Population Dynamics

Mortality Rate

# of Deaths in a Population in One Year ÷ # of People in that Population

In population studies, fertility is a measure of the: a. The production of live births among a population of women b. The production of surviving live births in a population of women c. The production of live births and still births in a population of women d. The number of pregnancies women in the population are having

A. The production of live births among a population of women. In demography, fertility always refers to the production of a live birth. A woman who has the potential to reproduce, but has never had a live birth (but perhaps has had still births) would be classified as "fecund" but not "fertile". (In medical terminology, this woman would be classified as "fertile".)

The four essential features of a census are: a. Universal coverage b. Individual enumeration c. Personal interviews d. Simultaneous (same reference day) count of the population e. Periodic (usually 10 year) implementation f. Randomization of enumeration areas

A. Universal coverage B. Individual enumeration D. Simultaneous (same reference day) count of the population E. Periodic (usually 10 year) implementation

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

Annual # of Maternal Deaths (incl. ALL pregnancies) / # of live births * expressed per 100,000 live births *numerator includes women who died during abortions and women who died within X days of birth

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMRate)

Annual # of Maternal Deaths (incl. ALL pregnancies) / # of women of reproductive age (15-49) * expressed per 1,000 women *numerator includes women who died during abortions and women who died within X days of birth

The world's population is currently growing at about what percent per year? a. 0.1% b. 1% c. 2% d. 3%

B. 1%

The current world population is a little over: a. 3 billion b. 7 billion c. 9 billion d. 11 billion

B. 7 billion

In the United States in recent years, the age group showing a significant increase in fertility is: a. Age 15 - 24 b. Age 30 - 39

B. Age 30-39 In the US, in recent years women have been delaying marriage and childbearing. This has resulted in lower fertility rates among younger women, but rising fertility among older women, particularly in the 30-39 age group. The chart is given in the reference "Population: A Lively Introduction".

The infant mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number deaths to infants under one year in a calendar year by: a. All infants under age one year b. All live births in the same year c. All live births in the preceeding year

B. All live births in the same year. The infant mortality rate is the infant deaths divided by live births in the same year. While this is not a true match of numerator and denominator because infants born in one year may die in the next year, this is the period rate conventionally calculated.

The UN population projection for Japan from 2010 to 2050 indicates that the crude death rate will increase from 8.8/1000 to 14.3/1000 over this time period. The reason for this increase is: a. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect the health conditions of the elderly to deteriorate b. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect more deaths even though health conditions are improving c. There is a calculation error in these projections d. These projections do not take into account the gains in life expectancy over this time period

B. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect more deaths even though health conditions are improving. With sustained low fertility, the Japanese population is developing an older age structure. Thus there will be more total deaths and a higher CDR every year, even though the health conditions are improving.

Often a less developed country (LDC) like Paraguay will have a lower crude death rate than a more developed country (MDC) like Sweden. This is because: a. The MDC has higher risks of death among the elderly b. The MDC has an older population age structure c. Both statements above are true d. Both statements are false

B. The MDC has an older population age structure. In a population, the crude death rate is strongly influenced by the age structure of the population. MDCs typically have low birth rates and older age structures, so that they will have more total deaths even though death rates are lower at every age.

Which of the following statements is correct: (pick one) a. The US Constitution mandates a census and birth registration b. The US Constitution mandates a census c. The US Constitution mandates birth registration d. There is no reference to a census or birth registration in the US Constitution

B. The US Constitution mandates a census every 10 years for the purpose of allocating representatives to Congress.

If the CBR is 35 and the CDR is 15 in a population, then the crude rate of natural increase in percent is: a. 0.2% b. 0.5% c. 2% d. 5%

C. 2% Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate = Crude Rate of Natural Increase. Since these rates are per 1000, the answer above must be divided by 10 to get CRNI in percent.

If a population has doubled in size in 35 years, we can estimate that the average annual growth rate over that time was: a. 10 percent per year b. 5 percent per year c. 2 percent per year d. 1 percent per year

C. 2% per year. Doubling time in years = 70/rate of population growth in percent

Vital registration systems are primarily mandated by governments for: a. Statistical purposes b. Legal purposes

B. Legal purposes

Replacement fertility is always a little higher than 2.00 because: a. Allowance is made for slightly more males than females born b. Not all female births will survive to replace their mothers c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

C. Both of the above. Replacement fertility is the level of fertility required for a woman to replace herself in the next generation. Since the usual sex ratio at birth is about 105 males per 100 females, it requires more than 2.00 births (of both sexes) to get 1.00 female births. And then, since not all births will survive to reproductive age, the number must be higher to account for female deaths. It can be over 3.0 in high mortality populations

The dependency ratio of a population is calculated by: a. Dividing the population of children under age 5 by the women of reproductive age b. Dividing the children under age 15 by the adults in the labor force c. Dividing the children under age 15 and adults ages 65+ by the adults ages 15-64 d. Dividing the children under age 15 by the adults ages 15-64

C. Dividing the children under age 15 and adults ages 65+ by the adults ages 15-64

The calculation of a life table for a population requires which following data? a. TFR b. Cause specific death rate c. CDR d. ASDR

D. Age-Specific Death Rates The ASDRs are the primary data needed to construct a life table.

In the United States, population projections reveal a major increase in the proportion of the elderly (over 65) population in the next 30 years because: a. People are living longer b. The baby boomers will be in the elderly age groups c. Life expectancy among the elderly is continuing to improve d. All of the above

D. All of the above.

Countries that are in the second stage of the demographic transition might have the following levels of CBR and CDR: a. CBR 10; CDR 10 b. CBR 40; CDR40 c. CBR 20; CDR 40 d. CBR 40; CDR 20

D. CBR 40; CDR 20

For most less developed countries, the reported levels of maternal mortality come from: a. Counts of maternal deaths throughout the country b. Counts of maternal deaths occuring in health institutions c. Estimates based on surveys asking about all maternal deaths in the past year d. Estimates based on surveys asking respondents about deaths of their sisters

D. Estimates based on surveys asking respondents about deaths of their sisters.

What information is NOT collected from individuals in the United States census: a. Name b. Age c. Sex d. Religion e. Race f. Hispanic origin g. Relationship to head of household

D. Religion

A population of 1 million persons has the following age composition. Calculate the dependency ratio. Age Group Population 0-14 450,000 15-64 500,000 65+ 50,000

Dependency Ratio = (Pop of 0-14 + Pop of 65+) / Pop of 15-64 * 100 The dependency ratio is 100

In a population of 20,000 women of reproductive age (15-44), in one year there are 2000 births and 400 abortions recorded. General fertility rate: ___ Abortion Rate: ___ Abortion Ratio: ___

GFR: 100 live births/1000 women ages 15-44 Abortion Rate: 20 abortions/1000 women ages 15-44 Abortion Ratio: 200 abortions/1000 live births

In a population, the age specific fertility rates for a given year are shown in the table below. Calculate the total fertility rate and express the answer in the correct units so any reader will be able to interpret the answer. Do not just give a number. Age group Rate per 1000 15-19 100 20-24 300 25-29 200 30-34 150 35-39 100 40-44 50

TFR is 4.5 births per woman. = (Add all age-specific fertility rates) * 5 * 1000

Median Age (definition)

The age at which exactly half of the population is younger and half is older.

How many years did it take to add the last billion to the world's population? a. 12 years b. 18 years c. 24 years d. 30 years

A. 12 years

How many years did it take to add the last billion to the world's population? a. 12 years b. 18 years c. 24 years d. 30 years

A. 12 years.

The contraceptive prevalence rate in the population is usually measured by dividing the number of married women of reproductive age using any method of contraception by: a. All married women of reproductive age b. All sexually active women of reproductive age c. All fecund women of reproductive age d. All women of reproductive age

A. All married women of reproductive age. When the numerator is married women, the denominator must be married women also.

Three major sources of demographic data are: a. Census b. Hospital records c. Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) d. Vital Registration e. Surveys

A. Census; D. Vital registration; E. Surveys

During the early stages of the demographic transition, there is rapid population growth because: a. Death rates begin to fall while birth rates remain high b. Birth rates begin to rise while death rates remain steady c. Birth and death rates are falling together d. Birth and death rates are both very high

A. Death rates begin to fall while birth rates remain high.

The fertility and mortality data from most of the less developed countries that are reported annually in UN publications come from: a. Estimates derived from periodic sample surveys b. Estimates derived from vital registration systems c. Estimates derived from the census d. Estimates derived from annual sample surveys

A. Estimates derived from periodic sample surveys

The sex ratios in the US show a progressive decline in the proportion of males with age because of: a. Higher age specific mortality rates for males than females in every age group from birth b. The major loss of males in the population in World War II c. The higher migration of elderly males outside the country for retirement

A. Higher age specific mortality rates for males than females in every age group from birth. Males have higher death rates at every age from birth to the oldest age groups.

An Asian country with the distorted sex ratio because of a strong preference for male children is: A. India B. Thailand C. Indonesia D. Japan E. Philippines

A. India

The life expectancy at birth is a good indicator for comparing the health conditions of populations because: a. It is an age-independent measure of mortality b. It measures infant mortality c. It is a measure of how long newborns born this year will survive over their lifetimes

A. It is an age-independent measure of mortality

The total fertility rate (TFR) is a better measure to compare reproduction between populations than the crude birth rate (CBR) because: a. It is not affected by differences in the age structure of the populations b. It measures lifetime levels of fertility c. It gives the actual total births that women are having over their reproductive lives d. It is a more reliable measure of reproduction in the population than the crude birth rate

A. It is not affected by differences in the age structure of the populations Since the TFR takes a hypothetical group of 1000 women through their reproductive life with the actual ASFRs of a population measured in a particular year, it is a age-independent summary measure of PERIOD fertility. It does not tell us what any group of women would actually do, unless they actually lived their reproductive lives with this pattern of ASFRs.

The total fertility rate (TFR) is a better measure to compare reproduction between populations than the crude birth rate (CBR) because: a. It is not affected by differences in the age structure of the populations b. It measures lifetime levels of fertility c. It gives the actual total births that women are having over their reproductive lives d. It is a more reliable measure of reproduction in the population than the crude birth rate

A. It is not affected by differences in the age structure of the populations. Since the TFR takes a hypothetical group of 1000 women through their reproductive life with the actual ASFRs of a population measured in a particular year, it is a age-independent summary measure of PERIOD fertility. It does not tell us what any group of women would actually do, unless they actually lived their reproductive lives with this pattern of ASFRs.

The numerator for the maternal mortality is the number of maternal deaths in a given year. The denominator for the calculation of the maternal mortality ratio is the number of: a. Live births in the same year b. Pregnancies in the same year c. Live births plus abortions in the same year d. Women of reproductive age in the same year

A. Live births in the same year By definition the *ratio* is maternal deaths divided by live births in the same year. This is a useful index for maternity care in the population. The maternal mortality *rate* is maternal deaths divided by number of women in the reproductive age in a given year.

One determinant of the sex ratio of a population is the relative likelihood of survival of males versus females. Biologically we can expect that: a. Males die at higher rates than females at every age, beginning with fetal development b. Males die at higher rates than females only in childhood and as young adults c. Males begin to die at higher rates than females at all ages starting at the age of 10 d. None of the above is true

A. Males die at higher rates than females at every age, beginning with fetal development

The rationale for sample surveys includes (choose 4): a. Multiple topics can be addressed in one survey b. Permissions are not required since these are samples c. They are relatively economical d. More accuracy can be assured than in a census e. There are no political constraints on the questions f. In-depth information can be obtained

A. Multiple topics can be addressed in one survey C. They are relatively economical D. More accuracy can be assured than in a census F. In-depth information can be obtained

Aging of the population in developing countries is primarily determined by: a. The fertility rate b. The mortality rates c. Life expectancy

A. The fertility rate. As the birth rate of a population declines, the average age of the population increases.

Which of the following can you calculate from a life table (pick all that are correct): a. The life expectancy at birth b. The life expectancy at age 75 c. Proportion of 30-34 year-olds surviving to 55-59 years d. The number of years a 15 year-old can expect to survive

A. The life expectancy at birth B. The life expectancy at age 75 C. Proportion of 30-34 year-olds surviving to 55-59 years D. The number of years a 15 year-old can expect to survive

The UN population projection for Japan from 2010 to 2050 indicates that the crude death rate will increase from 8.8/1000 to 14.3/1000 over this time period. The reason for this increase is: a. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect the health conditions of the elderly to deteriorate b. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect more deaths even though health conditions are improving c. There is a calculation error in these projections d. These projections do not take into account the gains in life expectancy over this time period

B. As the Japanese population gets older you can expect more deaths even though health conditions are improving. With sustained low fertility, the Japanese population is developing an older age structure. Thus there will be more total deaths and a higher CDR every year, even though the health conditions are improving.

The crude birth rate is called "crude" because: a. It is only an estimate of fertility in the population b. It is strongly affected by the age structure of the population c. It is affected by the sex ratio of the population d. The denominator includes the entire population

B. It is strongly affected by the age structure of the population AND D. The denominator includes the entire population. It is called crude because the denominator includes the entire population including men, children and the elderly - and not just the population at risk, i.e., women of reproductive age.

The concept of population momentum refers to the fact that: a. Elderly populations continue to grow over time because of gains in life expectancy b. Populations will continue to grow for many years after reaching replacement fertility c. Populations will grow even after the rate of natural increase reaches zero d. All of the above are operating

B. Populations will continue to grow for many years after reaching replacement fertility

Mortality estimates for most countries in the world are derived from: a. Vital registration b. Sample surveys

B. Sample surveys Most developing countries do not have registration of births and deaths, and many of those that do are typically incomplete and/or inaccurate.

In the United States, there are three causes of death where males have much higher death rates than females. These are (select 3): a. Heart disease b. Suicide c. Diabetes d. Cancer e. Violence f. Accidents g. High blood pressure

B. Suicide E. Violence F. Accidents Males die at higher rates than females at every age, but the differences are greater in the ages 15 - 14 where males die at much higher rates from suicide, violence and accidents.

Often a less developed country (LDC) like Paraguay will have a lower crude death rate than a more developed country (MDC) like Sweden. This is because: a. The MDC has higher risks of death among the elderly b. The MDC has an older population age structure c. Both statements above are true d. Both statements are false

B. The MDC has an older population age structure. In a population, the crude death rate is strongly influenced by the age structure of the population. MDCs typically have low birth rates and older age structures, so that they will have more total deaths even though death rates are lower at every age.

Crude death rates in UN publications are not useful for comparing the health of different populations because: a. The crude death rate data are usually inaccurate b. The crude death rate is strongly influenced by the age structure of the population c. The crude death rate is heavily weighted by deaths among the elderly

B. The crude death rate is strongly influenced by the age structure of the population A young (rapidly growing) population will typically have a lower crude death rate than a population with an old age structure, even though the risk of death may be higher in every age group in the population with the young age structure.

The total fertility rate is a measure of: a. The cumulative number of live births that women in the population had over their reproductive life span b. The cumulative number of live births a cohort of women would have if a given year's ASFRs prevailed throughout their reproductive life span c. The projected number of live births that women may be expected to have over their reproductive life span

B. The cumulative number of live births a cohort of women would have if a given year's ASFRs prevailed throughout their reproductive life span.

The definition of a rate is: a. The number of demographic events divided by the population at risk for the event b. The number of demographic events in a specified time period divided by the population at risk for that event c. The number of demographic events occurring to a specific population group divided by the population at risk in that specific group

B. The number of demographic events in a specific time period divided by the population at risk for that event. A rate always includes a time period.

The definition of a rate is: a. The number of demographic events divided by the population at risk for the event b. The number of demographic events in a specified time period divided by the population at risk for that event c. The number of demographic events occurring to a specific population group divided by the population at risk in that specific group

B. The number of demographic events in a specified time period divided by the population at risk for that event. A rate always includes a time period.

Select all the statements about "race" that are true: a. Race is a scientifically established feature of humans b. There are no universally accepted categories of race c. In the US census, a person's race is based on self reporting d. The US census is a reliable source to study racial composition of the population e. Race is relevant to society because it is genetically determined

B. There are no universally accepted categories of race. C. In the US census, a person's race is based on self reporting

The usual sex-ratio at birth of males per 100 females in the population is about: a. 100 b. 102 c. 105 d. 108 e. 111

C. 105 males per females

It is estimated that the year the world's population reached one billion was about: a. 1600 b. 1700 c. 1800 d. 1900

C. 1800

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size assuming a constant rate of growth can be estimated by dividing the annual rate of growth in percent into the number: a. 7 b. 30 c. 70 d. 300

C. 70

Which of the following is not considered a vital event for the purposes of vital registration: a. Marriages b. Divorces c. Immigration d. Births e. Deaths

C. Immigration

In the life table for Somalia, the life expectancy at birth was 49 years, but the life expectancy at age 1 was 54 years. The reason for this is: a. Somalia has a unique pattern of mortality among infants and children b. There is a calculation error in the life table c. Infants who survive the first year of life do have a higher life expectancy than newborns d. None of the above is true

C. Infants who survive the first year of life do have a higher life expectancy than newborns Typically, life expectancy at age 1 is higher than life expectancy at age 0 (birth). The reason is that once an infant survives the first year of life, the probability of survival for the rest of its life is better.

The youth dependency ratio is the ratio of the population 0-14 years divided by the: a. Total population b. Population ages 15 and over c. Population ages 15-64 d. Population in the labor force

C. Population ages 15-64

Which of the following is not included in the bookkeeping equation of population growth for a country: a. Births in year t b. Net immigration in year t c. Rate of natural increase in year t d. Population at the beginning of year t e. Population at the beginning of year t+1 f. Deaths in year t

C. Rate of natural increase in year t

In ancient populations, the life expectancy at birth was around 30 years. This means that: a. Most people died at about age 30 years b. Almost no one lived beyond age 30 years c. The average age of death was 30 years d. All of the above are true

C. The average age of death was 30 years In a life table, the life expectancy at birth = the average age at death. Thus, while a high proportion of the population died at a very early age, a significant number also lived to an old age.

In ancient populations, the life expectancy at birth was around 30 years. This means that: a. Most people died at about age 30 years b. Almost no one lived beyond age 30 years c. The average age of death was 30 years d. All of the above are true

C. The average age of death was 30 years. In a life table, the life expectancy at birth = the average age at death. Thus, while a high proportion of the population died at a very early age, a significant number also lived to an old age.

In demography, fecundity refers to: a. The number of pregnancies that a woman has b. The proportion of pregnancies surviving to a live birth c. The physiological ability of a woman or couple to bear children

C. The physiological ability of a woman or couple to bear children

The "demographic dividend" refers to a period when fertlity declines and: a. The population of school age children increases, leading to a potential increase in productivity in the long run b. The population growth rate slows so less investment is required to accommodate to an expanding population c. The working age population grows more than the dependent population, potentially increasing productivity

C. The working age population grows more than the dependent population, potentially increasing productivity

The primary determinant of population momentum is: a. The high level of fertility in the population b. The steady gain in life expectancy c. The young age structure of the population d. The large number of women in the reproductive age group e. All of the above are true

C. The young age structure of the population

The total population of country A is 1,000,000. In 2012 there are a total of 8000 deaths; 4000 deaths are due to heart disease. Calculate the following, expressing the answer in the correct units. The CDR is ___________ The Cause Specific Death Rate for heart disease is _________ The percent of deaths due to heart disease is _____________

CDR is 8 / 1000 = Deaths / Population * 1000 Cause-Specific Death Rate for Heart Disease is: 400/100,000 or Deaths / Population * 100,00 Percent of deaths due to heart disease is: 50%

Historically, in developing countries, the major proximate determinant affecting fertility levels was: a. Disease producing high fetal deaths b. Delay in the age of marriage c. High levels of infant mortality d. Breastfeeding e. High maternal death rates f. Polygamy

D. Breastfeeding. Historically in the world marriage typically came with the onset of menarche, and there was no contraception or induced abortion since infant and child mortality was high and families wanted as many surviving children as possible. So the only proximate determinant influencing fertility was prolonged breastfeeding (sometimes with post-partum abstinence) that prolonged birth spacing.

Asking women who have completed their childbearing years (ages 50-59) how many births they have had is a measure of: a. Total fertility rate b. Age specific fertility c. Period fertility d. Cohort fertility

D. Cohort fertility. A group of women who have completed childbearing (for example at age 50-54 years) is a cohort so their completed fertility is a measure of cohort fertility.

One very effective way for countries to lessen population growth due to momentum is to: a. Encourage immigration b. Make sex-selective abortions illegal c. Make polygamy illegal d. Enforce a one-child policy

D. Enforce a one-child policy.

In recent years Lesotho is one among several less developed sub-Saharan African countries where the life expectancy declined due to AIDS. Life expectancy has also declined in a more developed country in the recent past. This country is: a. France b. Spain c. Russia d. Italy e. Germany

D. Russia With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia experienced a severe economic collapse. This was associated with a significant decline in life expectancy, primarily due to rising death rates among young adult males largely due to alcoholism with associated, injuries and suicide as well as heart disease.

Replacement fertility may be defined as: a. The level of fertility where a population stops growing b. One son and one daughter per married couple c. The level of fertility where married couples would replace themselves in the next generation d. The level of fertility where women on average produce two children who survive to adulthood

D. The level of fertility where women on average produce two children who survive to adulthood. Even if all married couples are replacing themselves, since not 100% of the women are married, this will not replace the population in the next generation. The answer is D.

Which one of the following is not a racial classification in the US census: a. Asian b. Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander c. American Indian and Alaska Native d. Black or African American e. Hispanic

E. Hispanic. It is an ethnicity, not a race.

True/False: A major advantage of a national census is the very high level of accuracy of the population data.

False.

True/False: The birth interval model demonstrates how abortions are a very efficient means of controlling fertility in the population.

False.

True/False: When the crude birth rate first begins to decline in a growing population, there will be a decline in the number of births.

False. In a growing population, the number of women in the reproductive age will be growing, so even if the birth rate is declining, the number of births will be increasing. This phenomenon is known as "population momentum."

True/False: Malthus wrote that the fundamental cause of poverty was population growth. His major proposal for a solution was birth control for the poor.

False. Malthus did not support birth control among the poor, reasoning that if the poor did not have the pressure of children, they would not work. He also did not support public welfare programs since they would only promote population growth among the poor.

True/False: The age-specific death rates from chronic non-communicable diseases of the aged are higher in the less developed countries than in the more developed countries.

False. People in the less developed countries die at higher rates at every age including the elderly, where they die of non-communicable diseases. The reason that there are fewer non-communicable disease deaths in less developed countries, is because there are fewer elderly people.

True/False: A population's growth rate and its birth rate are two different ways of expressing the same indicator:

False. The growth rate is the percent increase in the number of people in the population over some specified time period. The birth rate is only one contributor to the population growth rate; others are the death rate and the net migration rates.

True/False: Japan has a life expectancy at birth of 88 years. Therefore we cannot expect that 80 year olds will have a life expectancy greater than 8 years.

False. Typically, the life expectancy at any age will be greater than the life expectancy, since these life expectancies are calculated for those persons who have survived to reach that age.

True/False: Based on surveys around the world, the unmet need for contraception as a percent of all sexually active women can never be higher than the contraceptive prevalence among the same group of women.

False. In a number of West African countries (e.g. Chad, Ivory Coast) with very low contraceptive use, unmet need is higher than contraceptive prevalence.

True or False: A population's growth rate and its birth rate are two different ways of expressing the same indicator.

False. The growth rate is the percent increase in the number of people in the population over some specified time period. The birth rate is only one contributor to the population growth rate; others are the death rate and the net migration rates.

True/False: The lifespan of humans is another way of expressing the life expectancy.

False. The life span is the limit of human survival - about 120 years. The life expectancy is an estimate of average survival of a population in any given year.

True/False: The measure of unmet need for contraception is obtained by asking fecund women in a sexual union not using contraception who want to stop childbearing or space their next birth if they want to use a contraceptive method.

False. Unmet need is only measured indirectly by asking sexually active fecund women not using contraception if they want to space or terminate childbearing. they are not asked if they want to use contraception.

True/False: A population's growth rate and its birth rate are two different ways of expressing the same indicator

False. The growth rate is the percent increase in the number of people in the population over some specified time period. The birth rate is only one contributor to the population growth rate; others are the death rate and the net migration rates.

Describe "Population Momentum"

How much a population grows even after fertility has reached a replacement level

Child-Dependency Ratio

Proportion of children under 15 relative to he working age population

Old-Age Dependency Ratio

Proportion of people over 65 relative to the working age population

Age-Dependency Ratio (definition and calculation)

Ratio of people in the "dependent" ages (those under 15 or 65 and older) to those in the working population (15-64). Essentially--how dependent are the young and the old on the working population? Tells us how many people in the dependent ages there were for every 100 people in the working ages.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Sum of Age-Adjusted Fertility Rates × 5

Sex Ratio (definition and calculation)

The ratio of males to females in a given population, usually expressed as the number of males for every 100 females. CALC: (# of males / # of females) * 100

True/False: In general, the age-sex structure of a nation's population provides a picture of major historical events over the past 100 years.

True.

True/False: The maternal mortality rate includes maternal deaths due to spontaneous abortions.

True. The maternal mortality includes any deaths attributed to maternal causes during pregnancy or up to 42 days following birth.

In Bongaarts model, the four major proximate determinants of fertility are (choose 4): a. Breastfeeding with post-partum amenorrhea b. Fetal death due to disease c. Proportion of women permanently sterile d. Proportion of women married or in sexual union e. Rate of spontaneous abortions/stillbirths f. Rate of induced abortion g. Prevalence of contraception

a. Breastfeeding with post-partum amenorrhea d. Proportion of women married or in sexual union f. Rate of induced abortion g. Prevalence of contraception

Some disadvantages of the collection of birth and death data in the United States are (choose 3): a. It is decentralized to the States and dependent on thousands of local data collectors b. The systems are not computerized c. These are legal documents so information is limited d. There is no national system for analyzing all of the State data e. The quality of the data is variable, depending on when and where the data are collected

a. It is decentralized to the States and dependent on thousands of local data collectors c. These are legal documents so information is limited e. The quality of the data is variable, depending on when and where the data are collected

Three countries where sex-selective abortions have significantly affected the sex ratios in the population are: a. China, Japan and Thailand b. India, China and Korea c. China, Korea and Thailand d. India, Japan and China

b. India, China and Korea

If fertility in a population immediately declines to replacement level...

the population would *continue to grow* for more than 50 years (because the original population would still reproduce). The age distribution would be distorted for many years.