Practice Exam 2
A classic experiment using the three mountains task with 5- and 6-year-old children shows that they a. cannot take the perspective of the doll. b. take the perspective of the experimenter. c. can take the perspective of the doll. d. cannot complete the three mountain task because they are too young to understand the instructions
A
ADHD a. is more common in boys than in girls. b. would not exist if teachers were willing to be more flexible. c. is a pattern of learned behavior. d. is simply a stage that children go through and that they will grow out of.
A
According to Erikson, what is MOST critical for a child to develop in the first year of life? a. A sense of trust b. A sense of identity c. A sense of autonomy d. A sense of self-efficacy
A
According to Piaget, children a. develop object permanence before they develop emotional bonds to specific caregivers. b. come to understand object permanence even without prior experience. c. develop the skills that lead to object permanence by 3 months of age. d. develop an understanding of object permanence all at once.
A
Babbling a. appears between 6 and 9 months of age. b. occurs after the ability to use intonation. c. is strongly related to words the child is trying to say. d. occurs before cooing.
A
In the conservation task, asking children whether both beakers have the same amount of water and to watch the pouring carefully may result in a. children expecting a change in the amounts. b. children understanding conservation before they are 7 years old. c. an increased number of incorrect answers to the task. d. children becoming confused by the task.
A
In what year did Sesame Street make its debut? a. 1969 b. 1973 c. 1993 d. 1952
A
In which substage of sensorimotor development would you first witness goal-directed behavior? a. Primary circular reactions b. Secondary circular reactions c. Simple reflexes d. Tertiary circular reactions
A
Mothers of securely attached infants a. are more likely to be affectionate to their children. b. are unlikely to have been securely attached to their own parents.c c. provide less predictable caregiving. d. respond less sensitively to their babies' social behaviors.
A
Piaget believed that ____ develops before____. a. cognitive development; language development b. language development; motor skills c. private speech; outer speech d. language development; cognitive development
A
Recent studies indicate that children's understanding of causality is more sophisticated than Piaget believed. However, this depends upon a. how the task is presented. b. whether the child is male or female. c. whether the task is presented in a laboratory or in the child's home. d. whether the researcher is male or female.
A
Research on the effects of mainstreaming indicates that a. the results of such studies are mixed. b. mainstreamed classes are overwhelming for disabled students. c. disabled students achieve more in mainstreamed classes. d. mainstreaming has no impact, positive or negative, on students.
A
The drawings of a 6-year-old a. are symbolic rather than specific. b. have no real meaning. c. are random, but then are given meaning by the child. d. represent complex inner emotions they cannot otherwise express.
A
To whom do we attribute the concept of mean length of utterance (MLU)? a. Brown b. Chomsky c. Bayley d. Piaget
A
Various research studies examining Diana Baumrind's parenting styles have found that a. parenting styles and characteristics of children may interact to establish the parent-child relationship. b. characteristics of children contribute to parental responses. c. parenting styles cause certain behavior patterns in children. d. the temperaments of parents and children always match because temperament is inherited.
A
When infant monkeys were alone or had wire surrogate mother for a companion, they were afraid of the "bear monster." But when the cloth mother was present, the infant monkeys a. used the cloth mother as a secure base. b. sought out the wire mother who offered food. c. clung to the cloth mother and did not explore their surroundings. d. were as afraid of the cloth mother as they were the bear monster.
A
When is brain plasticity at its peak? a. Between the ages of 1 and 2 b. It varies greatly between females and males. c. Not until adolescence d. It varies greatly from individual to individual.
A
Which of the following children would be most likely to develop in socially and emotionally healthy ways? a. A child raised by warm parents b. Social and emotional development do not depend upon child-rearing. c. A child raised by permissive parents d. A child raised by restrictive parents
A
Which of the following predicts the extent of a child's participation in sports? a. The child's self-perception of competence in sports b. The child's socioeconomic status c. The child's physical size d. Whether the child lives in a rural or urban environment
A
Which of the following statements about movies is TRUE? a. Virtually all G-rated animated films contain scenes of violence. b. Movies contain less violence than many people believe. c. Movies cannot receive a G-rating if they contain violence. d. Violence in movies helps children learn to deal with their problems.
A
While Neisha is sleeping, her mother puts a spot of makeup on her nose. When Neisha wakes up, her mother places her in front of a mirror, and Neisha reaches and physically touches her own nose. This means Neisha a. recognizes that it is she in the mirror. b. does not recognize who is in the mirror. c. is at least 3 months old. d. has not started to develop a self-concept as of yet.
A
Why might identical twins NOT have the same handedness? a. Because some twins are "mirror opposites" b. Because they only share 50% of their genetic heritage c. Only because one was conditioned for other-handedness d. Because there is no genetic component to handedness
A
Why might preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children be needed? a. Because these children generally perform less well on standardized intelligence tests b. Because these children usually have fewer social skills and more emotional problems c. Because the programs help make up for poor prenatal nutrition, which affects intelligence d. Because of a faulty assumption; they are not actually needed
A
A preoperational child would assume a. that subtraction is easier than addition. b. that tall glasses hold more liquid than short glasses. c. that problems that have not yet been solved will, in the future, be solved. d. that objects that are out of sight have ceased to exist.
B
ADHD a. would not exist if teachers were willing to be more flexible. b. is more common in boys than in girls. c. is simply a stage that children go through and that they will grow out of. d. is a pattern of learned behavior.
B
According to Erik Erikson, parents can encourage a sense of initiative in their children by a. using physical punishment. b. encouraging attempts to explore and learn. c. performing tasks for their children, so that children will not be disappointed if they fail. d. hugging and kissing their children.
B
Are boys or girls more likely to stray from playing with gender-typed toys? a. Boys b. Girls c. It depends upon their caregivers' adherence to traditional gender roles. d. There are no gender differences.
B
At about 18 to 22 months of age, there is a rapid burst in vocabulary. Approximately 75% of the words added during this time are nouns. This vocabulary burst can be called a. referential style. b. the naming explosion. c. the expressive explosion. d. the specific nominal explosion.
B
Austin has been maltreated by his parents. As a result, he is more likely a. to seek out more friends in school. b. to suffer low self-esteem. c. to act timidly toward a date or spouse. d. to have stunted physical growth.
B
Bed-wetting tends to occur during a. stage 3 sleep. b. the deepest stage of sleep. c. REM sleep. d. stage 1 sleep.
B
Being able to pretend involves all but which of the following? a. manipulation of symbols b. egocentric thinking c. preoperational thought d. cognitive sophistication
B
Can preschool intervention programs have long-term positive outcomes? a. No, the IQ gains always fade. b. Yes, the children are more likely to go on to college and earn higher incomes. c. Yes, the IQ gains are proven to last, but only for girls. d. No, in fact, they result in even poorer performance in high school and college.
B
Children with high levels of physical activity are more likely to a. have school officials who don't exercise. b. have parents who exercise. c. make regular visits to fast food restaurants. d. have parents who discourage family activeness.
B
Dyslexia a. is caused by exposure to an environmental toxin. b. appears to have a genetic component. c. is caused by a lack of oxygen to the fetus during the birth process. d. appears to be caused by damage to chromosome 7.
B
Emotional regulation refers to a. a parent's attempt to decrease negative emotionality in their child. b. the ways in which young children control their emotions. c. a child who has overcome stranger anxiety. d. an infant's attempt to understand the range of emotions they feel.
B
Food offered to children in schools tends to be a. low in sodium. b. heavy on sugar, animal fats, and salt. c. primarily fish, poultry, and whole grains. d. reflective of the dietary recommendations made by the USDA's "My Plate."
B
Gross motor skills are to ____, whereas fine motor skills are to ____. a. nervous system development; instruction from peers b. large muscle groups; small muscle groups c. development during early childhood; development during adolescence d. small muscle groups; large muscle groups
B
How can feelings of stress and anger be diffused without resorting to violence? a. by immersing one's self in work b. through humor c. by simply running away from the source of the stress or anger d. by taking medication for depression
B
How do stimulant medications, such as Ritalin, have their effect on ADHD? a. They minimize the effects of other stimulants, such as caffeine and chocolate. b. They block the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. c. They activate the amygdala. d. They stimulate the cerebral cortex.
B
In terms of word learning, what is fast mapping? a. A process by which children learn active words faster than passive words b. A process in which the child quickly attaches a new word to its appropriate content c. The belief that novel terms refer to unfamiliar objects d. The tendency for young children to associate words with particular characteristics of objects
B
In the following sentence, choose which word represents a specific nominal: Our dog, Sport, chased the car down the street. a. car b. Sport c. chased d. our
B
Jasdeep can tell the difference between a person he has seen before and a new one. This ability is referred to as a. habituation. b. visual recognition memory. c. classical conditioning. d. sensory memory.
B
Kochanska (2001) found that for children who were resistant, their most powerful and persistent emotion was a. sadness. b. fear. c. anger. d. joy.
B
Mary Ainsworth defined attachment as a. a negative co-dependency developed between a parent and child. b. an emotional tie between one animal or person and another specific individual. c. not necessary for healthy human functioning. d. imprinting that occurs in the first few hours after birth.
B
Mental acts in which objects are changed or transformed and then can be returned to their original states are called a. mental flexibility acts. b. operations. c. precausal thinking. d. transductive reasoning.
B
Moving from reflexive imitation to purposeful imitation requires a. just the passing of time. b. improvements in cognitive abilities. c. the emergence of genetic programming. d. significant effort on the part of the child over an extended period of time.
B
Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, he responds to frustrations with tantrums and loud crying, and he takes a long time to adjust to new routines. Which temperament classification most accurately describes Nathan? a. Disengaged b. Difficult c. Easy d. Slow-to-warm up
B
Participation in organized sports declines because children a. There is no decline in participation in organized sports. b. are sometimes pushed too hard by parents and/or coaches. c. choose to focus on academic performance. d. choose to participate in less formal sports, such as riding bikes and playing catch.
B
Rose and her colleagues (2001) showed that visual recognition memory is a. a good way to screen infants for sensory or neurological problems. b. somewhat stable from age to age. c. positively correlated with brain weight. d. related significantly to brain myelination.
B
Solitary play and onlooker play can both be categorized as a. interactive. b. non-social. c. imaginary. d. social.
B
The average 12-month-old child can speak ____ words and understands ____ words. a. 22; 90 b. 13; 84 c. 8; 45 d. 5; 30
B
The average 7- to 10-year-old requires ____ calories per day. a. 1,300 b. 2,000 c. 2,400 d. 1,700
B
Two-year-old Samantha is drawing a picture. It consists of scribbles that she has carefully drawn along the border of the paper. Which stage of drawing is Samantha in? a. Design b. Placement c. Exposition d. Shape
B
Understanding mental representations involves comprehending that a. out of sight is out of mind. b. appearance and reality do not always match. c. changes in shape do not involve changes in mass or volume. d. objects that we cannot see continue to exist.
B
What factor explains the differences between boys and girls in motor performance? a. From birth, girls have less interest in sports than do boys. b. Boys receive more encouragement and support for participating in sports. c. Differences are due primarily to biological variables. d. Differences in boys and girls are heritable.
B
What is a holophrase? a. The first complete sentence that a child utters b. A single word utterance that expresses a complex meaning c. A double-word utterance that a child speaks around 14 months of age d. A first word from the infant accompanied by physical gestures
B
What methods are recommended to help with bed-wetting? a. Talk with your child about "not wetting" rather than "staying dry". b. Use a sandwich bed. c. Increase intake of fluids that contain caffeine. d. Use harsh discipline.
B
What percentage of dreams occurs during REM sleep? a. 50% b. 80% c. 70% d. 60%
B
When 3-year-old Caitlin is asked what she did at preschool that day, she says "You know. You were there." This type of one-dimensional thinking is called a. cognitive flexibility. b. egocentrism. c. transductive reasoning. d. artificialism.
B
Which fine motor skill is MOST sophisticated and develops last? a. Builds a tower of six cubes b. Laces shoes c. Uses pencil with correct grip d. Copies letters
B
Which of the following is a recall task? a. A matching test b. Asking a child to recite the state capitals c. Asking children to identify which toys they've seen before d. Completing a survey
B
Which of the following is considered an autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? a. Parkinson's disorder b. Rett's disorder c. Ruminative disorder d. Tourette's disorder
B
Which of the following is not a proposed reason why newborns possess an imitation reflex? a. It contributes to caregiver-infant bonding. b. It helps the child elicit information about who his or her parent is. c. It may be due to "mirror neurons" in the human brain. d. It helps ensure survival of the newborn.
B
Which of the following provides evidence for the role of environment in obesity? a. Identical twins have similar body weights regardless of whether they were reared together or apart. b. Watching TV seems to have an effectchildren's weight. c. Some children inherit a tendency to turn extra calories into fat. d. Obese children have higher levels of testosterone.
B
Which part of the brain translates visual information into auditory information? a. Frontal lobe b. Angular gyrus c. Wernicke's area d. Visual cortex
B
Wyatt has learned that his round ball is called a toy. When Wyatt sees an orange or a grapefruit, he calls these toys as well. His thought process BEST represents a. differentiation. b. assimilation. c. conceptualization. d. accommodation.
B
____ kills more children per year than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. a. Rubella b. Pneumonia c. Diarrhea d. Influenza
B
"A state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components" is the definition of which of the following terms? a. Trait b. Mood c. Emotion d. Temperament
C
A child cannot understand that a model and the larger object it resembles represent the same thing. This child a. is probably able to conserve. b. lacks the ability to engage in reversible actions. c. is having difficulty with mental representations. d. is probably in the concrete operational stage.
C
African-American parents tend to be less informed about ADHD than their European-American counterparts and are more likely to attribute the symptoms to a. biological causes. b. caffeine intake. c. sugar intake. d. normal childhood activity.
C
Believing that sunshine and fresh air will make children ill, the natives in one Guatemalan village isolate their children until they are 13 to 14 months of age (Kagan & Klein, 1973). After this isolation, the children a. are physically and mentally retarded through adulthood. b. regress even further in their physical and emotional development. c. are as intellectually and physically able as American children by age 11. d. remain apathetic.
C
Borghese et al., (2015) and Chen & Wang (2015) found that ____ was a stronger predictor of children being overweight than diet. a. the number of hours that parents watched television b. the number of televisions in the home c. the number of hours watching television d. whether a child lived in a rural or urban environment
C
By what age does the onset of ADHD typically occur? a. Age 3 b. Age 5 c. Age 7 d. Age 9
C
Children as young as _____ can remember organized sequences of events they have experienced. a. 8 months old b. 4 months old c. 11 1/2 months old d. 2 months old
C
Children raised by warm parents are more likely to a. have poor social and emotional well-being. b. act in aggressive ways with other children. c. develop a conscience or a moral sense. d. be perceived as naughty.
C
Children who have early crawling experience perform better than those who do not on tests of motor skills in early childhood (Haywood & Getchell, 2008). This implies that a. experience makes no difference as these skills are based on maturation. b. genetics makes no difference as these skills are based on experience. c. early experience may affect development of motor skills. d. boys begin utilizing motor skills earlier than girls.
C
Frenkel & Fox (2015) have found that when infants are under stress they have a tendency to a. seek out whichever parent was closest in proximity. b. isolate themselves from caregivers. c. seek out their mother. d. seek out their father.
C
Generally speaking, when are most children able to balance on a beam and pedal a bicycle? a. About age 3 or 4 b. There is too much variability between children to say for sure. c. About age 6 or 7 d. It depends upon how much practice they get using these skills.
C
How does television viewing contribute to obesity? a. It does not contribute to obesity, as obesity is genetically determined. b. It resets the hunger trigger located in the thalamus. c. Children who are heavy TV viewers are more sedentary overall. d. It doesn't; watching TV actually curbs the appetite.
C
How is gender constancy defined? a. Recognizing that people retain their sexes for a lifetime b. The internalization of the roles and expectations of one's gender c. Recognizing that one's gender does not change, even if one's appearance changes d. One's knowledge that he or she is male or female
C
How many states in the U.S. require the use of child safety seats in automobiles? a. 35 b. 28 c. 50 d. 40
C
In comparison to physical abuse, physical neglect a. occurs less frequently. b. is less damaging. c. causes more deaths. d. is more obvious.
C
In the early years, siblings a. provide little support of any kind for each other. b. always show quite strong rivalry. c. may spend more time with each other than with their parents. d. rarely, if ever, show sibling rivalry.
C
Increase in brain weight during the preschool years is due a. primarily to the thickening of the skull. b. primarily to increases in the size of the cerebellum. c. in large part to increasing myelination of nerve fibers. d. to increases in the size of the muscles that support the skull.
C
Konrad Lorenz's goslings (1962; 1981) ran to him when frightened, honked with distress at his departure, and tried to overcome obstacles to be near him. This is an example of a. bonding. b. secure attachment. c. imprinting. d. object permanence.
C
Lai et al., (2009) found that childhood asthma was _______ in affluent nations and _______ in poorer nations. a. more serious; more common b. less serious; more common c. more common; more serious d. less common; more common
C
Neonates who are breast-fed are able to remember and recognize their mother's unique smell. What does this illustrate? a. Deferred imitation b. Object permanence c. Memory d. Imitation
C
Referential language style focuses on ____, whereas expressive language style focuses on ____. a. social interactions; objects b. things that move; things that are stationary c. objects; social interactions d. general nominals; specific nominals
C
Research has found that the incidence of problems in adopted children, such as decreased social responsiveness and extremes in attachment behaviors, were positively correlated to the a. age of the adoptive parents. b. SES of the adoptive parents. c. age at which child was separated from the temporary foster parents. d. caregiving styles of the adoptive parents.
C
Research that implicates stressors in children's lives, such as the birth of a sibling or parental divorce, as a cause of overeating supports the role of ____ in obesity. a. poor prenatal environment b. inherited fat cells c. environment d. heredity
C
Research to support a genetic component to ADHD indicates that the regulation of _______ may be involved. a. noradrenaline b. benzoate c. dopamine d. testosterone
C
Researchers who propose that individuals are aggressive because there is competition for resources such as food adhere to the ____ theory of aggression. a. ecological b. social learning c. evolutionary d. social cognitive
C
Rovee-Collier and her colleagues (1993) tied one end of a ribbon to a brightly colored mobile and tied the other end ties to an infant's ankle. What did these studies measure? a. Habituation b. The age of onset of primary circular reactions c. Memory d. Object permanence
C
The type of muscular control needed for gymnastics is called a. agility. b. labyrinthine motor skills. c. gross motor skills. d. systemic motor skills.
C
Transitional objects, such as stuffed animals and other favorite toys, a. make it more difficult for children to gain independence. b. may prompt night terrors. c. may assist children in gaining greater independence from parents. d. should be taken away at age 2.
C
What is the goal of mainstreaming? a. To reduce the number of teachers and classrooms needed b. To help non-need students become acquainted with those who have special needs c. To counter the negative effects of special needs classes d. To enhance the skills needed beyond school for those with special needs
C
What percentage of school-aged children are diagnosed with ADHD? a. 15% b. Around 10% c. 11% d. Less than 1%
C
When observing young children playing, how can one tell if they are friends or just ordinary playmates? a. Friends show more competition for toys. b. It is impossible to tell. c. Friends smile and laugh more and show more cooperation and collaboration. d. Friends have more conflict than ordinary playmates.
C
When speaking of brain plasticity, redundancy means a. a surge in neurotransmitters. b. increased myelination. c. similarity of function in two or more brain locations. d. damage to the corpus callosum.
C
Which of the following is NOT true regarding sex of child and physical activity? a. Parents emphasize physical activity of boys more so than girls in the preschool years. b. Boys are more likely than girls to receive encouragement and support for participation in sports. c. By middle childhood, girls are more involved in competitive games than boys. d. Boys tend to engage in more vigorous activity, on average, than girls.
C
Which of the following is TRUE about siblings? a. There are no consistent findings in sibling relationships. b. Their interactions are mostly negative. c. There are both positive and negative aspects to sibling relationships. d. Their interactions are usually unemotional.
C
Which of the following is a mental representation? a. The ability to think of an object while looking at it b. Being able to draw what something looks like c. Understanding that an eraser can look like a cookie d. Being able to use words to express thoughts
C
Which of the following is an accurate definition of gender stability? a. One's knowledge that he or she is male or female b. Recognizing that one's sex does not change, even if one's appearance changes c. Recognizing that people retain their genderfor a lifetime d. The internalization of the roles and expectations of one's gender
C
Which researcher used the dimensions of warmth-coldness and restrictiveness-permissiveness to develop four parenting styles? a. Piaget b. Ainsworth c. Baumrind d. Erikson
C
Why might later-born children be more popular with their peers? a. Their peers feel sorry for them. b. Their parents force them to interact with peers at an early age. c. They learn social skills by dealing with their older siblings. d. They strive to attract peers to counteract the low amounts of attention they get at home.
C
A 4-year-old child is shown pictures of four cats and six dogs. When asked if there are more dogs or more animals, she will most likely say that a. only the cats are animals. b. there are more animals. c. she cannot understand the question. d. there are more dogs.
D
A child cannot understand that a model and the larger object it resembles represent the same thing. This child a. lacks the ability to engage in reversible actions. b. is probably able to conserve. c. is probably in the concrete operational stage. d. is having difficulty with mental representations.
D
A group of eight 5-year-olds are playing together. Given the research on play, what might you guess about the gender mix of this group of children? a. They are probably a mixed-sex group. b. They are likely to be girls. c. It depends upon how the parents have raised them as to what the gender mix would be. d. They are likely to be boys.
D
A study by Walline et al., (2009) randomly assigned one group of children to wear contact lenses and another group to wear glasses to correct myopia. Did the results of the study indicate any differences between the two groups? a. No, there were no differences found between the groups b. Yes, those wearing contacts had lower global self-worth scores c. Yes, those wearing glasses had lower global self-worth scores d. Yes, those wearing contacts rated their physical appearances, athletic competence, and social acceptance more highly
D
About _____ of children placed in daycare are rated as moderately more aggressive toward peers and adults than children reared at home by their mother. a. 67% b. 8% c. 45% d. 17%
D
Accidental injuries are most likely to occur among low-income children. Some contributing factors are a. children being enrolled in high risk sports, such as football. b. parents engaging in more high risk activities. c. children joining gangs at a very young age. d. dangerous housing and neighborhoods.
D
According to gender-schema theory, a. children learn what is feminine and masculine by observing and imitating models of the same sex. b. evolutionary forces lead to sex differences. c. the concepts of gender identity, stability, and constancy are intertwined with cognitive development. d. gender identity alone can lead to "gender-appropriate" behavior.
D
Aggression in preschoolers is ____ whereas by age 6 or 7, aggression becomes ____. a. person-oriented; possession-oriented b. mild; severe c. instigated; initiated d. possession-oriented; person-oriented
D
Are there positive outcomes to permissive-indulgent parenting? a. Yes, children are less likely to engage in substance abuse. b. Yes, children are more creative due to lack of parental control and rules. c. No, there are no positive outcomes to permissive-indulgent parenting. d. Yes, children tend to be high in self-confidence and social competence.
D
As a parent, Thomas is high on control and high on warmth. Which of the following phrases would Thomas most likely agree with? a. "Obedience is a virtue." b. "Spare the rod, spoil the child." c. "If you ignore bad child behavior, it will go away." d. "Children should be reasoned with."
D
As described in the textbook, HOME is an acronym for a. Helping Our Memories Effectively. b. Human Optimal Memory Exchange. c. Health Openness and Mental Efficiency scale. d. Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.
D
Attachment that occurs during a critical period based upon a specific releasing stimulus is called a. maternal instinct. b. maturation. c. fixed response. d. imprinting.
D
Brenna is 2 months old. At a recent family reunion, she was passed around for multiple relatives to hold. Emily showed no particular preference for her mother, father, or any other relative. In which of Ainsworth's phases of attachment is Brenna? a. Clear-cut-attachment phase b. Attachment-in-the-making phase c. Absolute-attachment phase d. Initial-preattachment phase
D
Children have better memory for events when their parents a. leave it to children to recollect the memory in their own way. b. provide reminders of the event. c. speak of the event often. d. ask questions of the child and elaborate on the child's experience of the event.
D
Children with learning disabilities a. are typically less intelligent than their peers. b. are no more prone to other disorders than their peers. c. are more likely to have other disabilities, such as vision and hearing problems. d. are more likely than other children to have ADHD.
D
Children with more fat cells a. may have inherited the tendency to burn up extra calories, so they eat more. b. have less adipose tissue than children who are not obese. c. eat more than they should, even when they feel full. d. feel hungry sooner than children with fewer fat cells.
D
Dyslexia appears to affect a. boys and girls equally. b. about 2% of American children. c. those born preterm more than those born full-term. d. between 5 and 17.5% of American children.
D
How early can handedness begin to be established? a. Prenatally b. It varies greatly based upon sex of child c. Not until late childhood d. As early as 2-3 months of age
D
In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain is slightly more involved in a. discrimination of colors. b. understanding metaphors c. facial recognition. d. mathematical computation.
D
Language development is a. unpredictable. b. gender specific in its timing. c. dependent entirely upon environmental stimulation, not genetics. d. sequenced and step-like.
D
Lea and Mia are both 2 years old. If they develop at an average rate, we would expect them to gain approximately ____ during early childhood. a. twice as much weight as boys of the same age b. 1 to 2 pounds per year c. 1 to 2 pounds per month d. 4 to 6 pounds per year
D
Pouring water from a short wide glass into a tall thin glass is a test used to assess children's a. fine motor skills. b. intelligence. c. empathy. d. conservation.
D
Raina is a 2-year-old girl. If she develops at an average rate, we would expect her to gain approximately ____ throughout early childhood. a. Gains in height vary considerably for girls and there is no average rate b. 1 inch in height per month c. 1 inch in height per year d. 2 to 3 inches in height per year
D
Repetition is the same as a. memorization. b. recall. c. categorization. d. rehearsal.
D
The double deficit hypothesis suggests that children with dyslexia have deficits in both ________ and _______. a. reading; math b. phonological processing; writing ability c. vision; hearing d. phonological processing; naming speed
D
Treatment methods for bed-wetting a. seem to work with boys but not with girls. b. focus on using punishment. c. have proven largely ineffective. d. include having the parent wake the child to take him/her to the bathroom.
D
What ability would not be necessary for object permanence to occur? a. Memory b. The ability to form mental representations c. Understanding the connection between what can be seen and not seen d. Centration
D
What does it mean to say there is a circular relationship between exposure to media violence and child aggression? a. The more media violence that is viewed, the more aggressive children become. b. Media violence and aggression are unrelated. c. Viewing media violence over time decreases aggressive behavior. d. Viewing media violence tends to increase aggression, and aggressive children are more likely to watch media violence.
D
What does oral hydration therapy consist of? a. The ingestion of water mixed with salt b. The ingestion of plenty of water c. The ingestion of water mixed with phosphates and sugar d. The ingestion of water mixed with sugar and salt
D
What is the average yearly weight gain for children between 6 and 12 years of age? a. 2-3 pounds b. 4-6 pounds c. It varies based upon sex of child d. 5-7 pounds
D
When during the sleep cycles do nightmares most occur? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 4 c. Stage 3 d. REM stage
D
Which name is most closely associated with research on the effects of televised models of aggression on children? a. Vygotsky b. Parten c. Patterson d. Bandura
D
Which of the following provides evidence that people are not simply left-brained or right-brained? a. It has been determined that nobody is truly right- or left-handed; we are all ambidextrous. b. The functions of the hemispheres have been found to be highly specialized. c. The hemispheres respond independently when we focus on something. d. The myelination of the corpus callosum aids in integrating emotional and logical functioning.
D
Which of the following represents overregularization? a. Assuming that all brown, furry creatures are dogs b. Understanding that sheep remains "sheep" in plural c. "Mommy walked" d. "Daddy goed"
D
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How do physical punishment and child abuse differ? a. The difference is extremely difficult to tell. b. They do not differ. c. It depends upon the age of the child. d. Physical punishment involves spanking; abuse involves hitting.
A
If a child watches two to four hours of television per day, how many murders will she/he have witnessed by the end of the elementary school years? a. 8,000 b. 100,000 c. 1,000 d. 3,000
A
What is meant by "brain specialization?" a. The brain can sometimes compensate for injuries. b. Brain parts are flexible and can complete a variety of tasks. c. Certain brain areas remain dormant until they are needed. d. Certain brain areas have very specific functions.
D
Whereas 40% of normal weight boys become overweight adults, the percentage of normal weight girls who become overweight as adults is a. the same. b. unknown, as no research has been conducted in this area. c. higher. d. lower.
D
Celia is playing at the sand table. Each time one of her friends makes a sand castle, she knocks it down. As a preschool teacher, which of the following would likely be the best way to alter Celia's behavior? a. Involve her to another activity. b. Tell her to stop doing this. c. Ignore the behavior. d. Make her feel guilty by telling her you won't like her anymore unless she stops.
A
During which stage of cognitive development would you witness a tertiary circular reaction? a. Sensorimotor b. Formal operations c. Preoperations d. Concrete operations
A
Genetically, a. some children are predisposed toward better coordination and strength. b. boys and girls are programmed differently when it comes to motor skills. c. girls are likely to have stronger gross motor skills. d. boys have a better sense of balance.
A
Amy is a 4-month-old infant. She appears withdrawn and depressed, and is losing all interest in the world. Amy a. may be the victim of social deprivation. b. may suffer from early-onset schizophrenia. c. may be displaying early signs of mental retardation. d. probably has severe neurological damage.
A
Approximately how many children in the United States are reported to be abused or neglected each year? a. Almost 3 million b. 5 million c. About 1 million d. 750,000
A
As siblings move from early childhood through adolescence, their relationships become less intense and a. more egalitarian. b. less friendly. c. less egalitarian. d. more competitive.
A
Being ill as a child a. can cause the creation of antibodies. b. may lead to more future repetitions of the same illness. c. usually indicates immune problems. d. can enhance the likelihood of the same illness returning in a worse form during adulthood.
A
Bettina Pollock and colleagues (2000) found that magpies a. develop object permanence before hiding food. b. use deferred imitation. c. hide food, but do not possess object permanence. d. go from primary to tertiary circular reactions, bypassing secondary circular reactions.
A
Biological approaches to the treatment of ASDs include the use of ____, such as those used to treat depression, and ____, usually used to treat schizophrenia. a. SSRIs; major tranquilizers b. behavior modification techniques; electric shock therapy c. Drugs have proven ineffective in treating the symptoms of autism d. major tranquilizers; SSRIs
A
By age 5, a child's brain has a. reached 90% of its adult weight. b. reached 50% of its adult weight. c. reached 75% of its adult weight. d. acquired all the neurons it will ever acquire.
A
In transductive reasoning, a child assumes that a. separate events have cause-effect relationships. b. others see the world in the same way the child does. c. environmental features, like rain and thunder, are made by people. d. when objects disappear, they no longer exist.
A
Makani is 7 months old. She has developed an intense dependence upon her primary caregiver, her grandmother. Which of Ainsworth's (1978) attachment phases does this best represent? a. Clear-cut-attachment phase b. Attachment-in-the-making phase c. Initial-preattachment phase d. Over-attachment
A
Parents are more likely to abuse a. children who are already in pain. b. older children. c. first-born children. d. full-term infants.
A
Telegraphic speech is characterized by a. nouns, verbs, and some modifiers. b. overextension. c. lengthy sentences. d. egocentric speech.
A
The first words that infants produce a. are mostly general and specific nominals. b. have no specific degree of predictability. c. tend to be objects that are brightly colored and shiny. d. are very similar across cultures.
A
What are the effects of television viewing on children? a. It depends upon what shows are being watched. b. It causes children to be more restless. c. It stifles the imagination. d. It clearly has positive effects on impulse control.
A
What is meant by "brain plasticity?" a. The brain can sometimes compensate for injuries. b. Brain parts are flexible and can complete a variety of tasks. c. The brain is very "stretchy" within one's skull. d. Certain brain areas have very specific functions.
A
When we say that children with ADHD have problems in inhibiting impulses that other children can inhibit, we are describing inhibition in terms of a. cognitive-neurological inhibition. b. fear. c. anxiety. d. lack of a superego.
A
Which of the following is TRUE regarding motor activity in early childhood? a. Motor activity declines after 2 or 3 years of age. b. Children become more restless and are less able to sit still over time. c. Girls show a decline in motor activity after age 3, whereas boys show an increase in motor activity after age 3. d. Motor activity continues to increase after 2 or 3 years of age.
A
How can parents diminish the potential negative effects of the birth of a new sibling on existing children in a family? a. Explain to the older child that this is just a fact of life and give him/her time to get used to it. b. Explain what is to come and give the existing child/children lots of support. c. Punish negative behaviors right away, so that they will not get worse. d. There is little that can be done.
B
If an infant sticks out his tongue in response to a parent doing the same action, what has occurred? a. A random act b. Imitation c. Accommodation d. Memory
B
If you ask a child the question, "Why does the moon rise?" and he responds, "Because I want it to," this child is probably a. unable to understand reversibility. b. approximately 3 years of age. c. unusually creative. d. age 2 or younger.
B
In a study of 47 right-handed and 50-left handed children, the left handers were found to have an advantage in a. gross motor skills. b. impulse control. c. musical ability. d. fine motor skills.
B
Aside from television viewing being a sedentary activity, how else does watching TV contribute to obesity? a. Watching TV takes time away from being with peers. b. By showing children commercials for unhealthy foods. c. Children tend to watch shows that encourage sedentary activities. d. Watching TV is associated with eating healthy snacks.
B
Automobile accidents a. occur more often among children from higher economic status families. b. are the leading cause of death in U.S. children. c. have declined significantly in the U.S. over the past decade. d. are the sixth leading cause of death in U.S. children.
B
By age 7, most children are capable of all but which of the following gross motor skills? a. Jumping b. Walking on a balance beam without falling c. Climbing d. Hopping
B
Children with imaginary companions a. are more aggressive than those without such companions. b. show greater ability to concentrate and more advanced language development. c. have fewer "real" friends than those without such companions. d. are less cooperative than those without such companions.
B
Cognitive development in children is the process by which a. children learn strategies for developing short- and long-term memory. b. children perceive and mentally represent the world. c. intelligence is developed. d. children learn to imitate others.
B
Genetic components or causes for ADHD a. have not been found in either sex. b. may be related to how the brain processesdopamine and serotonin. c. have been found in boys, but not in girls. d. can be treated with behavioral therapies.
B
Izard (1987) claimed to have found four infant facial expressions that he believed were associated with the basic emotions of anger/rage, enjoyment/joy, fear/terror, and interest/excitement. What instrument did he use to assess this? a. Infant Emotion Inventory b. Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System c. Reactive Emotion Scale d. Child Behavior Checklist
B
Piaget may have underestimated infants' cognitive competence. For example, more recent research finds that infants develop object permanence, as well as ____, earlier than Piaget hypothesized. a. simple reflexes b. deferred imitation c. trial-and-error problem solving d. accommodation
B
Shelby is 6 years old. During middle childhood, her physical growth will most likely a. show rapid gains in weight, but slow steady gains in height. b. be steady until the adolescent growth spurt. c. show dramatic spurts. d. show rapid gains in height, but slow steady gains in weight.
B
The concept of scaffolding can be attributed to which theorist? a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Lorenz d. Freud
B
The strange situation method assesses a. how the infant responds when the enforces discipline. b. how the infant responds to the presence of a stranger. c. how the infant responds when the mother provides food and drink. d. how the infant responds when the father reads a story out loud.
B
What can be done to promote regular exercise in children? a. Encourage participation in team sports. b. Promote sports that lead to high levels of fitness, such as jumping rope. c. Push them into team sports, as it is good for children. d. Remove televisions from home so that sedentary activity is eliminated.
B
Which of the following has been found in the research to be associated with autism? a. A viral infection during infancy b. Very low birth weight and advanced maternal age c. Poor parenting d. The mercury preservative used in the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine
B
Which of the following is TRUE of infant memory? a. Infants can memorize things with only one exposure. b. Infants demonstrate memory for experiences they had during the pregnancy (before birth). c. Infants do not demonstrate reliable memory until about 3 months of age. d. Infants can only remember after 6 months of age.
B
Which of the following is TRUE? a. Receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary are always equal. b. Receptive vocabulary generally exceeds expressive vocabulary. c. Expressive vocabulary generally exceeds receptive vocabulary. d. Receptive vocabulary is determined by genetics, whereas expressive vocabulary is determined by the environment.
B
Which of the following is one of the world's leading causes of death among children that is preventable by vaccination? a. Diarrhea b. Measles c. Malaria d. Pneumonia
B
Which of the following represents regression on the part of a child when a sibling is born? a. Refusing to spend any time with the new child. b. An older child having toilet accidents, even after having been potty trained c. Wanting to help mommy take care of the new baby d. A younger sibling attempting to imitate an older sibling
B
William watches a great deal of televised violence. How might this affect his likelihood of helping a victim when violence occurs? a. It would cause him to be more likely to intervene. b. He might be less likely to take action. c. It would increase his awareness of the violence around him. d. It would decrease the arousal he feels, causing him to be more likely to be calm and know what to do in a violent situation.
B
A child is shown two objects for 20 seconds. After this, one of the objects is replaced and the infant spends more time looking at the new object. What does this represent? a. Selective attention b. Perceptual constancies c. Visual recognition memory d. Scaffolding
C
According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from about a. age 4-6. b. age 7 until adulthood. c. age 2-7. d. age 0-2.
C
Although Jake is entering school, he sounds as if he is uttering "baby talk." He has no problems understanding words or sentences. However, he has difficulty articulating sounds such as b, m, and t. This type of communication disorder is called a. mixed receptive/expressive language disorder. b. stuttering. c. phonological disorder. d. expressive language disorder.
C
An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks comfort from her upon her return. This infant shows a(n) ____ attachment. a. ambivalent b. insecure c. secure d. avoidant
C
At what age do children first show interest in their peers? a. 2 years b. 1 year c. 6 months d. 18 months
C
At what age will a child begin to mentally represent objects? a. 18-24 months b. 12-18 months c. 6-8 months d. Not until 24-36 months
C
By what age will children show a preference for a small group of playmates? a. 1 year b. 6 months c. 2 years d. 18 months
C
Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that feeding was not as critical to the attachment process as who suggested? a. Bowlby b. Ainsworth c. Freud d. Erikson
C
In many cultures, a. the influence of older sisters on siblings disappears after adolescence. b. older brothers typically take care of younger siblings. c. younger siblings typically turn to older sisters when their mothers are unavailable. d. as siblings reach adolescence, their conflict increases.
C
Logan calls his favorite toy car "go-go." Now whenever he sees anything with wheels such as a bicycle, a train, or a grocery cart, he also calls it "go-go." This is an example of a. expressive language style. b. underextension. c. overextension. d. referential language style.
C
Overweight parents may contribute to obesity in their children a. by modeling healthy exercise habits. b. by attempting to discourage unnecessary competitiveness during sports. c. through the influence of genetics. d. by spending too much time working.
C
Parents' dislikes of certain types of foods (such as vegetables) a. impact boys more so than girls. b. have no impact whatsoever on their child's food preferences. c. may lead to the child also disliking those foods. d. lead to their child having healthy eating habits in later childhood.
C
Piaget believed that ____ develops before____. a. language development; cognitive development b. language development; motor skills c. cognitive development; language development d. private speech; outer speech
C
Prosocial behaviors such as helping and sharing can be promoted by a. micro parenting. b. restrictive parenting. c. inductive techniques. d. permissive parenting.
C
Simon showed grammatical mastery for the rules of American Sign Language, even though his teachers (his parents and their friends) did not. This lends support for the idea that a. ASL cannot be taught to children after the age of 9. b. there is no sensitive period for learning language. c. the tendency to acquire language is inborn. d. a child can learn grammatically incorrect ASL, even if the parents model correct usage.
C
Syntax refers to a. the meanings of words that are spoken or written. b. the number of syllables in a word that have meaning. c. the order in which words are used. d. the fact that adjectives always come after the words they describe.
C
The Head Start program not only enhances the cognitive development and academic skills of children but also provides a. intensive behavioral therapy for the children. b. in-home academic instruction for children. c. healthcare to children and social services to their families. d. financial assistance for later college expenses.
C
The ability to play the game of checkers requires a. animism. b. hypothetical thinking. c. flexibility and reversibility. d. egocentrism.
C
The parental technique of power assertion is associated with a. greater acceptance by peers. b. long-term compliance with parental requests. c. interpersonal problems. d. lowered rates of antisocial behavior.
C
When do girls become taller than boys? a. Never b. Around age 6 c. Around age 9 or 10 d. Not until age 14 or 15
C
Prenatally, g irls developing with male co-twins are less likely than girls developing in the uterus alone or with female co-twins to be left-handed. This suggests the influence of a. testosterone. b. maternal prenatal diet. c. teratogens. d. environment.
D
When we say abusive parenting tends to run in families, what does this mean? a. Abusive tendencies are genetic and cannot really be avoided. b. More abused children abuse their own children than do not abuse them. c. Abused children are more likely to abuse their own children than the non-abused. d. Abusive would-be parents are more likely to get married to each other.
C
Which of the following motor tasks appears to have at least a partial biological explanation? a. Dancing b. Running c. Throwing a ball d. Playing kickball
C
Which of the following represents a contrast assumption? a. Assuming that similar objects must belong to the same category b. Assuming that words refer to whole-objects, and not characteristics of objects c. Assuming that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects d. Assuming that novel terms must refer to something that you already know
C
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding handedness? a. Handedness can vary through adulthood. b. Handedness is firmly established at birth. c. Grasping with a certain hand increases between 6-14 months of age. d. Preference for a certain hand is taught to infants by parents.
C
Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) suggests that a. attachment is driven by the need for trust. b. the basis of attachment is the food provided by the mother. c. infants become attached because it helps them to form their identity. d. contact comfort may be as important a basic need as the need for food.
D
Research studies have shown that infants can imitate adults opening their mouths and sticking out their tongues. How early has this imitative behavior been observed in infants? a. After 1 week b. At 2 days of age c. Not before 3 days of age d. Less than 1 hour old
D
Sariah has problems composing sentences and paragraphs. Her symptoms are most consistent with which of the following? a. Expressive language disorder b. Phonological disorder c. Mathematics disorder d. Disorder of written expression
D
The story of Genie a. proves that language acquisition is genetically determined and not dependent upon environment. b. provides evidence for the existence of a LAD. c. shows the effects of teaching ASL to young children. d. supports the hypothesis that there are sensitive periods for learning language.
D
There is ____ correlation between childhood obesity and amount of television watched. a. a perfect +1.0 b. no c. a negative d. a positive
D
What appears to influence the effects of social deprivation? a. The deficiency in sensory stimulation b. The deficiency in social stimulation c. The lack of love and affection d. The age of the infant
D
Brian and Tamara are concerned because their 12-month-old son has yet to speak his first word. As an expert in child development, what do you tell them? a. They shouldn't be concerned because boys develop speech much later than girls. b. Children ordinarily speak using words by 6 months of age, so they should have their son tested for hearing problems. c. They should be concerned as most children speak their first word before their first birthday. d. They shouldn't be concerned because anywhere between 8 to 18 months of age is considered normal for speaking first words.
D
By the end of the primary circular reaction substage, Piaget's son Laurent was a. looking for toys that his father had hidden. b. discovering his hands by chance. c. imitating his father's facial expressions. d. moving his hands in order to see them.
D
By what age do children begin drawing basic shapes? a. 2 years b. 1 year c. 18 months d. 3 years
D
By what age will most children "outgrow" bed-wetting? a. Age 5 b. Age 7 c. Age 4 d. Age 8
D
Children transferred from foster homes to adoptive homes after 6 months of age a. did not bond with adoptive parents, but also did not show developmental deficits. b. were less likely to have developmental problems because of age. c. greatly outpaced non-adopted children in terms of social development. d. showed worse developmental outcomes than children transferred at younger ages.
D
If children learn aggressive behaviors through modeling, we say ____ has taken place. a. sensitization learning b. classical conditioning c. imprinting d. observational learning
D
In its simplest sense, the Bayley scales measure a. social and emotional development. b. environmental influences on intelligence. c. genetic influences on intelligence. d. mental and motor abilities.
D
In terms of fine motor skills, which of the following can most 6- and 7-year-olds do? a. Engage in rudimentary juggling. b. Kick a ball more than 20 feet. c. Learn how to write using cursive letters. d. Coordinate a knife and fork.
D
In the studies of infant memory in which a mobile was tied to an infant's ankle, infant memory was improved by a. increasing the number of times the infant was exposed to the memory item during the day he/she learned it. b. giving the infant a reward when she/he learns the memory task. c. negligible amounts, and only temporarily. d. priming.
D
Kai was developing normally until the age of 2, after which he began to lose skills that he had previously acquired. Kai may be said to have a. Rett's disorder. b. Asperger's disorder. c. Capgras syndrome d. childhood disintegrative disorder.
D
Molfese and her colleagues (1997) found that ____ was the single most important predictor of scores on IQ tests for children ages 3 to 8. a. maternal prenatal nutrition b. the mother's IQ c. access to high-quality preschool programs d. the home environment
D
Mr. Hollen teaches kindergarten. He wants to add a class to his curriculum that will help develop the fine motor skills of his students. Which of the following would you recommend? a. Soccer b. Relay races c. Gymnastics d. Arts and crafts
D
Niko is an average 7-year-old. He will need to eat ____ he did when he was 5 years old. a. more fat than b. less than c. the same amount as d. more than
D
Which of the following might be a reason why permissive parenting is associated with higher self-esteem in children who live in Brazil and Spain? a. The permissive parenting style has been passed down from generation to generation in these countries. b. There is no research to support the premise that permissive parenting is associated with higher child self-esteem in these countries. c. Children's temperaments in Brazil and Spain tend to respond better to the permissive parenting style. d. Permissive parenting may be more in accord with that culture.
D
With cognitive scaffolding, a. permanent help is given upon which the child then becomes dependent. b. children are taught complex tasks so that easier ones are more readily understood. c. the amount of help given is increased as the child ages. d. the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled.
D
