Practice Quizzes

1) inflammatory response 2) physical barriers 3) white blood cells 4) chemical barriers

Match each type of nonspecific immunity with the most appropriate description or examples. 1) The first immediate action taken by the immune system against an injury 2) Skin, mucous membranes 3) Phagocytes, macrophages 4) Stomach acid

mutations protein trait heritable genetic variation natural selection higher pass on increases decreases

________ in a gene can produce a new or altered _______ . This, in turn, may result in a new ______ that could be advantageous or disadvantageous to members within a population, but it is only able to persist if the new trait is ________. The differences between heritable traits of organisms of a population, also known as _________, are the primary force driving the mechanism of _________. When some individuals with certain traits in a population have a _______ survival and reproductive rate than others, they ________ these better adapted genetic features to their offspring. The change in the heritable traits of a population continues because natural selection ________ the frequency of the advantageous trait in the population and _________ the frequency of detrimental traits.

is reproductively isolated from other species.

A species is defined as one that

both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity

Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its ability to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger

All of the answer choices are correct.

All animals

Plants

All answer choices are correct.

false

All eukaryotes are multicellular, contain organelles, and replicate via binary fission.

antigen

Any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body is called a(n) _____________.

False

Based on the three methods of defining species, scientists now know the exact number of species on the planet.

the number of species and how many different species are in a given location.

Biodiversity Is

gradualistic

Charles Darwin observed multiple species of finch on the Galápagos islands. He proposed they adapted over time to different habitats of the islands. This is an example of the ______ model of speciation.

False

Environmental changes and pressures cause mutations in individuals that lead to natural selection and evolution.

population

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a(n) __________ over a period of time

True

Fitness, in reference to the theory of evolution by natural selection, describes reproductive success.

b. It is a global event. c. It occurs in a short period of time.

From the list provided, select all statements that relate to mass extinction.

True

Fungi were once classified as plants.

"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

A Notochord

In the evolution of vertebrates, which feature allows for the development of vertebral column?

having a backbone

Invertebrates are separated from vertebrates by not

as a result of punctuated events.

Major extinction events occur

1) Fossil Record 2) Comparitavt anatomy 3) embryonic evidence 4) genetic material

Match each line of evidence with its description of how it supports the theory of evolution. 1) The observation of the remains of transitional species. 2) The observation of physical structures (analogous and homologous) between species 3) The observation of structural similarities between organisms during early development. 4) The comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins between different organisms.

1) attachment: capsid combines with receptor. 2) penetration: viral genetic material enters host. 3) biosynthesis: viral components are created after host genetic material is hijacked. 4) maturation: viral components are assembled. 5) release: new viruses leave host cell.

Match each main event during virus replication with the order in which it happens during the replication cycle.

1) lymph nodes 2) thymus 3) spleen 4) Bone marrow

Match each tissue or organ to its role in immunity. 1) Location of interstitial fluid filtration and return to circulatory system 2) Location of T-lymphocyte maturation. 3) Location of blood filtration and cleanup. 4) Location of lymphocyte production and B-lymphocyte maturation.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

organic material

Prokaryotic cells can be defined by their metabolic abilities. A chemoheterotroph is an organism that uses ______ for energy.

protein capsid genetic material

Select the structural components common to all viruses. Select all that apply.

Not Fungi, not bacteria, not slime molds Answer ???

Some protists like _____ are able to form colonies of cells.

agricultural development

The Oregan Giant earthworm is currently on the threatened list due to

nonspecific

The ______ defense mechanisms include physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic white blood cells, and inflammatory response.

punctuated quilibrium

The ______ model of speciation results in rapid speciation with a period of no change being interruption by events.

True

The classification system is always evolving as scientists continuously question the organization and placement of organisms.

lymphatic

The immune system works very closely with the ______ system to return filtered fluid back to the circulatory system.

Fish

Thinking about evolutionary development, which of the four major classes of vertebrates is the least advanced?

seeds

Thinking of the adaptations involved in the evolution of plants, ______ a more efficient means of reproduction over spores.

Human-induced climate change

We are currently in the 6th mass extinction. What is causing this extinction?

Binary Fission

What is the main reproductive process used by prokaryotic that results in two identical cells?

33%

What percentage of amphibians do scientists predict will be lost during the current mass extinction?

Reptiles

What was the first group of vertebrates that evolved amniotic eggs?

Amphibians

What was the first group of vertebrates that evolved from lobe-finned fish with adaptations to support life on land?

Based on DNA sequence data, fungi are more closely related to animals.

Which evidence shifted fungi from being classified as plants to being placed in the supergroup Opisthokonta?

Gymosperms

Which group of plants have naked-seeds and consists of ginkgos, cycads, and conifers?

Bryophytes

Which group of plants lack vascular tissue and include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts?

Archaeans

Which group of prokaryotes are considered to be the oldest and live in extreme environments?

Habitat Destruction

Which human impact has globally placed over 85% of species on the endangered species list?

Variation for a particular trait exists within a population. A particular trait must be able to be passed on to the next generation.

Which of the following circumstances are necessary for evolution to occur? Select all that apply.

An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes

Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus?

Nucleus

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote?

Starfish

Which of the following is not found in any of the described categories of arthropods?

Jointed appendages

Which of the following shared characteristics among arthropods introduced an increase in locomotion in the evolutionary timeline?

Lamprey

Which of the following species belongs in the jawless class of fish?

Vertebrates have the lowest extinction rates.

Which of the following statements about vertebrates is false?

Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a protein capsule. They are only capable of reproducing once inside a living host cell.

Which of the following statements accurately describes how viruses reproduce?

thymus spleen bone marrow lymph nodes

Which of the following structures are associated with the lymphatic system? Select all that apply.

Arthropods

Which phylum has been the most successful animal on the planet, with over 1 million species?

There have been 5 major extinction events and the 6th is in progress.

Which statement best describes the number of evolutionary events?

spikes

Which structures on both the influenza and COVID-19 viruses assist the viruses in identifying and entering host cells?

respiratory epithelial cells

Which type of human cell is a target of both the influenza virus and the virus that causes COVID-19?

Coronavirus

Which virus causes COVID-19?

adaptive immunity

_________ has the ability to target cells of the body that are infected with pathogens, while also responding to any pathogens that are free in the blood or interstitial fluid of the body.