online sources. This also results in declining circulation for print media, especially newspapers.

The audience for TV news is declining as the trend for Americans getting their news from ________ sources is increasing. print online audio multimedia

access to the Internet There is evidence that the Internet and social media have not changed the overall amount of information the public possesses, but new media are not equally available to all Americans.

The biggest barrier to the public's access to news and information about politics is ________. ownership of a smart phone watchdog interference access to the Internet media bias

Latinos Latinos are the fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States, prompting the growth of two major Spanish-language television networks reaching over 5 million Spanish-speaking viewers in more than 40 markets.

The fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States is ________, prompting rapid changes in the media environment. Latinos Native Americans Norwegians African Americans

conservative Rush Limbaugh is by far the best-known conservative talk radio host on the air today. No liberal shows come close to the popularity of the top-rated conservative commentators.

Rush Limbaugh is the top politically ________ talk radio commentator on the air today, reaching over 13 million listeners. conservative libertarian moderate liberal

John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon The 1960 presidential campaign between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon is a well-known example of the new emphasis on the visual side of politics. Politicians aimed to look good on television because viewers could detect nervousness and judge body language.

The first televised public debate between presidential candidates ________ in 1960 was a demonstration of how television's visuals redefined political events and influenced public opinion based on how the candidates looked. Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson Richard M. Nixon and Hubert Humphrey Lyndon B. Johnson and Barry Goldwater John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon

propaganda model The propaganda model is an extreme view of the media's role in society, arguing that the press serves the interest of the government only, driving what the public thinks about important issues.

The Nazi dictatorship in Germany exemplified the ________ model of media influence by controlling the programming and information German citizens. naïve model monopoly model propaganda model public model

Federal Communications Commission Congress created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC ), an agency that regulates all forms of electronic media, including radio, broadcast television, cable television, cell phones, and wireless networks.

The ________ is the agency that regulates radio, broadcast television, cable television, cell phones, and wireless networks. Federal Trade Commission Department of Defense Supreme Court Federal Communications Commission

Use the power of television to project an image

The most important aspect of debates for political candidates is taking advantage of an opportunity to do which of the following? a. Speak to the part of the electorate that is already committed to voting for them b. Use the power of television to project an image c. Attack the views of their opponent on the issues d. Present their own views on the issues e. Show the electorate that he or she is eloquent and articulate

False Traditional printed newspapers are in decline. The number of daily papers has been dropping since 1990, and newspaper readership is also declining.

The number of daily newspapers published in the United States has been increasing since 1990. True False

naïve model Few people believe that the media have no influence on citizens. The naïve model postulates that people think the public ignores the media or that citizens learn about politics by observing the events themselves.

The polar opposite of the propaganda model of media influence is the ________, in which people believe the public ignores the media or only believes what they witness themselves. monopoly model selective model minimal effects model naïve model

True The percentage of Americans who listen to the radio has remained essentially unchanged in the past decade. In 1998, 95 percent of the American public tuned into an AM or FM station at least once a week; thirteen years later, 93 percent had listened to the radio in the previous seven days. Mass Media in the Twenty-First Century

The popularity of Americans who listen to the radio has remained unchanged in the past decade as a medium of communication. a. True b. False

Setting the public agenda

The power of the media to determine what the government ought to do is referred as which of the following? a. Priming b. Framing c. Setting the public agenda d. Political socialization e. Content aggregation

yellow journalism Yellow journalism is a style of journalism in the late-nineteenth century characterized by sensationalism intended to capture readers' attention and increase circulation.

The practice of distorting news and writing sensational headlines to sell newspapers, popularized by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst in the late 1800s, is known as ________. yellow journalism federalist opposition getting the scoop muckraking

Franklin Delano Roosevelt The press concealed the health of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, thereby preserving his public image. Roosevelt died in April 1945, three months after taking the oath of office for his fourth term. There were clear signs that he was ill, but the press chose not to report them. The History of the Press in America

The press concealed the health of which president, thereby preserving his public image? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Thomas Jefferson c. George Washington d. Franklin Delano Roosevelt

False There are very few laws that constrain the print media, such as newspapers and magazines. The electronic media, such as radio and television, are more heavily regulated by government.

The print media is more heavily regulated by government than the electronic media. True False

the Federalist Papers Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote the Federalist Papers in support of the Constitution. The History of the Press in America

The series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support the ratification of the Constitution are known as a. the Federalist Papers. b. Public Occurrences. c. the Sentiments of Democracy. d. the Articles of Confederation.

selective exposure According to the minimal effects model, in a process described as selective exposure, people secured information from sources that agreed with them, leading to the reinforcement of beliefs, not to a change of beliefs.

The tendency for people to only watch the cable news stations that report news they agree with and support their ideology is a process described as ________. ideological disposition yellow journalism soft news selective exposure

inform, investigate, interpret The mass media help ensure government accountability and responsiveness by performing three important tasks: informing, investigating, and interpreting the news.

The three primary functions of news reporting are to ________, ________, and ________ to help ensure government remains accountable and responsible to its citizens. print, publish, post inform, investigate, interpret write, copy, edit develop, design, present

Federal Communications Commission In 1934, Congress created the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), now a powerful agency that regulates all forms of electronic media, including radio, broadcast television, cable television, cell phones, and even wireless networks. The Law and the Free Press

Which federal agency oversees the regulation of electronic media? a. Federal Bureau of Investigations b. Department of the Interior c. Federal Communications Commission d. Consumer Financial Protections Bureau

Literacy tests Literacy tests required potential voters to prove they could read; notably, they were applied differently to whites and blacks. The History of Voting in America

To assess their educational skills, potential voters in 1960s Alabama were required to answer questions like these: Whose duty is it to keep Congress informed of the state of the union? In which document or writing is the "Bill of Rights" found? How many states were required to approve the original Constitution in order for it to be in effect? In what type of assessment are these potential votes participating? a. Grandfather clauses b. White primaries c. Literacy tests d. Jim Crow laws

off the record Politicians may make certain statements "off the record" with the understanding that journalists will not use them in a story except as background or to provide context.

To provide a broader understanding for a story, a politician may share information with a journalist ________, with an understanding that the statements be kept in confidence. in secret after hours under the table off the record

choices The best word to describe today's media environment is choice. Those who lack interest in politics can avoid political news altogether.

Today's media environment offers the public many ________ for political information or, if they prefer, no political information at all. choices devices databases consequences

Minimal effects The minimal effects model asserts that the news media has only marginal influence on the public's thinking about politics. It contends that the public did not have much information about politics, and attitudes were shaped by long-standing forces such as partisanship or the neighborhood in which people lived. The Impact of the News Media on the Public

Which model for interpreting public opinion asserts that the news media does not have a lot of influence on the public's thinking about politics? a. Minimal effects b. Propaganda c. Not-so-minimal effects d. Agenda setting

watchdogs Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein played the ultimate role of watchdog, creating a news story that gripped the country for more than a year. The episode ended with Nixon's resignation in 1974, the only time a U.S. president has resigned.

Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein served as government ________ by investigating and reporting a news story that ultimately resulted in the resignation of President Nixon in 1974. watchdogs economists legislators spies

liberal Liberals and conservatives differ in the number and sources of news they consume. Liberals tend to rely on multiple sources for news about politics, whereas conservatives often go to Fox News as their primary source.

When it comes to news about government and politics, people with a consistently ________ ideology tend to rely on more sources such as CNN, MSNBC, NPR, and the New York Times for their news. conservative liberal moderate libertarian

In times of war (or threat of war) The First Amendment to the Constitution states that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of the press. National security concerns during times of war (or threat of war) may require that the press not publish a story.

When may the government limit the publishing power of the media? During natural disasters When the president travels abroad In times of war (or threat of war) When foreign leaders are in the United States

framing Framing is the ability to alter the public's view on an issue by presenting it in a particular way. The Impact of the News Media on the Public

When the George W. Bush administration waged war in Afghanistan, the media emphasized the issue of fighting terrorism and presented war in a favorable light. This is an example of a. hard news. b. agenda setting. c. framing. d. priming.

Near v. Minnesota In Near v. Minnesota (1931), the Court ruled that only in exceptionally rare cases could the government stop the printing of a story. The Law and the Free Press

Which Supreme Court case limited the government's ability to suppress a news story? a. Near v. Minnesota b. McCulloch v. Maryland c. Loving v. Virginia d. Gibbons v. Ogden

Smith v. Allwright In 1944, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Smith v. Allwright ruled the white primary unconstitutional. The History of Voting in America

Which Supreme Court case outlawed the practice of the white primary? a. Griswold v. Connecticut b. Smith v. Allwright c. Marbury v. Madison d. California Democratic Party v. Jones

Fifteenth After the Civil War, voting rights were extended to African American males by the Fifteenth Amendment. But states, localities, and political parties sought by various means to block African Americans, Asian immigrants, and others from voting. From the 1870s until 1920, the barriers to voting often increased. The History of Voting in America

Which amendment extended voting rights to African American males? a. Fifteenth b. Nineteenth c. Twelfth d. Eleventh

First The First Amendment governs freedom of press; it states that "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom...of the press." The Law and the Free Press

Which amendment governs freedom of press? a. Tenth b. First c. Eighth d. Fourth

Twenty-Sixth Adopted in 1971, the Twenty-Sixth Amendment gave 18-year-olds the rights to vote. The History of Voting in America

Which amendment set the voting age at 18? a. First b. Nineteenth c. Twenty-Sixth d. Second

First The First Amendment to the Constitution states that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of the press.

Which amendment to the Constitution assures a free press in the United States? Fifth Twenty-first Eleventh First

Most television watchers thought Kennedy won, and most radio listeners thought Nixon won. Most television watchers thought Kennedy won, and most radio listeners thought Nixon won. Appearance seems to have mattered in this debate. The History of the Press in America

Which assessment of the 1960 debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy is considered correct? a. Most people watching on television or listening on the radio thought Nixon won. b. Most television watchers thought Nixon won, and most radio listeners thought Kennedy won. c. Most people watching on television or listening on the radio thought Kennedy won. d. Most television watchers thought Kennedy won, and most radio listeners thought Nixon won.

Philadelphia Gazette With his Philadelphia Gazette, Franklin's accounts of government and stories of personal interest, including crime, sex, violence, and mysteries became the foundation for modern American news coverage. He is considered by many to be one of America's first sensationalist journalists. The History of the Press in America

Which newspaper, headed by Benjamin Franklin and often considered the foundation for modern American news coverage, included sensationalist stories? a. New York Weekly Journal b. New York Sun c. Philadelphia Gazette d. Public Occurrences

First Amendment

Which of the following amendments to the Constitution protects the freedom of the press? a. Fifth Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Second Amendment d. Ninth Amendment e. First Amendment

Public Occurrences

Which of the following began publication in Boston in 1690, had only a few pages and was more a pamphlet than a newspaper during the colonial era? a. The Boston Globe b. Two Treatises of Government c. The Evening Post d. The New York Weekly Journal e. Public Occurrences

A free press A government that limits freedom of the press decreases the chance for the public to hold government leaders accountable.

Which of the following is necessary to hold government leaders accountable for their actions? A free press Social media Lobbyists Court actions

Choice

Which of the following words best describes today's media environment? a. Biased b. Soft c. Informative d. Declining e. Choice

James K. Polk Newspapers also provided a way for presidents and party leaders to express their opinions on the issues of the day. Some presidents, such as James K. Polk (1845-49), even started their own newspapers to get out their message. The History of the Press in America

Which president started his own newspaper to get his message out regarding issues of the day? a. Thomas Jefferson b. George Washington c. James K. Polk d. Theodore Roosevelt

The Constitution is silent on the rules about voting in elections, leaving such choices to states. The Constitution is nearly silent on the rules about voting in elections, leaving such choices to the states. As Article I, Section 4, of the Constitution states, "The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof." The Practice and Theory of Voting

Which statement accurately describes the aim of the Constitution and the states in regard to elections? a. The Constitution is silent on the rules about voting in elections, leaving such choices to states. b. The Constitution divides the responsibility for holding elections equally between the federal government and the states c. The Constitution is specific about the dominant role of the federal government in holding elections, and the states play a limited role. d. The Constitution includes guidelines for all state and national elections, and it requires the national government to establish eligibility requirements for the states.

The higher one's income, the more likely one is to vote. The higher one's income, the more likely one is to vote. More income generally means that people believe they have more at stake and thus more reason to vote. Individuals with higher incomes are also likely to be in environments in which politics is frequently discussed and that provide greater opportunities for learning about the political process. Who Votes?

Which statement describes the relationship between income and voting? a. The higher one's income, the more likely one is to vote. b. Those with a high income and those with a low income are equally likely to vote. c. The lower one's income, the more likely one is to vote. d. Those who represent the annual median family income in the U.S. are most likely to vote.

ABC, NBC, CBS There were evening news broadcasts from the three major networks—ABC, CBS, and NBC. The History of the Press in America

Which three major networks aired evening news broadcasts in the early 1960s? a. ABC, NBC, CBS b. Fox, ABC, NBC c. PBS, Fox, ABC d. Fox, CBS, NBC

The government had not met and would have needed to meet an extraordinary burden of proof for prior restraint. The Supreme Court ruled in the Pentagon Papers case that the government had not met an extraordinary burden of proof for prior restraint. The Law and the Free Press

Which was a result of the Pentagon Papers Supreme Court decision? a. The government can prevent news stories by claiming publication would be detrimental to national security. b. The media must submit controversial news stories to the courts prior to publication. c. The government had not met and would have needed to meet an extraordinary burden of proof for prior restraint. d. No federal agencies can regulate electronic media, but they can regulate print media.

Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony, a leader in the National Woman Suffrage Association who worked tirelessly for most of her life to secure women the right to vote, was arrested after her attempt to vote in 1872. The History of Voting in America

Which women's suffrage advocate was arrested after her attempt to vote in 1872? a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton b. Susan B. Anthony c. Eleanor Roosevelt d. Victoria Claflin Woodhull

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein The media can also make news by researching and revealing information about events. Washington Post journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered the Watergate scandal. Political News

Who uncovered the Watergate scandal? a. Walter Cronkite b. Abbie Hoffman c. Chet Huntley and David Brinkley d. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to use radio to communicate directly with the people, broadcasting what he called "fireside chats" from the White House in which he explained what he was doing to end the Great Depression.

Who was the first president to use radio to communicate directly communicate with the public? John F. Kennedy Ronald Reagan Abraham Lincoln Franklin D. Roosevelt

Actual malice Actual malice is the Supreme Court test for libel of a public figure, in which the plaintiff must prove that the publisher knew the material was false or acted with reckless disregard of whether it was true or false.

________ is a standard that must be met in defamation cases involving public figures. Libel conviction Gross negligence Controversial claim Actual malice

Muckraking Muckraking is a journalistic practice of investigative reporting that seeks to uncover corruption and wrongdoing.

________ is a style of investigative reporting that rose to popularity in the early 1900s that seeks to expose corruption and encourage reform. Yellow journalism Blogging Muckraking Objective reporting

Framing Framing is the ability of the media to influence public perception of issues by constructing the issue or discussion of a subject in a certain way.

________ is the ability of the media to alter the public's view on an issue by presenting it in a particular way. Priming Framing Agenda setting Political modeling