Possible Exam Questions - AGR3303

Upon transposing to a new site, transposable elements

create a duplication of a target sequence on each side of them.

The discipline that seeks to determine what DNA sequences do is known as:

functional genomics.

Functional genomics includes: homology studies, which predict function based on similarities. synthetic biology—making artificial chromosomes. transgenesis—making organisms with recombinant DNA. All of the above. None of the above.

homology studies, which predict function based on similarities.

The primary difference between mismatch repair, base excision repair, and nucleotide excision repair is:

how the mutation is identified.

A(n) _______ error occurs when a mismatched base has been incorporated into a newly synthesized nucleotide chain. When this DNA is copied, this error leads to a(n) _____ error.

incorporated; replication

What is the purpose of Taq polymerase in a PCR reaction?

DNA synthesis

Comparative genomics: requires access to large amounts of genomic data. requires access to programs capable of comparing sequences. compares gene content between organisms. compares gene organization between organisms. All of the above.

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Two random individuals will likely: be identical at 99.9% of their DNA. differ at more than 3 million base pairs. have single nucleotide polymorphisms every thousand bases. B and C. All of the above.

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Which DNA repair mechanisms use an undamaged complementary DNA strand as a template for replacing the excised nucleotides a.base excision repair .b.mismatch repair. c.nucleotide-excision repair d.All of those

ALL

After a genome has been sequenced, it must be analyzed, which includes: searching for genes by looking for open reading frames. searching for genes by looking for homology with other sequences. determining what is known about the gene function and distribution. A and C. All of the above.

ALL OF THE ABOVE

1. A gene does not contain the necessary restriction enzyme sites for cloning into a plasmid vector. What is a possible option?

Add linkers to generate new restriction enzyme sites.

1. Comparative genomics has demonstrated all of the following EXCEPT: A. vertebrates have more protein domains than invertebrates, but many more individual proteins. B .multicellular eukaryotes tend to have similar amounts of DNA in the form of transposable elements. C.homology is so extensive that plants and humans have homologs for almost 20% of their genes. D. the order of genes on chromosomes tends to be conserved between species. Actually, comparative genomics has shown all of these.

B .multicellular eukaryotes tend to have similar amounts of DNA in the form of transposable elements.

1. Challenges that must be overcome by genetic engineering include all of the following EXCEPT: A. genes tend to be fairly small, several thousand base pairs. B. genomes tend to be very large, up to tens of billions of base pairs in the human genome. C. individual nucleotides are too small to visualize. D. separating a gene of interest from other sequences can be challenging. E. Actually, all of these pose significant challenges.

B. genomes tend to be very large, up to tens of billions of base pairs in the human genome.

1. The human genome project, because of the large size of the genome, employed: A. map-based sequencing. B. shotgun sequencing. C. illumina sequencing. D. A and B. E. All of the above.

D. (A&B)

1. Cloning a gene after isolating it requires all of the following EXCEPT: A ligation into a vector. B. transformation of the vectors into recipient cells. C. identification of the transformants that have the gene of interest. D. using a virus to amplify the transformants. E. Actually, all of these are required.

D. using a virus to amplify the transformants.

1. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to size and:

DNA moves through the gel toward the positive electrode.

Which of the following sequence is capable of targeting chromatin remodeling complexes to specific DNA sequences to modify chromatin structure and activate gene expression?

Enhancer

Which of the following terms is least relevant to the assembly of basal transcription apparatus for transcription?

Enhancer

In Arabidopsis, FLD (a deacetylase enzyme) stimulates flowering. Which of the following is TRUE?

FLD deacetylates histones that bind to FLC gene, causing repression of FLC transcription.

Which of the following statements about regulation of the eukaryotic gene expression is INCORRECT? The presence of a nuclear membrane separating transcription and translation in eukaryotes led to the evolution of additional mechanisms of gene regulation. Correct! In eukaryotes, most structural genes are found within operons. Eukaryotic mRNAs are generally more stable than prokaryotic mRNAs. The rate of degradation of mRNAs is important in regulation in eukaryotes.

In eukaryotes, most structural genes are found within operons.

A mutation in the gene for the yeast regulatory protein GAL4 causes yeast to grow poorly on galactose. What is the function of GAL4?

It is a transcription activator for the galactose-digesting enzyme gene.

Which of the following facts about eukaryotic gene regulation is TRUE? a. Transcriptional activator proteins bind to the DNA in non specific manner. b. Eukaryotic enhancers are a part of basal transcription apparatus. c. The eukaryotic regulatory promoters are highly conserved with the same consensus sequences throughout the genome. d. Mediators are protein complexes involved in regulating transcription rates. e. The transcriptional repressors always bind to the insulator elements.

Mediators are protein complexes involved in regulating transcription rates.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that mutations are important?

Mutations provide genetic stability.

Transposons are generally characterized by: a. target site inverted sequence repeats. b. terminal direct sequence repeats. c. the presence of introns. d. None of the above.

NONE OF THE ABOVE

How are old and new strands distinguished from each other during mismatch repair in prokaryotes?

The old strand is methylated

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding Type II restriction enzymes? They can create blunt ends. They make double-stranded cuts in DNA. They recognize specific sequences and make cuts further away from the recognition sequence. They are named based on their bacterial origin.

They recognize specific sequences and make cuts further away from the recognition sequence.

All of the following are requirements of a bacterial cloning vector EXCEPT origin of replication. unique restriction enzyme sites. Ti plasmid. selectable markers.

Ti plasmid.

What is the consequence of methylation of DNA sequence called CpG islands?

Transcription repression

1. Biotechnology applications include all of the following EXCEPT: A. artificial selection for larger fruit size in crops. B. genetic testing for people. C. gene therapy to treat genetic disorders. D. transgenesis to produce pest-resistant crops. E. Actually, all of these are biotechnology applications.

artificial selection for larger fruit size in crops.

When regions around genes become sensitive to the enzyme DNase I, this is an indication that those regions are

becoming transcriptionally active.

Which of the following enzyme activities is not a part of base-excision repair? a. DNA glycosylase b. DNA ligase c. Reverse transcriptase d. DNA polymerase

c. Reverse transcriptase

Proteins that affect the structure of DNA bound to histones without altering histone chemical structure are called

chromatin-remodeling complexes

Which of the following types of gene mutation in a protein-coding gene usually have the least-severe (i.e., deleterious) phenotype? a.base deletions b.nonsense substitutions c.missense substitutions d.expansion of a trinucleotide repeat e.All of the above generate equally severe phenotypes.

missense substitutions

One of the most powerful relatively new techniques that has revolutionized much of genetic engineering by allowing amplification of sequences of DNA is:

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

DNA methylation leads to methyl groups being added to CpG, which in turn:

recruits deacetylases, which lead to chromatin inaccessibility.

RITS consists of

siRNAs and proteins.

1. Limitations of genetic maps include all of the following EXCEPT: they do not always correspond well to physical maps. their resolution or level of detail is fairly low. since they are based on recombination rates, their accuracy is variable. since there are so many genes, maps often provide too much information. Actually, all of these are limitations of genetic maps.

since there are so many genes, maps often provide too much information.

siRNAs and miRNAs are produced by the

the cutting and processing of double-stranded RNA by Dicer enzymes.

A mutation that changes a GC base pair to AT is a

transition