POS160: Chp. 7 Review

The international community rarely acts on human rights cases unless __________ is engaged.

Public Opinion

The liberal feminist model of human rights seeks to

extend the rights of men to women.

Freedom from want and freedom from __________ are the two competing paradigms of human security.

fear

NATO intervened in Kosovo for humanitarian reasons and for the members' national self-interest. The latter includes

fear of refugees from the conflict fleeing to Western Europe for asylum.

According to the Human Security Center, __________ might have caused a global decrease in armed conflict.

growing democratization and economic interdependence

What is the idea that it is possible to improve the lives of people?

human development

What are inalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness?

human rights

Which term means the security of people, including their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their dignity, and the protection of their human rights?

human security

According to the United Nations, the punishment of genocide is a(n)

international concern

Globalization has __________ leaders of countries to assert that national cultural norms are more important than global standards of behavior.

made it more difficult for

"Human security" includes all of the following except

military security

What concept asserts that there are common moral standards that govern all human relations and that these common standards can be discerned by the application of reason to human affairs?

natural law

The idea that humans have an essential nature that dictates that certain kinds of human goods are always and everywhere desired is called

natural law.

Despite its __________, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN General Assembly in 1948 is, symbolically, __________.

nonbinding status . . . the baseline for future human rights promotion

What is the principle that external powers should not intervene in the domestic affairs of sovereign states?

nonintervention

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is sometimes called

"The Court of Last Resort"

Roughly how many people have become what the United Nations calls "internally displaced persons" as a result of the Syrian civil war?

6.6 million

By the end of 2017, close to __________ individuals were forcibly displaced (as refugees and IDPs) across the globe.

70 million By the end of 2017, close to 70 million individuals were forcibly displaced across the globe.

In conflicts since 1991, civilian casualties constitute __________ of deaths.

80% to 85%

French president François Mitterrand was allegedly fearful that an RPF victory in French-speaking Rwanda would result in the country coming under the influence of

Anglophones.

Protests and revolutionary uprisings that began in Tunisia in 2010 with a desire for more democratic political systems and more equitable economic systems collectively refer to the

Arab Spring

In the past half-century, the "international human rights regime" has grown up around the idea that individuals possess rights simply by virtue of sharing in

Common humanity

__________ is the belief that no one is secure until all people are secure from threats of war.

Common security

__________ is the notion that, until all people are secure from threats of war, no one is secure.

Common security

What convention saw the Great Powers accept an obligation to end the slave trade?

Congress of Vienna 1815

The International Criminal Court brought charges of genocide against President Omar al-Bashir because of actions in the __________ region of __________.

Darfur . . . Sudan

Where did the modern concept of individual human rights develop?

Europe The modern concept of individual human rights originally developed in Europe.

Which generation of human rights protects the individual from the potential abuses of the state?

First generation rights

The liberal position on rights is based on a particular account of

Human Dignity

__________ is the use of military force by external actors to end a humanitarian threat to people within a sovereign state.

Humanitarian intervention

What is the most common kind of conflict after 1991?

Intrastate

What thinker pointed to the way in which the liberal position on rights stresses property rights to the advantage of the rich and powerful?

Karl Marx

What document was instrumental in establishing the political practice of extracting charters of liberties?

Magna Carta 1215

In nineteenth-century England, Richard Cobden was critical of traditional diplomacy but supported the norm of nonintervention because

Moral arguments in support of interventions were motivated by power politics and mischief making.

The theory of rights in the Middle Ages rested on the idea of

Natural Law

What state objected to the universalism of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948?

Saudi Arabia

UN Resolution 2272 was designed to address a problem linked to UN peacekeeping operations. What was that problem?

Sexual assault and abuse that the UN peacekeepers committed Res. 2272 will attempt to hold peacekeepers responsible for sexual abuse.

Second-generation human rights cover

Social, economic, and cultural rights. Second-generation rights include social, economic, and cultural rights.

A nineteenth-century European discourse about which values and norms made a country "civilized" or "uncivilized" was called

Standards of Civilization

"Asian values," as a response to Western "human rights," places prime importance on

The Family

The International Criminal Court was established on July 1, 2002, with its headquarters in __________, although its proceedings may take place __________.

The Hague, Netherlands . . . anywhere

The current human rights crisis that Rohingya refugees face is the result of which factor?

The Rohingya are Muslims living in a primarily Buddhists country whose leaders are engaging in what is called "ethnic cleansing."

Which institution essentially controls whether R2P will be successfully invoked?

UN Security Council

Booth contends that we may not be able to agree about what constitutes __________ but we can probably agree on what is __________.

a human right . . . a human wrong

The four justifications for invoking the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) are

a. genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.

The tangible ways in which NGOs contribute to human security include

a. providing a channel for relief operations. b. ensuring proper treatment of prisoners of war. c. promoting sustainable development.

Globalization has made it more difficult for leaders of countries to assert that national cultural norms are more important than global standards of behavior. For example, __________

a. transnational corporations b. the globalized entertainment industry c. the United Nations d. all of the above

When political power interests are disguised as humanitarianism, this can lead to

abuse.

Kofi Annan says that national sovereignty has to be weighed and balanced against __________ when considering intervention.

c. individual sovereignty

Rights written into a constitution are called _________ rights.

charter

What is the term used for including nonmilitary matters in security studies?

securitizing

The Congress of Vienna states sought to ban which of the following?

slave trade

What is required for human development?

societal participation, sufficient material resources for a decent standard of living, and education

Two NGOs that provide specialized humanitarian assistance include

the International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières.

As opposed to national security, human security takes __________ as its focus.

the individual

The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations noted in a 2000 report

the need for more women as peacekeepers.

Realist scholars often assert that states reject humanitarian intervention because states only pursue

their national interest.