POST CLASSICAL: The Global Tapestry
From the founding of each religion, Christians and Muslims shared a belief in A. The principle of separation of church and state B. The legal equality of men and women C. Equality of opportunity D. A single omnipotent deity
D. A single omnipotent deity
"The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son." Motoday Nagazane, adviser to the Meiji emperor, treatise written following a tour of Japanese schools with the emperor, 1879 The ideals of traditional Japanese education that the author praises in the passage are most closely aligned with the social ideals advocated by which of the following? A. Buddhism B. Daoism C. Christianity D. Confucianism
D. Confucianism Correct. Confucianism advocates filial piety, social harmony, loyalty, and righteousness, which are among the ideals of traditional Japanese education that Nagazane praises in the passage.
What is Champa Rice and why is it important to this topic?
Champa rice is a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from Vietnam, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift from the Champa state during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Song (r. 997-1022). Consequently, Song officials gave Champa rice to peasants across China in order to boost yields, and its distribution was crucial in feeding the population of over 100 million in China.
What is a sultanate?
1 : a state or country governed by a sultan. 2 : the office, dignity, or power of a sultan.
What was a Khanate?
A Khanate was a political entity ruled by a khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. This political entity was typically found on the Eurasian Steppe and could be equivalent in status to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or empire.
What is a caliphate?
A caliphate is an Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph, a person considered a politico-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world.
What does diaspora mean?
A diaspora is a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale.
Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both A. Acquired empires by means of military conquest B. Developed from Maya civilization C. Depended entirely on oral record keeping D. Independently developed iron technology
A. Acquired empires by means of military conquest
Source 1 "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic." Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Source 2 "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us." Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492 The policy toward minority religious groups described in Source 1 is most consistent with the policy toward minority religious groups in Islamic states in the period before 1450 because it... A. Granted limited personal freedom and protection B. Was often not strictly enforced by local officials C. Required certain minority religious groups to pay a poll tax D. allowed minority religious groups to use their traditional legal systems
A. Granted limited personal freedom and protection
"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph? A. Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River. B. The city of Madurai's Hindu temple was renowned for its beauty. C. Wild animals destroyed Madurai's Hindu temple. D. The Kaveri River flooded and destroyed the city of Madurai.
A. Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River.
MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E. https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH908842.g02.png *The lordship of Béarn was located in present-day southwestern France. The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe? A. Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates. B. Its ethnic and cultural diversity, as European rulers granted ethnic and religious groups the right to use their own laws and traditions. C. Its bureaucratization, as European rulers developed sophisticated systems of record keeping to strengthen their authority. D. Its reliance on Roman traditions, as European rulers used ancient customs to demonstrate their legitimacy.
A. Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.
THE CONSTELLATION HERCULES, NAMED AFTER AN ANCIENT GREEK MYTHICAL HERO. PAGE FROM A 1430 COPY OF THE BOOK OF FIXED STARS, AN ASTRONOMY BOOK WRITTEN BY A TENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM SCIENTIST https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH913283.g04.png This copy of The Book of Fixed Stars was made for the ruler of the Timurid dynasty, a Turkic state that controlled much of Central Asia during the fifteenth century. The dots scattered across the figure indicate individual stars and the symbols next to the dots indicate the stars' relative brightness, as observed by Muslim astronomers. Muslim scholars' incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that A. Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia B. Most educated Muslims continued to speak European languages well into the fifteenth century C. Muslim scientists rejected the contributions of scientists from other cultures as heretical D. European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia
A. Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia
"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies? A. The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear. B. There is no agriculture left because Indra now supports the Muslims. C. The Hindu citizens of Madurai protect the owls in their gardens because they are considered to be sacred birds. D. The Hindu citizens of Madurai are perturbed by hearing parrots speaking Persian.
A. The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear.
"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Dara Shikoh's views about the value of the Upanishads, as expressed in the second paragraph, are most likely based on which of the following features of Hinduism? A. The belief in an ultimate universal principle B. The belief in numerous gods and goddesses C. The belief in the cycle of rebirth D. The belief in the potential for the liberation of the soul
A. The belief in an ultimate universal principle
"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 The sentiments expressed by Wila Uma in the passage most clearly illustrate which of the following aspects of the Inca state? A. The importance of the Inca ruler to the empire B. The persistence of cultural diversity within the empire C. The extensive territorial extent of the empire D. The persistence of cultural diversity within the empire
A. The importance of the Inca ruler to the empire
"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author's arguments about the quality of the highways described in the passage? A. They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom. B. They were built by men with tools. C. Their construction was supervised by government officials. D. There were many roads throughout the kingdom.
A. They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom.
In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., states in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam had which of the following in common? A. ALl were conquered by the Mongols. B. All were culturally influenced by China. C. All rejected both Buddhism and Christianity. D. All successfully excluded European merchants.
B. All were culturally influenced by China.
LIU GUANDAO, YUAN DYNASTY CHINESE COURT PAINTER, WHILING AWAY THE SUMMER, PAINTED SCROLL, CIRCA 1280 https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VR095736.g04.png The image depicts a Chinese Confucian scholar and two female attendants. Which of the following historical continuities is best reflected in the image? A. Chinese art reflected European methods of painting. B. Chinese art continued to emphasize traditional subjects and styles. C. Chinese art incorporated elements of Central Asian nomadic life. D. Chinese art continued to stress the importance of technological innovation.
B. Chinese art continued to emphasize traditional subjects and styles.
https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/1eb17389a194bbb4e03de24af680f80b/original.png Which of the following factors best explains the distribution of Muslim populations shown on the map above? A. Religious pilgrimages B. Merchant activity C. Forced migration D. Imperialism
B. Merchant activity
"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s The events described in the passage represent a reaction against which of the following forms of coerced labor? A.Slavery B. Serfdom C. Indentured servitude D. Military conscription
B. Serfdom
"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Based on the passage, which of the following most strongly influenced Dara Shikoh's religious views? A. Buddhism B. Sufism C. Zoroastrianism D. Shi'ism
B. Sufism
"The commercial area of the capital extends from the old Qing River market to the Southern Commons and to the city border on the north. . . . Some famous fabric stores sell exquisite brocade fabric and fine silk, which are unsurpassed elsewhere in the country. . . . Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be most difficult to verify? A. That Hangzhou had a large market district B. That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities C. That the merchants of Hangzhou imported goods from many other places D. That Hangzhou had a large population
B. That the merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities
"Seeing that it is a girl's destiny, on reaching womanhood, to go to a new home, and live in submission to her father-in-law and mother-in-law, it is even more incumbent upon her than it is on a boy to receive with all reverence her parents' instructions. Should her parents, through excess of tenderness, allow her to grow up self-willed, she will infallibly show herself capricious and thus alienate his affection." Kaibara Ekken, Japanese author, Greater Learning for Women, 1716 The excerpt above exemplifies the continued influence on eighteenth-century Japan of which of the following? A. The Buddhist encouragement of female spirituality B. The Confucian emphasis on filial submission C. The Islamic practice of women appearing modestly in public D. The Christian tradition of children respecting their parents
B. The Confucian emphasis of filial submission
"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author most directly use to support his argument about the king of Spain following the Inca method of highway construction? A. The Inca rulers could acquire specialized tools to cut through mountains. B. The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly. C. The Inca rulers clearly marked their kingdom with boundaries. D. The Inca rulers constructed roads to help complete conquests.
B. The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly.
"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? A. The literary tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world B. The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain C. The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims D. The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes
B. The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain
"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The coexistence of rulers and councils of elders in African states in the period circa 1200-1450 best demonstrates A. An adaptation to the climatic conditions of the East African coast B. The influence of indigenous African political practices C. An attempt to imitate the feudal governments of European states and East Asian empires D. A reflection of the hardships and uncertainties faced by Muslim seaborne traders
B. The influence of indigenous African political practices
"[Under the Song dynasty], the number of men who were granted degrees [by passing the imperial examinations] suddenly rose, indicating a similar rise in the number of candidates. This was made possible by an increase in China's productive power and the consequent accumulation of wealth. . . . A new class appeared in China [under the Song], comparable to the middle class in early modern Europe. In China this newly risen class concentrated hard on scholarship. . . . In principle [the examination system] was open to all qualified applicants regardless of social background, which made it unusually democratic. . . . But for a candidate to continue his studies without interruption for such a long period required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people. . . . [Thus] the contention that the doors of the examination system were open to all applicants was an exaggeration, of course. . . . [Yet] we must not lose sight of the historical context: the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations, regardless of family background or lineage, was incomparably forward-looking in its day. . . . It is true that the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system. Yet, when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged." Ichisada Miyazaki, historian, China's Examination Hell, book published in 1963 Which of the following statements from the second paragraph most directly supports the claim that the examination system strengthened the Chinese states? A. The statement that "the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful rejected applicants who opposed the system" B. The statement that "when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged" C. The statement that most successful candidates "required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people" D. The statement that "the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations . . . was incomparably forward-looking in its day"
B. The statement that "when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged"
SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/576d227fb7fbee558e084ac7678e2c88/original.png Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the travel depicted in the illustration? A. To recruit soldiers for the Caliphate B. To bind diverse communities to a common tradition C. To convert peoples of other faiths to Islam D. To create diasporic merchant communities
B. To bind diverse communities to a common tradition
THE CONSTELLATION HERCULES, NAMED AFTER AN ANCIENT GREEK MYTHICAL HERO. PAGE FROM A 1430 COPY OF THE BOOK OF FIXED STARS, AN ASTRONOMY BOOK WRITTEN BY A TENTH-CENTURY MUSLIM SCIENTIST https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH913283.g04.png This copy of The Book of Fixed Stars was made for the ruler of the Timurid dynasty, a Turkic state that controlled much of Central Asia during the fifteenth century. The dots scattered across the figure indicate individual stars and the symbols next to the dots indicate the stars' relative brightness, as observed by Muslim astronomers. Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by A. Learning from the superior scientific knowledge of medieval western European scientists B. serving strictly as copyists of earlier works that otherwise would have been lost C. expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research D. being the recipients of funding from foreign rulers
B. serving strictly as copyists of earlier works that otherwise would have been lost
MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E. https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH908842.g02.png *The lordship of Béarn was located in present-day southwestern France. The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems? A. Manorialism B. Serfdom C. Feudalism D. Monasticism
C. Feudalism
"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph? A. Inca rulers followed the method of dynastic succession for passing political authority from one ruler to another. B. Inca rulers performed religious ceremonies to bless the highways and those who traveled on them. C. Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests. D. Inca rulers had officials assign men from the provinces to construct the highways.
C. Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.
"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The interregional connections of states such as those on the East African coast can best be used as an illustration of the continued importance of which of the following? A. International diplomacy B. Polytheistic religions C. Long-distance trade D. Patriarchal gender norms
C. Long-distance trade
ILLUSTRATION IN A CHRONICLE DEPICTING A MASS BURIAL IN THE CITY OF TOURNAI, LOCATED IN MODERN BELGIUM, CIRCA 1349 https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VR040512.g05.png The mortality depicted in the image most directly contributed to which of the following changes in Europe in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? A. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire B. The end of feudalism C. The decline of serfdom D. The Protestant Reformation
C. The decline of serfdom
"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The example of an ancient Arabian state that traded extensively and controlled territories on the East African coast can best be used as evidence of A. The technological and logistical challenges faced by Eurasian merchants trying to reach the East African coast B. The contributions of East Africa to the development of Eurasian religions C. The long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa D. The importance of the East African coast in the development of African national identities
C. The long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa
MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E. https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/VH908842.g02.png *The lordship of Béarn was located in present-day southwestern France. In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments? A. Local elites' need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies B. Local elites' desire to expand the commercial power of local towns C. Local elites' desire to attract new settlers to their territories D. Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords
D. Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords
Which of the following best supports the conclusion that Japan borrowed extensively from Song China? A. The Shinto religion continued to exert a strong influence on Japanese culture. B. Japan had established a decentralized power structure under a shogun by the eleventh century C.E. C. Warriors or samurai gained substantial power and social status in Japan. D. Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.
D. Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles of hierarchy.
"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" *the Hindu god of the heavens who brings thunder and rain Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. Which of the following is a claim made by the petitioner in the third paragraph? A. The gods will directly accompany the king in his conquest of the Madurai Sultanate. B. The king should establish victory pillars after his conquest. C. A prophecy has shown that the king will conquer the Madurai Sultanate. D. The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai.
D. The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai.
What was feudalism?
Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of the legal, economic, military, and cultural customs that flourished in Medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships that were derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.
What was Great Zimbabwe?
Great Zimbabwe is an ancient city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe near Lake Mutirikwe and the town of Masvingo. It is thought to have been the capital of a great kingdom, although which kingdom is not certain,[1] during the country's Late Iron Age. Great Zimbabwe is believed to have served as a royal palace for the local monarch. As such, it would have been used as the seat of political power.
What was the Byzantine Empire?
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe.
Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows. "There are scores of rich Muslim merchants from the Kingdom of Srivijaya [in Southeast Asia] who are living or were born in our city of Quanzhou [in southern China]. Among them is a man called Shi Nuowei, who is a Muslim. He is famous for his generosity among his fellow foreign residents in Quanzhou. The building of a cemetery for foreign merchants is but one of his many generous deeds. This cemetery project was first proposed by another Srivijaya foreigner, but he died before he could finish it. Shi then built the cemetery on the hillside to the east of the city. The cemetery is covered with a roof, enclosed by a wall, and safely locked at night. All foreign merchants who die in Quanzhou are to be buried there. Shi's kind deed allows the foreign merchants in our city to not have to worry about being able to be buried according to the requirements of their own religions. Shi's kindness will certainly promote overseas trade and encourage more foreigners to come to Quanzhou, where they could live and conduct their business in harmony. I have included this story here so that news of it will be widely circulated overseas." Lin Zhiqi, Chinese government customs inspector in the port of Quanzhou, description of the city and its surroundings, circa 1170 a) Identify ONE historical process in South or Southeast Asia that accounts for the religion of the Srivijaya merchants in Quanzhou, as reported in the passage. b) Explain ONE aspect of the economic development of China under the Song dynasty that led to the flourishing of commerce that is reflected in the passage. c) Explain ONE way in which the author's point of view, purpose, or intended audience may have influenced his assessment of the events described in the passage.
In Southeast Asia, Muslims flooded into the Kingdom of Srivijaya because of the trade route called the Silk Road. They took this route to bring their products to China's ports and eventually settled, blending their culture with the locals. These traders also aided in the economic development of China during this time. The Song set up markets to further facilitate this trade and grow the Chinese economy. The author, Lin Zhiqi, wrote this assessment to later being shown to other leaders and maybe even citizens from other kingdoms and parts of Asia. With this in mind, it can be assumed that he would want more traders to settle in Srivijaya in order to further trade and the economy. He most likely wrote this assessment with bias toward the kingdom and aimed to influence others into migrating there.
What was Shintoism?
Shinto is a religion which originated in Japan. Shinto is polytheistic and revolves around the kami ("gods" or "spirits"), supernatural entities believed to inhabit all things. The link between the kami and the natural world has led to Shinto being considered animistic and pantheistic. The kami are worshiped at kamidana household shrines, family shrines, and jinja public shrines.
What was the Magna Carta?
Magna Carta is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton to make peace between the unpopular king and a group of rebel barons, it promised the protection of church rights, protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown, to be implemented through a council of 25 barons. Neither side stood behind their commitments, and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III, leading to the First Barons' War.
What is Neo-Confucianism?
Neo-Confucianism is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu and Li Ao (772-841) in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties under the formulations of Zhu Xi. Human nature is originally good, the neo-Confucians argued, but not pure unless action is taken to purify it. The imperative is then to purify one's li. However, in contrast to Buddhists and Taoists, neo-Confucians did not believe in an external world unconnected with the world of matter. In addition, neo-Confucians in general rejected the idea of reincarnation and the associated idea of karma.
What was Serfdom?
Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery, which developed during the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.
What is the difference between Sunni and Shi'a Islam?
Shia and Sunni Islam are the two major denominations of Islam. They chose sides following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in AD 632. A dispute over succession to Islamic prophet Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community spread across various parts of the world, which led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. After the death of Prophet Muhammad, Muslims had a disagreement. Sunnis believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr and Omar, and the Shias believed that his successor should be Ali. The dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Hussein ibn Ali and his household were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid I, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, which is known today as Islamic schism to differ from Christian schism that happened later.
What is sinification?
Sinification is the process by which non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture, particularly Han-Chinese culture, language, societal norms, and ethnic identity.
What is Sufism?
Sufism is mysticism in Islam, "characterized ... [by particular] values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions". It is variously defined as "Islamic mysticism", "the inward dimension of Islam" or "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam". Sufism began very early in Islamic history and represents "the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of" mystical practice in Islam. Practitioners of Sufism have been referred to as "Sufis."
What was Tenochtitlan?
Tenochtitlan, also known as Mexico-Tenochtitlan, was a large Mexica altepetl in what is now the historic center of Mexico City.
What was the Pax Mongolica?
The "Mongol Peace" The Pax Mongolica is a historiographical term modelled after the original phrase Pax Romana which describes the stabilizing effects of the conquests of the Mongol Empire on the social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13th and 14th centuries. The term is used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create and the period of relative peace that followed the Mongols' vast conquests.
What was the Black Death?
The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Afro-Eurasia from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the death of 75-200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, but it may also cause septicaemic or pneumonic plagues. The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history. Today, a vaccine exists and bubonic plague is easily cured with antibiotics.
What were the Crusades?
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The term refers especially to the Eastern Mediterranean campaigns in the period between 1095 and 1271 that had the objective of conquering the Holy Land from Islamic rule. The term has also been applied to other church-sanctioned campaigns fought to combat paganism and heresy, to resolve conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups, or to gain political and territorial advantage. The difference between these campaigns and other Christian religious conflicts was that they were considered a penitential exercise that brought forgiveness of sins declared by the church. Historians contest the definition of the term "crusade". Some restrict it to only armed pilgrimages to Jerusalem; others include all Catholic military campaigns with a promise of spiritual benefit; all Catholic holy wars; or those with a characteristic of religious fervour.
What was the 100 years' war?
The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts in Western Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet and its cadet House of Lancaster, rulers of the Kingdom of England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of stronger national identities in both countries.
Who were the Pueblo people?
The Puebloans or Pueblo peoples, are Native Americans in the Southwestern United States who share common agricultural, material, and religious practices. Pueblo, which means "village" in Spanish, was a term originating with the Colonial Spanish, who used it to refer to the people's particular style of dwelling.
What was the Trans-Saharan trade?
Trans-Saharan trade requires travel across the Sahara between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century.