PR2

SURVEY RESEARCH

-The data it collects from these people serving as "representatives or informants" explain or describe the society's thoughts, attitudes and feelings towards environmental issues.

PRIMARY

-analysis of data collected by the researcher himself..

META-ANALYSIS

-analysis of data expressed numerically

SURVEY RESEARCH

-applicable to Social Sciences -defined as a method of research that aims at knowing what a big number of people think and feel about some sociological issues

SECONDARY

-examination of data collected by other people.

INDEPENDENT

-those that bear or manifest the effects caused by the former

DEPENDENT

-those that cause changes in the subject

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

A kind of research which is a way of making any phenomenon or any sensory experience clearer or more meaningful by gathering and examining facts and information about such person, thing, place, or event appealing to your senses.

d. Out of 100 college students, 90 find textbooks beneficial to their studies

A quantitative research presents research findings in this manner: a. Many prefer to study with textbooks b. Students find textbooks indispensible or necessary c. Perhaps, 30% consider textbooks unnecessary in their studies. d. Out of 100 college students, 90 find textbooks beneficial to their studies

Systematic Method

A question driven methodology

Manifest

A type of variable: can be directly observed to give proofs to latent variables.

Latent

A type of variable: cannot be directly observed like personality traits, quality of life.

Attribute

A type of variable: characteristics of people: intelligence, creativity, anxiety, learning styles, etc.

Constant

A type of variable: do not undergo any changes during an experiment

Endogenous

A type of variable: found inside; as a part of identified model.

Exogenous

A type of variable: found outside an identified model.

Dichotomous

A type of variable: has only two possible results, one or zero.

Covariate

A type of variable: included in the research study to create interactions with the independent and dependent variables.

Continuous

A type of variable: quantitative in nature and is used in interval or ratio scale of measurements.

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE APPROACH

APPROACHES TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

100-250

Abstract word count

participants' variables

Attribute variables have the same meaning as

-SURVEY RESEARCH -CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH -CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE -EXPERIMENTAL

BASIC CLASSIFICATION (IN GENERAL) OF QUANTI

DEPENDENT and INDEPENDENT

BASIC TYPES OF VARIABLES

laboratory or field research

Basically Experimental Research is categorized as either (BLANK) or (BLANK)

Variables

Came from root word "vary" which means to undergo changes or to differ from or varying values in relation to time and situation.

1. Null 2. Alternative 3. Theory Driven 4. Data-driven Hypotheses 5. Directional 6. Non-directional Hypotheses 7. Descriptive 8. Causal Hypotheses

Complete the table with the right words to indicate hypotheses classification. VARIETIES OF HYPOTHESES A. Categories 1._______________2._______________ B. Nature or Relationship 3. _______________ 4. _______________ C. Course of Relationship 5. _______________ 6. _______________ D. Source of Hypotheses 7. _______________ 8. _______________

makes survey diff from others

Data types and analysis

INDUCTIVE APPROACH

Deductive approach goes from bigger ides such as theories or concepts to smaller ides; conversely, this approach starts from smaller and simpler ides to bigger or more complex ones. Focus on questions about description of things to prove an idea or a system. Specific details are the center of this approach

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Expressing meaning through numerals or a set of symbols indicates specificity, particularity, or exactness of something.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Expressions like numerical forms, objective thinking, statistical methods, and measurement signal the existence of quantitative research.

1. Subjects or objects (people, places, things, events etc. 2. The subject's condition before the actual experiment 3. The treatment, intervention, or condition applied on the subject 4. The subjects' condition after the treatment

Four Basic Elements of Experiments

VARIABLE RELATIONSHIPS extraneous variables.

In carrying out a research it is possible that one, two or more variables or extra variables crop up to create an impact on the relationship between the independent and dependent variables Being extra variables, they form this other type of variables called (BLANK)

true-experimental research

Involves treatment

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines the extent of the effects or influence of the treatment on the object/subject, then discovers the causes of such effects.

HYPOTHESIS

Is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables, their relationships, and other facts involved in the research.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Is one major activity in research that makes you examine or study again concepts or ideas related to your research that people managed to publish in books, journals, or other reading materials in the past.

Research Problem

Is something that nurtures in your mind a difficulty of uncertainty, enough to push you to do an empirical investigation whereby you search for answers to a problem by collecting and analyzing data or information through which you can find the right answer or solution.

META-ANALYSIS in QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Meta-analysis is a kind of RRL in which you re-examine and combine the results of two or more statistical studies for coming our with a grand total to indicate stronger effects of the research outcome.

a. An exact manner

People inclined to doing a quantitative research wants to discover truth in _____. a. An exact manner b. an indirect way c. A careful way d. a personal way

data gathering instrument

Phone, email, questionnaire

scientific or experimental thinking

Quantitative Research is analogous to

Objective/Subjective

Quantitative Research is described as (blank) research in contrast to qualitative research that is (blank)

empirical researchable

Requiring you to adopt an (BLANK) attitude toward your problem in a way that you depend on your sensory experience, conduct experimentation, or perform a scientific method in arriving at the truth about something makes your problem a (BLANK) problem.

hypotheses

Research Question

IMRAD

Research Structure

empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical and replicable.

Research involves the following cognitive terms:

Agencies of the government, or any non-government institutions. Your own experience or genuine interest in something Previous research findings Present political social or economic issues Review of related literature

SOURCES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROBLEM

where most survey research happen

Social Sciences

b. numerical data

Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use of _____. a. Hypotheses b. numerical data c. Factual data d. theories

generality

Stands for lots of people

points to exact data

Statistical studies

survey research

Stress on one's view

TRADITIONAL METHOD SYSTEMATIC METHOD

TWO METHODS OF RRL

Theory Driven vs Data-driven Hypotheses Directional vs Non-directional Hypotheses Descriptive vs Causal Hypotheses

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES

Relation Questions

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS ask questions about the nature and manner of connection between or among variables. Causal Questions - reasons behind the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable is the focus of these types of research questions.

Descriptive Research Questions

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS ask questions on the kind, qualifications and categories of the subjects or participants.

Causal Questions

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS reasons behind the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable is the focus of these types of research questions.

investigation or questioning

The core word for both Research and Inquiry is

ETHICAL STANDARDS in Lit-Review Writing

The ethical way of literature writing tells you to acknowledge the owners of borrowed ideas and put quotation marks around copied words from books or articles.

Research Questions

The first or beginning act in research is thinking of a research problem. After which is asking a set of specific questions or identifying sub-problems about the research problem. These specific questions are called (BLANK) which specify the scope and the method in collecting, and analyzing data, give you the right direction in your research.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

The objects or subjects involved in these type of research are chosen randomly or selected by chance, rather than by the decision of the researcher.

True Experimental designs

They are characterized by the random selection of participants and the random assignment of the participants to groups in the study. The researcher also has complete control over the extraneous variable. Hence, it can be confidently determined that the effect on the dependent variable is directly due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Null (Ho)

This Hypothesis, states the absence of relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It is therefore a statement to disprove the fact that the independent variable (treatment, intervention or condition) has an effect on the dependent variable.

Alternative (H1)

This Hypothesis, states the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables and the fact that the first affects the second one.

Post-test only design Pretest-Post-test only design Solomon Four Group design Factorial design Randomized Block design Crossover design (Repeat Measure design

This design is considered as the best type of research design. TYPES: (6)

b. Quantitative research

This line, "The truth is out there". Is true for _____. a. Qualitative research b. Quantitative research c. All research designs d. any research type

the experimental group the control group,

Two groups are involved in any experimental research: (BLANK), the one on which the treatment or influence is applied, and which does not re (BLANK) receive any treatment.

Counter-balanced

Type of Quasi Exp. Des. that control order of effects if there are two or more treatments in a study.

Matched Comparison group design

Type of Quasi Exp. Des. that instead of selecting participants for the control group, you get a set of participants that shows close similarities with the EG or treatment group based on one or more important variables.

Time-series

Type of Quasi Exp. Des. that uses multiple observations of the subjects before and after the treatment or condition applied to the EG.

Single-subject

Type of Quasi Exp. Des., this design is used when the population is so large that you find difficulty in choosing a group to study.

True Experimental Design

Type of experimental design that has random participants, best design for causal relationships.

Quasi-Experimental Design

Type of experimental design that is prone to bias merely because of participants selections whatever the reason. It can be one of the following:

-TRUE EXPERIMENTAL (MATCHED COMPARATIVE) -QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL (TIME SERIES) (COUNTERBALANCED) -SINGLE SUBJECT -PRE EXPERIMENTAL

Types of Experimental Quanti

NON EXPERIMENTAL -SURVEY -HISTORICAL -CORRELATIONAL -OBSERVATIONAL -DESCRIPTIVE -COMPARATIVE

Types of Non Experimental Quanti

Experimental and Non Experimental

Types of Quantitative Research

-Rationale -Statement of the Problem/Objectives -Hypotheses -Scope and Delimitation -Significance of the study

Under the introduction, the following are to be discussed but not labelled:

• Though research question and hypothesis serve the same purpose, their differences necessitate using either in a particular research type. In general, quantitative research favors the hypothesis while research question is preferred in qualitative research • Hypothesis is predictive in nature and predicts relationship between variables • Hypothesis is more specific than research question • Research question poses a question while hypothesis predicts the outcome of the research

What is the difference between Research Question and Hypothesis?

Non-Experimental

What research is a way of finding out truths about a subject by describing the collected data about such subject and determining their relationships or connections with one another.

b. personal traits

You tend to inflate something in a qualitative research because of your _____. a. objective views b. personal traits c. teacher's influence d. mathematical skills

DEDUCTIVE APPROACH

Your questions begin from "hunches or predictions" or expectations about the outcome of your research. Ask questions centering on a theory or concept, discover the accuracy of the theory, ponder on variables to represent the extent of the application of the theory, and make up your mind on which variable to study through observation, interview or experimentation. Ask for the operational definition of variables.

4 2 3 1 5

_____collecting data _____Formulating research questions _____stating a research problem _____being interested in something _____analyzing data

3 1 5 2 4

_____pre-test _____population issue _____post-test _____sampling process _____treatment or intervention

Variables

are changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things like age, gender, intelligence, ideas, achievements, confidence, and so on that are involved in your research study.

Matched comparison

choosing a treatment group and another group that has similarities with the treatment group.

Single-subject

controls treatment and condition applied to just one individual or a group

Descriptive

depicts an image or a picture of an individual or group.

Survey

describes the attitudes, preferences, views, feelings, and other behavioral patterns of a big number of people for arriving at a certain conclusion about societal concerns and issues.

Time series

giving them series of pre tests and post tests

HYPOTHESIS

inferential thinking that makes you guess something based not only on whatever experience or factual knowledge you have about such thing but also on conclusions that were logically drawn by other research studies.

Nuisance Variable

involved not in the research situation but outside the research process.

Proper citation and referencing

is your way of freeing yourself from plagiarism and of avoiding people from casting doubts on your honesty and integrity as a researcher.

Extraneous variables

must be controlled by the researcher if not such variables will be called confounding variables which can strongly affect the research. Its involvement may result in the production of mixed up, confusing or bewildering results.

confidentiality

secret identity of the subject

Correlative

shows the extent and direction of variable relationships, that is, whether a negative or positive relationship exists between or among them.

Quasi-Experimental Design

simply defined as not a true experiment. Since the main assignment of a true experiment is randomly assigned, this means a quasi-experiment does not have randomly assigned groups. Random assignments helps ensure that there is no pre-existing condition that will influence the variables and mess up the results.

Comparative

states the differences or similarities between or among people, things, objects, etc.

HYPOTHESIS

to infer, propose, or guess about factual things related to the research

variables

variable predictors