Practice Patho Hesi EAQ
Which combination of foods would the nurse encourage a child with glomerulonephritis to choose for a meal? Corn, roast chicken, peach Tuna salad, cheese melt, milk Hamburger, baked potato, banana Bologna sandwich, salad, vanilla melted
-Corn, roast chicken, peach *Children with glomerulonephritis have a decreased filtration rate of plasma, which results in sodium and water retention; therefore, a low-sodium diet is prescribed
Which conditions would the nurse suspect in the male client whose laboratory report shows CK levels higher than normal SATA Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Muscle trauma Skeletal muscle necrosis Progressive muscular dystrophy
muscle trauma progressive muscular dystrophy
Which adverse hemodynamic effects typically occur when a client develops tachycardia? -Decreased ventricular filling time -Increased coronary artery filling -Lower cardiac output -Enhanced atrial kick -Weaker pulse quality
-Decreased ventricular filling time -Lower cardiac output -Weaker pulse quality
Hemophilia
A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding
The nurse is assessing a client for possible malabsorption syndrome. Which stool assessment finding supports this diagnosis? Melena frank blood fat globules currant jelly consistency
fat globules; also referred to as steatorrhea is associated with intestinal mucosa (celiac sprue) or pancreatic enzyme deficiency.
Anterior ventral cerebrum houses which nerves
olfactory nerve
The nurse Is caring for a client with a 25-year hx of excessive alcohol use. Which assessment finding is consistent with the client's hx? Signs of liver infection A low blood ammonia level A small liver with a rough surface An elevated temp and a generalized rash
A small liver with a rough surface *Scar tissue forms as cirrhosis progresses and causes the liver tissue to contract
Which clinical manifestations in a client indicate a hyper functional thyroid gland? SATA -Anemia -Diarrhea -Weight loss -Decreased appetite -Distant heart sounds
-Diarrhea -Weight loss *Anemia is seen in hypothyroidism and decreased thyroid hormone levels. Decreased appetite and distant heart sounds are symptoms of hypothyroid gland
Which complication would the nurse assess in both clients who have parkinson disease and clients who have myasthenia gravis? -Cogwheel gait -Impaired cognition -Difficulty swallowing -Nonintention tremors
-Difficulty swallowing
Which hormones are involved in building and maintaining healthy bone tissue? SATA Insulin Thyroxine Glucocorticoids Growth hormone Parathyroid hormone
-Insulin (works with growth hormone to increase bone length) -Glucocorticoids (Regulate bone metabolism; reduce or intensify organ matrix of bone) -Growth hormone
Which clinical finding would the nurse anticipate when assessing a school-aged child with acute glomerulonephritis? -ketonuria -periorbital edema -increased appetite -decreased BP
-Periorbital edema *Sodium retention, protein loss, and fluid accumulation occur, producing noticeable edema around the eyes
Identify the type of hypersensitivity reaction associated with systemic lupus erythematous? -Type I -Type II -Type III -Type IV
-Type III *Anaphylaxis is type I, Cytotoxic is type II and causes myasthenia gravis and good pasture syndrome. Type IV is caused by graft rejection and sarcoidosis
a client who sustains a stroke has a loss of proprioception and fine touch. Which artery would the nurse suspect is damaged? -lateral cerebral -middle cerebral -anterior cerebral -posterior cerebral
-anterior cerebral
How much iron does an adolescent need per day
18 mg
Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary gland
Oxytocin
What female hormone is crucial for maintaining the implanted ovum at its site?
Progesterone
Cortisol maintains...
Blood glucose concentration by stimulating the liver for gluconeogenesis
A client suffering from atelectasis may have:
(Complete or partial collapse of a lobe of the lung) Decreased fremitus, dull percussion over the affected area, and crackling sounds upon auscultation
When a family member of a client with cariogenic shock asks the nurse for more information about the condition, how would the nurse describe cariogenic shock? -An irreversible phenomenon -A failure of the circulatory pump -Usually a fleeting reaction to tissue injury -Generally caused by decreased blood volume
-A failure of the circulatory pump *Ineffective cardiac pumping or contraction is the cause of the poor peripheral circulation
A patient with myxedema will present with: -decreased CO -Decreased erythropoietin levels -Accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in blood vessel wall -Accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in tissues
-Accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in tissues
Which is the most probable cause of conn syndrome in an adult client? -Genetic cause -Adrenal adenoma -High level of angiotensin II -Elevated level of plasma renin
-Adrenal adenoma *Conn syndrome is primary hyperaldosteronism
The parent of a child with sickle cell anemia tells the nurse that the family is going camping by a lake in the mountains this summer. The parent inquires what activities are appropriate. Which activity would the nurse suggest? Swimming in the lake Soccer with the family Climbing the mountain trails Motorboat rides around the lake
-Motorboat rides around the lake *Relatively passive activity that will not increase the child's oxygen demands, which can precipitate sickling and a painful episode. Mountain lake swimming was not the answer because temp can be cold which can cause sickling
Which child is at the highest risk for blunt trauma and indirect entry (hematogenous stage) of microorganisms 8 year old boy 10 year old boy 13 year old girl 14 year old boy
8 year old boy Indirect entry of organisms is the hematogenous stage of osteomyelitis and it most frequently affects the growing bones of younger than 12 years of age in boys.
Lyme disease is
A bacterial infection caused by borrelia burgdorferi
An adolescent experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis reports right knee pain. Which is the most appropriate intervention? Applying a warm soak to the knee Applying a compression wrap to the right leg Administering acetaminophen Decreasing the amount of IV fluids
Applying a warm soak to the knee *This causes vasodilation
Which assessment in female client suggests an abnormal endocrine finding Facial hair Protruding eyes Pulse of 90 beats per minute BP 120/80 mm Hg
Protruding eyes; Hyperthyroidism symptom. Facial hair is only a concern if its in excess
Which type of joint permits movement in any direction? Pivot Hinge Biaxial Ball-and-socket
Ball-and-socket
Which hormones are responsible for altered serum calcium concentrations? SATA Calcitonin Thyroxine Glucocorticoids Growth hormone Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin (pushes calcium back into bone) Parathyroid hormone (stimulates osteoclasts which breaks down bone and puts calcium into the serum)
Which statements are true regarding chondrosarcome? SATA Chondrosarcoma can arise from benign bone tumors Chondrosarcoma develops in the medullary cavity of long bones Chondrosarcoma is mostly treated by radiation and chemo Chondrosarcoma occurs mostly in young males between ages 10 and 25 Chondrosarcoma most commonly occurs in cartilage in the arm, leg, and pelvic bones
Chondrosarcoma can arise from benign bone tumors Chondrosarcoma most commonly occurs in cartilage in the arm, leg, and pelvic bones Ewings sarcoma is what develops in the medullary cavity of long bones and chondrosarcoma is treated by wide surgical resection
vaso-occulsive crisis
Common complication of sickle cell anemia due to obstructed microcirculation from sickled RBCs causing ischemic injury to organ supplied
Exercise and diabetes
Exercise lowers the blood glucose leve, so snacks before exercise are necessary to prevent hypoglycemia.
The client is eliciting a health hx from a client with UC. Which factor would the nurse consider to be most likely associated with the client's colitis? Food allergy Infectious agent Dietary component Genetic predisposition
Genetic predisposition *Studies indicate inflammatory bowel diseases, including UC and crohn disease are familial
Medulla houses which nerves
Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
A client develops gastric bleeding and is hospitalized. Which area would the nurse assess most closely during the history? usual dietary pattern recent travels to other countries Meds taken routinely or recently A change in the status of family relationships
Medications taken routinely or recently (NSAIDS and prednisone can cause bleeding)
Which client findings are consistent with a recent complete transection of the spinal cord?
Muscle tone and contractility absent, paralysis of all extremities
The nurse is caring for a client with hiatal hernia. Which risk factor would the nurse assess for in this client? Obesity Alcoholism Chronic bronchitis Esophageal varices
Obesity *this is dt stress on the diaphragmatic musculature, which weakens and allows the stomach to protrude into the thoracic cavity
Midbrain houses which nerves
Optic and oculomotor
The nurse is caring for a client with a history of alcoholism and cirrhosis who is hospitalized with severe dyspnea as a result of ascites. An increase in which process most likely caused the ascites? Secretion of bile salts Pressure in the portal vein Interstitial osmotic pressure Production of serum albumin
Pressure in the portal vein *enlarged cirrhotic liver impinges on the portal system, causing increased hydrostatic pressure from increased pressure in the portal vein
The nurse is caring for a patient who may have Paget's disease and osteomalacia. Elevations of which laboratory tests would confirm the nurse's suspicion? SATA Aldolase Serum Calcium Alkaline phosphatase lactic dehydrogenase Aspartate aminotransferase
Serum calcium Alkaline phosphatase
Which musculoskeletal abnormality would the nurse suspect in a client who exhibits short steps and drags a foot? Torticollis Pes planus Spastic gait steppage gait
Spastic gait (this is caused by cerebral palsy) I thought it was pes planus; pes planus is flatfoot
At which joint would the nurse be able to palpate spongey swelling caused by excess synovial fluid Biaxial joint Pivotal joint Synovial joint Temporomandibular joint
Temporalmandibular joint
A client reports neck stiffness, severe headache, and a decreased LOC. Which condition would the nurse suspect? -encephalitis -brain abscess -Viral meningitis -Bacterial meningitis
-Bacterial meningitis *Caused by streptococcus pneumonia.
Which pathophysiological process would the nurse recognize as associated with a cerebellar astrocytoma brain tumor? -Fast growing and malignant -Benign and associated with a high rate of cure -Close to vital centers, with only a partial excision possible -Associated with pituitary and hypothalamic lam function later in life
-Benign and associated with a high rate of cure *Slow growing and benign with a cure rate of 70% to 90% after surgery.
Which clinical finding is MOST important for the nurse to ID when assessing an adolescent child with Reye syndrome? Macular rash periorbital edema Bladder distention Bleeding tendency
-Bleeding tendency *Reye syndrome affects the liver, causing problems with blood coagulation because the liver-dependent clotting factors such as prothrombin are diminished.
The nurse instructs a client that, in addition to building bones and teeth, calcium is also important for what? -bile production -Blood production -Blood clotting -Digestion of fats
-Blood clotting *Calcium helps to activate certain clotting factors
Which virus is responsible for causing infectious mononucleosis in clients? -Parvovirus -Coronavirus -Rotavirus -Epstein-Barr virus
-Epstein-Barr virus *Parvovirus and rotavirus are the cause of Gastroenteritis
The nurse is assessing two clients. One client has UC and the other has Crohn disease. Which is more likely to be identified in the client with UC than in the client with Crohn disease? -Inclusion of transmural involvement of the small bowel wall -Pathology beginning with intermittent plaques found along the colon -Involvement starting distally with rectal bleeding that spreads continuously up the colon
-Involvement starting distally with rectal bleeding that spreads continuously up the colon
Which clinical sign or reflex entails spasm of the hamstring muscles during leg extension? -Kernig sign -Babinski sign -Chvostek Sign -Cremasteric reflex
-Kernig sign *The kerning sign is indicative of meningitis; hamstring spasms when extended
Which clinical indicator would the nurse identify when a client has a fat embolus, but would not be present with a thromboembolus? -Anxiety -Restlessness -Pinpoint red spots on the chest -Decreased arterial oxygen level
-Pinpoint red spots on the chest *Fat emboli cause capillary fragility; rupture of capillary walls result in pinpoint red spots on the chest and conjunctiva of the eye. Restlessness and confusion from cerebral hypoxia occur in both fat embolism and thromboembolism. The arterial oxygen may be decreased in both
Which assessment finding is consistent with bronchospasm? -Wheezing -Rhonchi -Pleural friction rub -Low-pitched crackles
-Wheezing *Rhonchi is associated with obstruction due to mucus or foreign body. Low-pitched crackles is seen in pneumonia
Which type of brain tumor can originate from cells that form the myelin sheath around nerves? -Meningioma -Astrocytoma -Ependymoma -acoustic neuroma
-acoustic neuroma
Urine characteristic that represents excessive bilirubin
Yellow-brown to olive-green
The nurse is assessing an adolescent child with the diagnosis of hemophilia. In which part of the body would the nurse expect bleeding to occur? Brain joints intestines pericardium
joints *most subject to weight bearing and constant movement
The nurse in the clinic is assessing a teenager with a tentative diagnosis of primary syphilis. What is an early sign of infection? Rash Genital lesion Genital discharge Multiple gummatous lesions
-Genital lesion *A chancre is the earliest sign. Rash occurs in the second stage. Discharge is seen with gonorrhea
An unconscious adolescent with type 1 diabetes is brought to the emergency department. The blood glucose level is 742. Which finding would the nurse expect during initial assessment? Pyrexia Hyperpnea Bradycardia HTN
-Hyperpnea *Rapid breathing is an attempt by the respiratory system to eliminate CO; it is compensatory for correcting metabolic acidosis
Which education would the nurse provide the parents of an infant about the cause of galactosemia -intolerance of grains -Error in carb metabolism -Inability to metabolize an essential amino acid -Absence of parasympathetic ganglion cells in the colon
-Error in carb metabolism *Galactosemia results from an absence of the hepatic enzyme that converts galactose to glucose, a step in carbohydrate metabolism
Which statements are true regarding ectopic pregnancy? SATA -Smoking is one of the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy -Ectopic pregnancy is directly related to fetopelvic incompatibility -Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants in the fallopian tubes -When a young woman exhibits abdominal pain, ectopic pregnancy is suspected -If the adolescent exhibits abdominal pain and hypotension, the ectopic pregnancy may have ruptured
1, 3, 4, 5
Which findings would the nurse associate with chronic osteomyelitis? -Elevated WBC count -Presence of avascular scar tissue -Cold sensation at the infection site -Constant bone pain relieved by rest -Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
-Elevated WBC count -Presence of avascular scar tissue -Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Which symptoms are early signs of Reye syndrome? SATA -Diarrhea -Jaundice -Lethargy -Vomiting -Confusion
-Lethargy -Vomiting -Confusion *These all reflect CNS involvement
Which clinical indicators would the nurse expect a client with hyperkalemia to exhibit? -tetany -seizures -confusion -weakness -dysrhythmias
-confusion -weakness -dysrhythmias
An adolescent with DMD has received care at the pediatric clinic since early childhood. On which body system would the nurse perform a focused assessment to ID life-threatening complications as the child ages? Neurological GI Musculoskeletal Cardiopulmonary
-Cardiopulmonary As muscular degeneration advances in the adolescent, the diaphragm, auxiliary muscles of respiration, and the heart are affected, resulting in life-threatening respiratory infections and heart failure. CNS is not affected by DMD
A 62-year-old client reports to the nurse, "My eyes don't feel right, and I have a gritty and sandy sensation in my eyes." Which condition might this client have? -Retinal detachment -Infection of the cornea -Changes in tear compensation -Hemorrhage in the vitreous humor
-Changes in tear compensation
Which statement by the mother of a 6-week-old girl would lead the nurse to assess the infant for the presence of a skeletal abnormality? -She seems to want to sleep curled up -Its hard to put the diaper between her legs Her feet look flat when I put booties on her -When I try to stand her up, her legs won't straighten
-Its hard to put the diaper between her legs *Difficulty with abduction when placing a diaper may indicate developmental dysplasia of the hip
Which preoperative goal would the nurse establish while caring for an infant born with a myelomeningocele? -Keeping the infant sedated -Keeping the infant infection-free -Ensuring maintenance of leg movement -Ensuring development of a strong sucking reflex
-Keeping the infant infection-free *Prevention of infection is a priority before and after repair of the sac. Leg movement may be a post-op goal, although it may be unrealistic because these infant's lower bodies are usually paralyzed.
Smoking is a risk factor for -Arterial disease -Venous insufficiency
-Arterial disease; therefore, varicose veins are not a normal finding
Which long-term effect is associated with untreated congenital hypothyroidism? -myxedema -thyrotoxicosis -spastic paralysis -cognitive impairment
-Cognitive impairment *Congenital hypothyroidism is the result of insufficient secretion by the thyroid gland because of an embryonic defect. A decreased level of thyroid hormone affects the fetus before birth during cerebral development, so it is likely that there will be some cognitive impairments at birth.
Which rationale would the nurse use when teaching a client with COPD to use pursed-lip breathing? -Decreased air trapping -Prevent bronchial dilation -Strengthen intercostal muscles -Reduce diaphragmatic excursion
-Decrease air trapping
A client asks the nurse what causes Parkinson disease. Which description of pathophysiology would the nurse provide in response to the client? -Disintegration of the myelin sheath -Breakdown of upper and lower neurons -Reduced acetylcholine receptors at synapses -Degeneration of neurons of the basal ganglia
-Degeneration of neurons of the basal ganglia *Disintegration of the myelin sheath is associated with MS *Breakdown of upper and lower motor neurons is associated with Lou Gehrig disease *Reduced acetylcholine receptors at synapses are associated with Myasthenia Gravis
The parents of an adolescent child with CF should be alert for which potential complications of CF? SATA -Diabetes -hematuria -nasal polyps -Prolapsed rectum -Pulmonary infecitons -Urinary tract infections
-Diabetes -Nasal polyps -Prolapsed rectum -Pulmonary infections
An adolescent visits the allergy clinic for testing. Which laboratory finding indicates that an allergic response is in progress? Decreased platelet count Increased eosinophil level Increased lymphocyte count Decreased immunoglobulin level
-Increased eosinophil level Eosinophils increase to inhibit the inflammatory response to histamine, which is released in allergic rxn
Which explanation will the nurse give when a client asks about what causes varicose veins? Abnormal configurations of the veins Incompetent valves of superficial veins decreased pressure within the deep veins atherosclerotic plaque formation in the veins
Incompetent Valves of the superficial veins *These cause retrograde venous flow and subsequent dilation of the veins
Which hormone aids in regulating intestinal calcium and phosphorous absorption Insulin Thyroxine Glucocorticoids Parathyroid hormone
Glucocorticoids
Which part of the female reproductive system produces testosterone? -uterus -ovary -fallopian tube -ovarian follicles
-Ovary *Testosterone is an androgen and in females androgens are produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands
Which clinical finding would the nurse expect when assessing an infant with a tentative diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS)? -Visible peristaltic waves across the lower abdomen -Palpable mass in the epigastric area to the right of the umbilicus -Tenderness over the epigastric region not relieved by heat application -Lower abdominal distention with vomiting of bile-stained gastric contents
-Palpable mass in the epigastric area to the right of the umbilicus
When the nurse is administering IV potassium to a patient with hypokalemia, what finding is most important to communicate to the HCP? U waves on cardiac monitor QRS duration of 0.28 Decreased bowel sounds Weakened grip strength
-QRS duration of 0.28 *This can be fatal; all other findings are expected with hypokalemia
A client with a diagnosis of gastric cancer has a gastric retention with a vagotomy. Which clinical response would alert the nurse that the client is experiencing dumping syndrome? Constipation Clay-colored stools Sensations of hunger Reactive hypoglycemia
-Reactive hypoglycemia *Rapid gastric emptying after a gastric retention causes rapid elevated blood glucose followed by increased insulin secretion.
Which clinical findings would cause the nurse to suspect that an adolescent child with type 1 diabetes is hypoglycemic? Increased thirst, sleepiness, and nausea Confusion, dry mouth and diminished reflexes Difficulty concentrating, hunger, and diaphoresis Flushed face, deep breathing, and abdominal pain
-Difficulty concentrating, hunger, and diaphoresis *Dt increased adrenergic nervous system activity and increased catecholamine secretion; decreased concentration is due to central NS glucose deprivation
The nurse concludes that the teaching about sickle cell anemia has been understood when an adolescent with the disorder makes which statement? -Ill start to have symptoms when I drink less fluid -Ill start to have symptoms when I have fewer platelets -Ill start to have symptoms when I decrease the iron in my diet -Ill start to have symptoms when I have fewer white blood cells
-Ill start to have symptoms when I drink less fluid *Dehydration precipitates sickling of red blood cells and is a major causative factor for painful episodes associated with sickle cell anemia.
A 1-year-old infant has been admitted with a tentative diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Which CSF laboratory finding would support this diagnosis? -Decreased cell count -Increased protein level -Increased glucose level -Low spinal fluid pressure
-Increased protein level *The blood-brain barrier is affected, permitting the passage of protein into the CSF
A client who sustained a head injury reports bland taste of food. Upon examination, the nurse finds that there is loss if taste perception from the anterior two-thirds region of the tongue. Which origin of the brain is associated with the involved nerve? -Medulla -Midbrain -Inferior pons -Cerebrum
-Inferior pons
Which part of the kidney senses changes in the BP? -Calices -Glomerulus -Macula Densa -Juxtaglomerular cells
-Macula densa *Calices collect urine, glomerulus filters blood, juxtaglomerular secretes renin
Which description would the nurse expect when the parents of a child with celiac disease describe their child's stools? -Large, frothy, green -Small, pale, mucoid -Large, pale, foul-smelling -Moderate, green, foul smelling
-Large, pale, foul-smelling *Children with celiac have a gluten-induced enteropathy and are unable to absorb fats from the intestinal tract, resulting in stools that are large and fatty, or frothy, not mucoid; they are pale because of their high fat tolerance
Which finding would the nurse expect in a client with left-side phrenic nerve paralysis? -bibasilar crackles -course-sounding rhonchi -left lung expiratory wheezes -left base dullness to percussion
-Left base dullness to percussion *Phrenic nerve paralysis limits diaphragmatic contraction and lung expansion on the left, so the left will be hard to percuss
Which assessment findings are systemic manifestations of osteomyelitis SATA Malaise Restlessness Night sweats Warmth at infection site Swelling at infection site
-Malaise -Restlessness -Night sweats
A male adolescent with cystic fibrosis, whose parents are both carriers of the disease, asks the nurse, "when I have children, could they have cystic fibrosis like me?" Which info would the nurse consider before responding -Men with cystic fibrosis usually are sterile, although sexual function is not affected. -Men with cystic fibrosis generally have a 50% chance of having children with the disease. -Women will pass this disease to their children because it is carried on the sex chromosome -Women have a 25% chance of passing the disease to their children if their parents are carriers
-Men with cystic fibrosis usually are sterile *There is inadequate development of the vas deferent, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and blockage of the vas deferent with thickened secretions, sperm production is diminished or absent. CF is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, not sex linked.
Which topic will the nurse include when teaching a client who has a new diagnosis of polycythemia vera? -Need for high fluid intake -purpose for iron supplements -avoidance of any aspirin use -Self-administration of erythropoietin
-Need for high fluid intake *Polycythemia vera results in pathological high concentrations of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the blood, leading to increased blood viscosity and high risk for thrombus formation and HTN. Hydration is important to decrease blood viscosity
The nurse is assessing female clients and identifies that which client has the greatest risk for developing gallbladder disease? -Older than age 40 and obese -older than age 40 with lower serum cholesterol -less than 40 years of age with a history of high fat intake -less than 40 years of age with a family history of gallstones
-Olde than age 40 and obese *4 F's Female, fat, forty, and fertile are risk factors for gallbladder disease
Which physiological alteration would the nurse expect when assessing a 6-month-old infant with bronchiolitis (respiratory syncytial virus)? -decreased HR -inspiratory stridor -Increased breath sounds -Prolonged expiratory phase
-Prolonged expiratory phase *Infectious and mechanical changes narrows the bronchial passages and make it difficult for air to leave the lungs, prolonging the expiratory phase. Tachycardia may result due to increased respiratory effort and decreased oxygen exchange.
Which education would the nurse provide the parents of an infant with PKU about the etiology of the condition -It is contracted during the birth process -It is a lifelong disorder of unknown origin -This congenital disorder was caused by an intrauterine infection -The autosomal recessive disorder was inherited from parents who are carriers
-The autosomal recessive disorder was inherited from parents who are carriers *PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder that left untreated can cause brain and nerve damage
Which characteristic of a comminuted fracture would the nurse consider when planning care for a client with a fractured arm? -Bone protrudes through a break in the skin -The bone has broken into fragments, and the skin is intact -The bone is broken into two parts, and the skin may or may not be broken -Splintering has occurred on one side of the bone and bending on the other
-The bone is broken into fragments, and the skin is intact *When bone breaks through skin, this is called a compound fracture. A complete fracture is when the bone is broken into two parts and the skin may or may not be broken
Which rationale explains why the nurse would monitor a client who has a spinal cord injury at the T2 level for signs of autonomic hyperreflexia (autonomic dysreflexia)? -The injury results in loss of the reflex arc -The injury is above the 6th thoracic vertebra -There has been a partial transection of the cord -There is a flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities
-The injury is above the sixth thoracic vertebra *The T6 level is the sympathetic visceral outflow level. Since the injury is above this, autonomic hyperreflexia is expected.
Why is the vomitus of an infant with pyloric stenosis white rather than bile-stained? -The pyloric sphincter obstructs the bile duct -There is an obstruction above the opening of the common bile duct -The bile duct sphincter is connected to the hypertrophied pyloric muscle -There is a constriction of the cardiac sphincter that obstructs the flow of bile.
-There is an obstruction above the opening of the common bile duct *The common bile duct enters the duodenum and the pyloric sphincter is located between the end of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum; therefore, when it is hypertrophied the tight sphincter prevents any mixing of vomited formula with bile.
