POSCI 2310 ~ EXAM 3
In a properly drawn sample with a 3-percent sample error, 20% of 100 respondents indicate they intend to vote for a ballot measure. This means that there is high probability that between ______ percent of all voters actually plan to vote for the ballot measure.
17 and 23
African Americans are an important part of the Democratic Party's coalition; nearly ______ percent of them regularly vote for Democrats.
90%
Who would be least likely to be a member of a professional association?
A bank teller
The news media's partisan function means that they ______
Act as advocates for particular viewpoints
Which of the following groups are currently most likely part of the Democratic coalition
African American Union members 18-29 year olds
Among economic groups, which are more numerous?
Business groups
Benefits that belong to everyone, not just the members of a group, are referred to as ______.
Collective goods
The incentives that most noneconomic groups offer include ______.
Collective goods
Which of these groups vote at above average rates?
College educated individuals Upper income Americans
In the early decades of the twentieth century, some publishers responded to "yellow journalism" by ______.
Committing to objective journalism
The media carry out a(n) ________ ________ function when they disseminate information from political leaders to the public.
Common carrier
Where in American politics is the impact of public opinion felt most clearly?
Congress
Which of the following are the dominant ideologies in the United States?
Conservatism and liberalism
In general, which political values do white evangelical Protestants support?
Conservative values
_____ is a service that alerts local newsrooms to topics that are trending on social media.
CrowdTangle
In general, Americans who believe that the government should use its power to promote traditional values are ______.
Cultural conservatives
The audience for Huffington Post's website is overwhelmingly ______.
Democratic
Opponents of voter ID laws tend to be ______.
Democrats
______ refers to the various activities in which interest groups engage to try to influence the outcome of elections.
Electioneering
The elimination of the ____________ ____________ meant that radio stations no longer had to air a conservative talk show if they aired a liberal one.
Fairness doctrine
Local party organizations are stronger today than they were in the days of the political machines
False
True or false: Americans in the lowest 20 percent of income earners have the highest levels of participation in the United States.
False
True or false: An enormous group such as the taxpayers of the United States can exert a major influence on public policy.
False
True or false: Local, state, and national party organizations are hierarchical in structure.
False
True or false: Long-term developments such as the increase in partisanship and political division do not have an impact on political socialization.
False
True or false: Members of minority groups, secular-minded people, and people living in urban areas lean heavily toward the Republican Party.
False
True or false: Thanks to the Internet, the typical American watches more news today than in the 1970s.
False
True or false: The #MeToo movement did not have much of an impact on the people whose behavior it was targeting.
False
True or false: The occupy Wall Street movement was limited to New York City
False
vTrue or false: Retired lawmakers cannot become lobbyists because they are forbidden by law to take a lobbying job.
False
True or false: When the United States was founded, all white men were given the right to vote.
False, property owning white males were not
The ______ shapes our political values and ideology from childhood and has the strongest impact on our political perspective.
Family
The Texas Farmers Union (not to be confused with the Texas Farm Bureau) represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?
Family farms and ranches
To what extent does religious denomination affect views about public policy?
For many individuals, religion plays a significant role in their political opinions.
When journalists highlight certain aspects of a situation and downplay other aspects, they are engaged in ______.
Framing
Super PACs are legally forbidden from which of the following?
Giving money directly to candidates Giving money directly to political parties
Citizens who are party identifiers have _____ levels of voter turnout than independents
Higher
Senior citizens have a ____ rate of voter turnout compared to the younger demographic
Higher
Rather than using threats, interest groups tend to influence lawmakers by providing them with ______.
In an iron triangle, ______ provide campaign contributions to ______ in order to gain their support for a particular policy proposal.
Massive shifts in party identification are most likely to occur ______.
In response to major events
An __________ ____________ is an organization of individuals who share common goals and tries to influence governmental decisions.
Interest group
What are the advantages enjoyed by a large interest group such as the AARP?
It can generate a large amount of mail to members of Congress. It is well-financed, even though individual members' dues are low. It has a large staff that lobbies the federal government.
Which of the following is a benefit to the public that results from the promotion of a special interest?
It can have a positive effect on other interests, such as through job creation.
How did the Supreme Court rule on the Indiana law requiring citizens to obtain a government-issued voter identification card in order to vote?
It upheld the Indiana law
Jobs, higher wages, and tax incentives are all examples of ______ incentives to joining interest groups.
Material
In its pursuit of electioneering, an interest group's most import resource is ______.
Money
As compared to other democracies, how likely are Americans to contribute time and money to political and community organizations?
More likely
Which is true of independent voters?
Most of them lean toward one party or another
A(n) ______ primary is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.
Open
Which of the following would policymakers be likely to rely on when they want to act as delegates in formulating and implementing policy?
Opinion polls
__________ lobbying includes initiating letter writing campaigns
Outside
______________ lobbying includes initiating letter-writing campaigns and influencing the news media.
Outside
The original regional divide between the North and South has been decreased by which of the following?
People from less conservative areas migrating to the South
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as ______.
Political parties
What is the process by which we develop our political values and opinions?
Political socialization
What is the primary goal of retail trade associations?
Protecting their trades from undesirable state regulation
Which statement best describes the prevalent view of the public concerning protest activists in the United States?
Protest activity should be tolerated
The politically relevant views that people hold and express openly are known as ______.
Public opinion
Research suggests that when interest groups have submitted amicus briefs, they have been ______ in swaying courts.
Quite effective
The #MeToo movement's larger goal was to ______.
Raise awareness of sexual misconduct
The Texas Apartment Association, the Texas Restaurant Association, and the Beer Alliance of Texas are all examples of ______.
Retail trade groups
Which of the following is an example of a government organization?
SLIGs
In a public opinion poll, a ______ is a portion of the ______.
Sample, population
Yellow journalism featured ______ stories.
Sensationalized
Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue are known as ______.
Single issue parties
In what area has virtual participation been a tangible asset for political campaigns?
Small donor fundraising
Stories about celebrities, sensational crimes, and scandals in high places have been labeled ______.
Soft news
The highlighting of candidates' attributes and policy positions to appeal to voters is called ______.
Spotlighting
Peak business organizations focus on which of the following goals?
Supporting legislation that would foster a "good business climate" in Texas
Unlike participation through interest groups or political parties, participation in political movements ______.
Takes place largely outside established institutions
Which of the following is an example of a peak business organization?
Texas Association of Manufacturers
Sensational and largely inaccurate newspaper reports on the cruelty of Spanish rule in Cuba may have helped spark ______.
The Spanish American war
To date, what is the most successful of the recent political movements?
The Tea Party Movement
Why does the Texas oil industry lobby focus on influencing the Texas Railroad Commission?
The Texas Railroad Commission oversees the state oil industry.
Which statement best describes economic activity in Texas?
The Texas economy is highly diversified, with a strong presence in several industries.
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution extended voting rights to eighteen-year-olds?
The Twenty Sixth Amendment
How does economic diversity affect interest group power in Texas?
The diversified economy has increased the number of interest groups, thus diluting the groups' power.
According to recent polls, which of the following are men much more likely to support than women?
The use of military force
Why do men and women differ in their political opinions?
Their political opinions reflect their gendered positions in society, which tend to differ.
In describing sources of news on the Web, what do analysts mean by the metaphor "the long tail"?
There are a few heavily visited websites on one end and thousands of lightly visited sites on the other.
How has the interest group tactic of entertaining legislators changed over the years?
There is far less provision of entertainment, food, and bribes, but it is still a key part of the process.
Which of the following statements are true regarding US elections?
They allow voters to choose party nominees. They are held more frequently than in other countries.
Which of the following is a primary reason for low voter-turnout rates among young adults?
They change addresses frequently and need to re register.
What has happened to the New England states since the 1990s?
They have shifted toward the democrats
Which of the following correctly describes members of the "inattentive audience"?
They pay only sporadic attention to the news. They pay attention to news when a major event occurs, such as COVID-19.
How did many of the founders view US political parties?
They viewed political parties with suspicion.
What best describes partisan media outlets in the era of the information commons?
They were very rare.
America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of ______.
Third parties
True or false: The instant gratification people receive from cell phones and other message sources conditions them to seek more of messages.
True
True or false: Those interest groups that are poorly organized run the risk of being ignored politically
True
The degree to which education level and income are so closely tied to voter participating in the United States is _____ when compared to European countries.
Unusual
Which of the following voting restrictions increases the burden on citizens who move frequently?
Voter registration requirements
An "astroturf organization" is one that lacks ______.
a grassroots organization
The situation where people align themselves politically with other members of a group they belong to, such as race or religion, is called ______.
identity politics
The Texas Municipal League, which represents Texas city officials, derives its greatest strength from ______.
its influential membership
Which of the following accurately ranks the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?
presidential candidates, Senate candidates, House candidates
What is the primary goal of retail trade associations?
protecting their trades from undesirable state regulation
In terms of leadership and organization, the Texas Municipal League draws strength from its ______.
quick adoption of stands on key legislative items strong, proactive legislative committee
What new technology led to the chaos that spurred the establishment of the Federal Communications Commission?
radio
The responsibility of the Texas Ethics Commission is to enforce laws relating to which of the following?
registration for certain interest groups campaign finance lobbying
Which of the following are primary socializing agents for children that can have a formative influence on children's beliefs?
school religion family
Which of the following events had a lasting influence on the political views of younger citizens in particular?
the terrorist attacks in 2001 World War II (1939-1945) the Great Depression of the 1930s
What are the three types of agricultural interest groups in Texas?
those that represent suppliers those that represent general farming interests those that represent commodity groups
What is the chief goal of grassroots lobbying efforts by interest groups?
to mobilize supporters to advocate for their organization
Strong antiunion feelings are a reflection of Texas's ______ political culture.
traditionalistic/individualistic
Generally, protests ______ have not been popular in the United States.
Against military action
The media's function of ______ setting refers to the media's ability to determine what the public thinks is important.
Agenda
True or false: Rupert Murdoch originally intended Fox News to be an objective, nonpartisan news channel.
False
Which party has the lowest voting rates?
Independents
Which political leader wrote that the government must dilute the influence of factions and interest groups by filtering their views through properly structured governing institutions?
James Madison
The mass killings at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School resulted in which of the following?
March for Our Lives demonstrations National School Walkout Day
True or false: The accuracy of a poll is reduced when respondents express an opinion on an issue even though they have not thought about the issue before.
True
Suffrage is the right to ____
Vote
Why is the news shaped by news organizations need to attract and keep viewers?
Most news organizations choose coverage that will draw an audience for advertisers.
______ refers to the selection of the individual who will run as the party's candidate in the general election.
Nomination
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?
One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful.
The _____ is the public official who has the greatest access to the media.
President
Which of the following is the primary goal of most state and local interest groups?
Protecting local interests from state activities
In the 1970s, the average reader devoted more than 30 minutes to reading the printed newspaper. That average is now ______ minutes.
16
The Tea Party movement did not support which of the following policies?
Government subsidized healthcare Increased Taxes
How have advances in technology affected the free-rider problem?
It has worsened it
Which of the following lawmakers were the original targets of the Tea Party movement?
Lawmakers in support of federal spending and higher taxes
What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?
Less than 20 percent
In some campaigns, which of the following has begun to replace in the political party as the nominating and electing agent?
PACs
Today, political candidates tend to ______.
Set up and run their own campaign organizations
The tendency of people to pay more attention to issues highlighted in the media is an example of ______.
Socialization
Which of the following factors are said to adversely affect voter turnout in the United States?
Voter registration laws Frequent elections
On which issues have regional differences persisted to the present day?
civil rights social welfare
Interest group influence is particularly strong among ______ agencies that are responsible for overseeing the nation's business sectors.
regulatory
Which of the following are considered lobbying efforts?
testifying before a committee hearing about the effect of proposed legislation working with members of the legislature to draft legislation encouraging members of an interest group to contact legislators regarding legislation
How do Americans participate virtually in politics?
By using resources and joining discussions on social media
People who believe that citizens ought to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in ______.
Civic duty
Which of the following refers to a situation in which multiple group loyalties diminish a person's identification with a single group?
Cross cutting
An interest group is an organization that
Is interested in influencing government policy.
What law did Congress enact in 1993 that required states to allow people to register to vote when applying for a driver's license or public assistance?
The Motor Voter Act
How does the party structure in Texas affect interest group power and influence?
The weakened structure of party competitiveness strengthens interest group influence.
______ are representatives who take their constituents' desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish.
Trustees
In an iron triangle, ______ provide campaign contributions to ______ in order to gain their support for a particular policy proposal.
groups; members of Congress
Which of the following accurately describe the Texas Municipal League?
highly organized influential members focused committees
What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?
95 percent
Current election laws in the US favor
A two party system
Which of the following types of interest groups is classified as an economic type? Consumer, military, environmental, agriculture
Agriculture
Which of the following terms refers to a feeling of powerlessness, such as that rooted in the belief that government pays no attention to an individual's interests?
Alienation
The onset of ______ increased the entertainment content in traditional news outlets as audiences for those outlets began to shrink.
Cable television
One characteristic of political socialization is that its effects are ______.
Cumulative
What happened after the fairness doctrine was eliminated in 1987?
Hundreds of radio stations switched from playing music to airing partisan talk shows.
The practice of trying to influence members of the legislature is called
Lobbying
______ refers broadly to efforts by groups to influence public policy through contact with public officials.
Lobbying
In terms of political socialization, which of the following is considered a primary agent?
The family (Media is secondary)
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
They are open to all citizens They operate at the local level
How do interest groups expand the range of issues that come to lawmakers' attention?
They focus on issues that may be controversial. They focus on issues that may not have broad impact.
Why did states start registering voters?
To prevent individuals from voting multiple times in the same election
All media outlets, including those on the Internet, are part of the news media.
True
The media serves a(n) __________ function when it alerts the public to unethical or illegal activities by the government.
Watchdog
What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hochschild's Strangers in Their Own Land?
Working-class whites blame working-class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the American Dream.
What is a super PAC?
an independent-expenditure-only committee
Among economic groups, which type are the most numerous?
business groups
During the Trump presidency, the opinions of and policies supported by congressional Republicans regarding a specific issue changed, illustrating how abrupt shifts in public opinion can alter the boundaries of acceptable action. On which issue did Republicans change their opinion?
free trade
In the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act, the corporate tax cut is permanent, whereas the individual tax cut has an end date. This difference illustrates the fact that ______.
getting smaller, more focused business groups to work together on an issue can be highly effective
Rather than using threats, interest groups tend to influence lawmakers by providing them with ______.
information that supports the group's policy positions
State and local interest groups (SLIGs) represent ______.
the organization, not its individual members
How does the Constitution deal with the issue of interest groups?
Interest groups are protected by the first amendment in the constitution
A public opinion _____ is designed to estimate the views or sentiments of the public.
Poll
What is the key to a poll's accuracy?
The size of the sample
In politics, what do linkage institutions do?
They connect citizens with government.
Which one of the following forms of media has had the biggest role in making politics more participative?
The internet
Which type of group typically has to deal with the problem of free riders?
Citizens groups
The tea party movement did NOT support which policies?
Government subsidies for health insurance Higher taxes
Which amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote in the US?
Nineteenth amendment
When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following happens?
The parties reorganize themselves
In priming, who or what determines how people will interpret the information they receive?
The press
Which are the major political parties in the US?
Democratic and Republican
The news media operate as gatekeepers, which means that they
Determine which events will be covered and which will not
In the United States, political opinions are affiliated more with ______ than with income.
Occupation
True or false: Americans are often inconsistent in their preferences with regard to government policy.
True
Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the first and second finishers compete in the general election are called ______ primaries.
Top two
Which of the following are advantages in raising money for campaigns that incumbents often have over their challengers?
lists of contributors to past campaigns policy influence sought by donors
What is a social or political movement?
A way for disenchanted citizens to voice their displeasure with government policy
Political scientist Darrell West uses the term air wars to describe ______.
Candidates use of televised ads
Which of the following limit government officials' ability to govern solely according to public opinion?
Few people are well informed on public affairs. Many people have opinions on issues they know little about. Many people support policies that are inconsistent with each other.
Why is it unnecessary for the Texas Municipal League to maintain constant contact with its members?
Its processes are so organized that it functions efficiently without it.
Compared to citizens in Europe, Americans are ______ likely to contribute time and money to political campaigns.
More
Consumption of what type of media has been found to be correlated with a relatively high level of political knowledge?
Newspapers
Although the American press originally had a political orientation, it eventually shifted to a journalistic orientation, which emphasizes ______.
Newsworthy information and events
The strongest reform party in the US was the
Progressive party
Which of the following do news media perform?
Provide political information that attracts an audience act as a watchdog that scrutinizes official behavior Provide a channel through which political leaders communicate to the public
The proportion of eligible adult citizens who actually vote in a given election is known as _____ _____
Voter turnout
The proportion of eligible adult citizens who actually vote in a given election is known as ______.
Voter turnout
While the relationship between actors in an iron triangle tends to be more long-lasting, issue networks tend to ______.
disband once an issue is settled
Interest groups need money for which of the following?
electioneering public relations lobbying to pay full-time staff
Who among the following are not required by the Texas Ethics Commission to register as lobbyists?
employees of news media outlets government officials who lobby in their official capacity
Interest groups that are not directly involved in litigation may file amicus curiae briefs to ______.
encourage a ruling that is beneficial to their case
Which of the following constitutional rights most protect the role of interest groups in the U.S. political system?
freedom of association
States with ______ political parties tend to have weaker interest group influence.
strong
The killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis in 2020 led to ______.
the largest protests yet of police violence against Black Americans
The typical American is exposed to _____ of discrete messages each day.
Hundreds
Which of the following is not an example of a state and local interest group?
State Board of Education
Which of the following rules required a broadcast station to provide a "reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views of public importance"?
The Fairness Doctrine
Adolph Ochs, the architect of objective journalism, had taken ownership of which newspaper?
The New York Times
Which of the following are ways in which members of Congress benefit from ties to lobbyists?
Which of the following are ways in which members of Congress benefit from ties to lobbyists?
Americans' opinions about politics are formed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?
identifying with political parties leaning toward particular ideologies
Who or what can be a part of membership organizations?
individual citizens businesses
Which of the following are among interest groups' judicial lobbying options?
influencing the selection of federal judges lawsuits filing amicus curiae briefs
Why is participation in local organizations twice as high in the United States as it is in Europe?
Americans have an incentive to participate because there is more local control over policy in the United States than in Europe. Americans are more likely to attend church and engage in church-related community work.
Which of the following statements describe how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered? (Choose every correct answer.)
Candidates organize their own campaigns. The same parties are represented nationwide.
Which of the following are true about political contributions called hard money?
Hard money can be spent as the recipient chooses. Hard money is money given directly to a candidate. Hard money is money political parties give to candidates. Hard money is subject to legal limits
What is the largest category of interest group?
Nonmembership organizations
Political scientist Mancur Olson argues that small interest groups can be more powerful than larger groups as long as they are more ______.
Organized
______ lobbying involves bringing public pressure on policymakers, such as organizing a letter writing campaign to members of Congress.
Outside
Who led the plea to end gun violence after the Parkland shooting?
Parkland students
Free societies thrive on the ______ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities.
Participation
Which of the following is true of the professionalism of the Texas legislature?
Poor working conditions and low pay contribute to high turnover among legislative staff.
An election in which voters choose the nominees is called a _________ election.
Primary
_______ goods refer to benefits that are given directly to particular individuals as a result of belonging to an interest group.
Private
One of the positive contributions that interest groups make is ______.
Providing a form of representation for organized groups
Which method of sampling gives everyone in a population an equal chance of being interviewed?
Random Sampling
Harvard's Robert Putnam refers to the sum of face-to-face civic interactions among citizens in a society as ______.
Social capital
Which of the following voted blocks migrated to the Republican Party during the 1980s and 90s?
Southern Whites
Which of the following is true regarding a single member district electoral system?
The candidate with more votes than any opponent wins the election in the district.
How does the state's government structure alter the operations of interest groups in Texas?
The groups focus their attention on the leadership of the state agency regulating their industry.
What sparked the Black Lives Matter movement?
The killing of unarmed young black men by police officers
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) involved which issue affecting interest groups?
The limit on corporate and union spending in federal elections
How is interest group influence weakened in competitive, two-party states?
The parties assume a greater role in recruiting and supporting candidates, replacing a vital function of interest groups.
How does a well-compensated, professional legislative staff reduce the influence of interest groups?
The staff provides most of the research for legislators, who rely less on interest group research.
What was Madison's constitutional solution to the problem of factions?
The system of checks and balances
An important feature of private goods for an economic group is that ______.
They are benefits the group can withhold.
Which of the following are true of televised debates during presidential campaigns?
They are usually a part of presidential campaigns
Why did the communist movement fail to succeed in America?
Too far out
The Good Roads Association is an example of a(n) _____________ ______________ because it represents the specific business interests of highway contractors.
Trade association
True or false: According to political scientist Mancur Olson, interest groups with smaller memberships usually prevail because they are able to join together and pool resources
True
Modern lobbyists primarily concentrate on providing lawmakers with ______.
arguments and evidence for their position
Which of the following industries have, in the past, dominated the Texas economy?
cattle banking cotton oil
Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to ______.
change in the same direction
Which of the following help interest groups participate more effectively in group politics?
contacts money skills
Which of the following are prohibited by Texas law from making campaign contributions to candidates for statewide or legislative office?
labor unions corporations
Adults under 30 years of age are ______ those over 50 to follow the news.
less likely than
The political socialization process takes place through ______ of socialization.
Agents
In an attempt to influence court decisions, interest groups may file "friend of the court" briefs, otherwise known as ______ briefs.
Amicus curae
Which of the following best describes why many interest groups form political action committees (PACs)?
Because contributing to candidates' campaigns can help gain access for interest group lobbyists
Which of the following is a way in which special interest groups can donate money to candidates?
By forming a political action committee (PAC)
Which of the cable news networks most fully treats news as a form of entertainment?
CNN
Which of the following explain why Europeans with less education and income vote at higher rates in their countries than their American counterparts?
Class-based European organizations encourage participation. Americans face more voter registration requirements.
The groups and interests that support a political party are collectively referred to as a party ______.
Coalition
3 elements of party realignment
Emergence of unusually powerful and divisive issues Election contests in which voters shift their bipartisan support Enduring change in parties policies and coalitions
What is fake news?
Entirely fictional stories that originate on the Internet
Elimination of the ____ ____ meant that radio stations no longer had to air a conservative talk show if they aired a liberal one
Fairness doctrine
Stories on the Internet that maintained the coronavirus pandemic was a hoax perpetuated by Democrats in order to damage President Trump are an example of ______.
Fake news
Which two political parties were competitive during the first party system?
Federalists & Democratic Republicans
In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the efforts of local party organizations, along with the extension of voting rights to citizens without property, contributed to an almost ______ increase in election turnout.
Fourfold
Which group of Americans have the highest level of voter participation?
Highest 20% of earners
Which of the following are tactics widely used by conservative and liberal partisan talk shows?
Imagined catastrophe Character assassination Name calling
The Occupy Wall Street movement was aimed predominantly at which issue?
Income inequality
All media outlets, whether broadcast, print, cable, or on the Internet, that are in the business of creating and reporting original news stories are called the news _______ .
Media
A __________ political system is made up of at least 3 parties
Multi party
Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true? (Choose every correct answer
Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office. Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns.
________________ journalism refers to news reporting that is based on "fact" rather than opinion and that presents both sides of a partisan debate.
Objective
What is a potential problem with the media's watchdog function, according to critics?
Overzealous coverage of minor scandals heightens the public's distrust of government officials.
Which type of third party arises from a belief that partisan politics is a corrupting influence that needs to be changed?
Reform parties
Capture theory argues that ______ sometimes focus more on the needs of industries than on the public interest.
Regulatory agencies
The national, state, and local organizations of the Republican and Democratic parties are ______.
Relatively independent; that is, each level does not have much control over the others
Which of the following reduce the accuracy of a poll?
Respondents are questioned about unfamiliar issues. Respondents reached by telephone refuse to participate. Respondents hide their true opinions.
Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ______ voting.
Retrospective
_____ error (accuracy of a poll) is expressed as a plus-or-minus percentage.
Sampling error
In order to raise enough funds for their campaigns, political candidates raise money from all of the following groups except ______.
State governments
Many voters cast a ______, where they only vote for candidates of one party.
Straight ticket
Which of the following is an example of a specialized "educational" association?
Texas High School Coaches Association
In what ways does a professional association differ from a trade association?
The state regulates the scope of its members' practice Its members typically hold a state-issued professional license
The United States has a high-choice media system, which means that _____.
There are a large number of sources from which people can choose to get their information
How are issue networks formed?
They are formed by individuals who have expertise regarding a particular policy issue as well as various views on it.
Which of the following accurately describe ways in which interest groups can use litigation to advance their cause?
They can file amicus briefs. They can sponsor litigation on behalf of their members.
How do media gatekeepers affect American citizens?
They determine what messages we see and hear.
Which type of interest group represents business firms of a particular kind, such as insurance companies?
Trade association
The Good Roads Association is an example of a(n) ______________ ______________ because it represents the specific business interests of highway contractors.
Trade organization
True or false: Nonmembership organizations do not have broad-based citizen support.
True
True or false: Texas is one of the 27 states that has right-to-work laws.
True
Which of the following are examples of the effect economic class has on political opinion?
Welfare assistance has higher support among lower income Americans than higher income Americans. Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some public policy issues.
When do private thoughts become public opinion?
When they are revealed to others
Nonmembership organizations represent ______.
a single company, organization, or individual
Secondary socializing agents who influenced public opinion during the COVID-19 pandemic include which of the following?
health care experts public officials
An ________ _______ is an organization that seeks to influence government decision making. It is also known by the names faction, special interest, or organized interest.
interest group
Responding to public opinion has recently become more challenging for policymakers because ______.
misinformation means that people's opinions are often not grounded in reality
Which of the following make it likely that interest groups will continue to dominate state politics in Texas?
the decentralized administrative structure low levels of political participation the traditionalistic/individualistic political culture
_______ goods refer to benefits that are given directly to particular individuals as a result of belonging to an interest
Free
The overlap between groups has ______ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.
Diminished
The interest group strategy that includes face-to-face meetings with legislators and providing policy information to policymakers is known as ______.
Inside lobbying
For a movement to be successful it must
Institutionalize its goals
Which of the following refers to how strongly people feel about their position on an issue—for example, "very important" or "not important at all"?
Intensity
What is the effect of "information overload," as noted by Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon?
It reduces people's ability to concentrate on any particular message.
Which of the following are ways that American children are taught patriotism in schools?
Reciting the pledge of allegiance Learning to admire the founding fathers
The media's ability to function as signalers and influence what people are thinking about and discussing is called agenda _____________ .
Setting
Which of the following results from a high frequency of elections, such as having primary, general, and referenda elections?
Voter fatigue
______ refers to whether people have a pro or con position on an issue.
Direction
The type of interest group that addresses issues of concern to the general public and not just the group's members is called a/n ___________ group.
citizens
The text explores which three major frames of reference through which Americans evaluate political developments?
ideological leanings group attachments party identification
Which of the following represents a shared view of pluralists and their critics?
Interest groups are important to bringing the concerns of groups of individuals to the attention of government.
An ________ _______ is comprised of various actors that all have interest and expertise in a particular policy issue, even though they may disagree on what the outcome should be.
Issue network
What is the primary reason that geographic distribution positively affects the power of interest groups?
It allows groups to command the interest of more legislators.
The Texas Farm Bureau represents which segment of the Texas agricultural industry?
Large agricultural producers
The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on ______.
encouraged national officeholders to respond to local issues made it easier for political newcomers to win high office
Lobbying elected officials includes which of the following activities?
face-to-face meetings with members of Congress
What three sources of division in the United States are now most closely linked to partisanship?
race religion geography
In the 2017 Tax Cut and Jobs Act, the corporate tax cut is permanent, whereas the individual tax cut has an end date. This difference illustrates the fact that ______.
smaller groups coming together can be highly effective