Practice Quizzes
1) inflammatory response 2) physical barriers 3) white blood cells 4) chemical barriers
Match each type of nonspecific immunity with the most appropriate description or examples. 1) The first immediate action taken by the immune system against an injury 2) Skin, mucous membranes 3) Phagocytes, macrophages 4) Stomach acid
mutations protein trait heritable genetic variation natural selection higher pass on increases decreases
________ in a gene can produce a new or altered _______ . This, in turn, may result in a new ______ that could be advantageous or disadvantageous to members within a population, but it is only able to persist if the new trait is ________. The differences between heritable traits of organisms of a population, also known as _________, are the primary force driving the mechanism of _________. When some individuals with certain traits in a population have a _______ survival and reproductive rate than others, they ________ these better adapted genetic features to their offspring. The change in the heritable traits of a population continues because natural selection ________ the frequency of the advantageous trait in the population and _________ the frequency of detrimental traits.
is reproductively isolated from other species.
A species is defined as one that
both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity
Adaptive immunity differs from the innate immune system in its ability to respond to specific pathogen antigens. The antigens trigger
All of the answer choices are correct.
All animals
Plants
All answer choices are correct.
false
All eukaryotes are multicellular, contain organelles, and replicate via binary fission.
antigen
Any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body is called a(n) _____________.
False
Based on the three methods of defining species, scientists now know the exact number of species on the planet.
the number of species and how many different species are in a given location.
Biodiversity Is
gradualistic
Charles Darwin observed multiple species of finch on the Galápagos islands. He proposed they adapted over time to different habitats of the islands. This is an example of the ______ model of speciation.
False
Environmental changes and pressures cause mutations in individuals that lead to natural selection and evolution.
population
Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a(n) __________ over a period of time
True
Fitness, in reference to the theory of evolution by natural selection, describes reproductive success.
b. It is a global event. c. It occurs in a short period of time.
From the list provided, select all statements that relate to mass extinction.
True
Fungi were once classified as plants.
"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).
How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?
A Notochord
In the evolution of vertebrates, which feature allows for the development of vertebral column?
having a backbone
Invertebrates are separated from vertebrates by not
as a result of punctuated events.
Major extinction events occur
1) Fossil Record 2) Comparitavt anatomy 3) embryonic evidence 4) genetic material
Match each line of evidence with its description of how it supports the theory of evolution. 1) The observation of the remains of transitional species. 2) The observation of physical structures (analogous and homologous) between species 3) The observation of structural similarities between organisms during early development. 4) The comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins between different organisms.
1) attachment: capsid combines with receptor. 2) penetration: viral genetic material enters host. 3) biosynthesis: viral components are created after host genetic material is hijacked. 4) maturation: viral components are assembled. 5) release: new viruses leave host cell.
Match each main event during virus replication with the order in which it happens during the replication cycle.
1) lymph nodes 2) thymus 3) spleen 4) Bone marrow
Match each tissue or organ to its role in immunity. 1) Location of interstitial fluid filtration and return to circulatory system 2) Location of T-lymphocyte maturation. 3) Location of blood filtration and cleanup. 4) Location of lymphocyte production and B-lymphocyte maturation.
All of the answer choices are correct.
Memory B cells are developed after a primary response. These memory cells are activated during a secondary response to
organic material
Prokaryotic cells can be defined by their metabolic abilities. A chemoheterotroph is an organism that uses ______ for energy.
protein capsid genetic material
Select the structural components common to all viruses. Select all that apply.
Not Fungi, not bacteria, not slime molds Answer ???
Some protists like _____ are able to form colonies of cells.
agricultural development
The Oregan Giant earthworm is currently on the threatened list due to
nonspecific
The ______ defense mechanisms include physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic white blood cells, and inflammatory response.
punctuated quilibrium
The ______ model of speciation results in rapid speciation with a period of no change being interruption by events.
True
The classification system is always evolving as scientists continuously question the organization and placement of organisms.
lymphatic
The immune system works very closely with the ______ system to return filtered fluid back to the circulatory system.
Fish
Thinking about evolutionary development, which of the four major classes of vertebrates is the least advanced?
seeds
Thinking of the adaptations involved in the evolution of plants, ______ a more efficient means of reproduction over spores.
Human-induced climate change
We are currently in the 6th mass extinction. What is causing this extinction?
Binary Fission
What is the main reproductive process used by prokaryotic that results in two identical cells?
33%
What percentage of amphibians do scientists predict will be lost during the current mass extinction?
Reptiles
What was the first group of vertebrates that evolved amniotic eggs?
Amphibians
What was the first group of vertebrates that evolved from lobe-finned fish with adaptations to support life on land?
Based on DNA sequence data, fungi are more closely related to animals.
Which evidence shifted fungi from being classified as plants to being placed in the supergroup Opisthokonta?
Gymosperms
Which group of plants have naked-seeds and consists of ginkgos, cycads, and conifers?
Bryophytes
Which group of plants lack vascular tissue and include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts?
Archaeans
Which group of prokaryotes are considered to be the oldest and live in extreme environments?
Habitat Destruction
Which human impact has globally placed over 85% of species on the endangered species list?
Variation for a particular trait exists within a population. A particular trait must be able to be passed on to the next generation.
Which of the following circumstances are necessary for evolution to occur? Select all that apply.
An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes
Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus?
Nucleus
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote?
Starfish
Which of the following is not found in any of the described categories of arthropods?
Jointed appendages
Which of the following shared characteristics among arthropods introduced an increase in locomotion in the evolutionary timeline?
Lamprey
Which of the following species belongs in the jawless class of fish?
Vertebrates have the lowest extinction rates.
Which of the following statements about vertebrates is false?
Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a protein capsule. They are only capable of reproducing once inside a living host cell.
Which of the following statements accurately describes how viruses reproduce?
thymus spleen bone marrow lymph nodes
Which of the following structures are associated with the lymphatic system? Select all that apply.
Arthropods
Which phylum has been the most successful animal on the planet, with over 1 million species?
There have been 5 major extinction events and the 6th is in progress.
Which statement best describes the number of evolutionary events?
spikes
Which structures on both the influenza and COVID-19 viruses assist the viruses in identifying and entering host cells?
respiratory epithelial cells
Which type of human cell is a target of both the influenza virus and the virus that causes COVID-19?
Coronavirus
Which virus causes COVID-19?
adaptive immunity
_________ has the ability to target cells of the body that are infected with pathogens, while also responding to any pathogens that are free in the blood or interstitial fluid of the body.