praxis 2 social studies 5004 geography

Global Positioning System (GPS)

a navigational system composed of 24 satellites,

Flow of capital/financial markets

A financial market allows for the exchange of resources such as currencies, stocks, bonds, commodities (oil, precious metals, agricultural goods), and other financial instruments. Financial markets allow investors and business to raise and invest capital, find the value/price of a good, reduce risk, and transfer resources. Financial markets are important to most people because they dictate the price of goods, such as food, gasoline, houses, and interest rates. As communication across the globe becomes easier, there is a growing inter-relation and interdependency of financial markets. As financial markets grow more and more interdependent, fluctuations in one market tend to affect almost every other market. This means the stability of one market is more dependent on the actions of every other market. On a grand scale, the stability of national economies is more dependent on the economies of every other nation.

compass rose

A tool on a map showing cardinal (N,E,S,W) and intermediate (NE,SE,NW,SW) directions.

Structures of Capitalism

All means of production are privately owned. The belief is that private property encourages individuals to use their resources for the owner's greatest benefit. This allows owners to sell, renovate, transfer, or use their property in any way they see fit. 2) Goods are produced and consumed voluntarily. The government plays no role in either encouraging or discouraging the exchange of goods in the economy, but rather allows the "invisible hand" of individual need and desire to guide the economy. The belief, then, is that this voluntary exchange allows for the greatest economic efficiency

marine

Also found in the middle latitudes in areas near or surrounded by water. The weather is temperate year-round; winter temperatures stay above freezing generally and summer temperatures rarely rise above 70°.

Humid Continental

Another middle latitude climate, generally found inland, this climate is the truest four-season climate. Precipitation happens year-round, with winters ranging from cold to extremely cold, and summers from hot to extremely hot based on distances from the ocean.

the roman empire

Constructed buildings using design methods they borrowed from Greece and other conquered people. Roman architecture was influenced by the need to connect a far-flung empire. The Roman Empire had access to a variety of materials and a large labor pool, and so were able to develop complex architectural techniques. For example, they used the arch so they could build large structures with seemingly unsupported domes. The Pantheon in Rome is an example, which still stands

Pre-historic hunting and gathering cultures

Created a skillful but primitive sort of art through the drawings on cave walls that depicted their everyday lives. The walls on tombs tell stories of people farming and working the fields, side by side with the animals they domesticated.

Climate Map

Depicts changes in temperature based on region. Climate maps can use numbers, colors or lines to depict changes.

Economic or Resource Map

Depicts the distribution of resources. This kind of map can focus on one specific resource or show the distribution of several.

place and region

Determine the characteristics - both physical and human - that make an area unique.

ancient greeks

Developed drama and comedy productions to criticize the government. Greek sculptures were life-like objects, which gave the feeling that they could be alive.

Urbanization

Earth's surface, due to physical conditions that limit human habitation in many places. Also, more than half of the world's population today lives in cities

Demographic Transition Model

Economic growth is only one way geographers assess the modernization of a society. They also look at population growth, Improved farming supplies lead to an increase of food production. The variety and quality of foods leads to better nutrition and health conditions. Ultimately, increased food production leads to an increase in the birthrate. Advances in medicine (and a great supply of food), decreases the death rate, leading to an overall burst in population growth. The booming population allows also for economic growth and, eventually, the transition into industrialization. At this point, the birthrate slows down as more women enter the workforce and the population becomes increasingly urbanized (large families are more of a burden in cities, rather than a help as they are on farms). As a society fully modernizes, the birth and death rates stabilize, leading to a lower population growth. Some societies, in fact, begin to have birthrates that fall below the death rate as fewer and fewer people have children. This is a problem that some countries in Western and Northern Europe currently face.

More Developed Country (MDC)

Europe and North America completed the transition to market economies and then mixed economies during the 1800s

Egyptians

Expressed their religious beliefs in half-animal and half-human stone works. At the time, stone was a material in great supply and it resisted decay. This reflects how environment impacts culture. The great Egyptian pyramids, long standing works of art both inside and out, were places of worship for the pharaohs.

Taiga

Found in the high latitudes, it is distant from the ocean and thus has extreme cold temperatures. It has a short growing season and is home to the world's largest forestlands.

humid subtropical

Found in the middle latitudes along the southeastern coast of continents. Summers are long and wet, and winters are short and dry. This climate supports to biggest percentage of people.

mediterranean

Found in the middle latitudes in land along the western coast of a continent. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are mild and wet.

supply and demand

If competition is the driving force of the market, then price is the engine. As consumers and producers pursue their individual well-being, they are motivated primarily by price. While many consumers will pay a higher price for an item if it is of higher quality, they will not spend if the price exceeds the perceived value of the product. For example, while people pay $4 for a cup of high-end coffee, they will not pay $100. Price, in turn, is determined by two factors: supply and demand. The law of demand states that as the price of a good increases, the less quantity will be demanded for the good. As a good becomes more expensive to purchase, the opportunity cost of that purchase increases as well. For example, if bread increases from $1 a loaf to $10 a loaf, then a person who buys a loaf of bread will have to forgo 9 additional dollars of other goods As the price decreases to P3, the quantity demanded will increase to Q3. If the price of a new Ferrari were to decrease from $300,000 to $3,000- and all other factors—people's income, cost of living, etc.—remained constant, then many more people would purchase a Ferrari. The law of supply states that as the price of a good increases, the more quantity will be supplied of the good. As the price increases, suppliers will be able to sell more units at a higher price, thus increasing their revenues. If gum increases from $1 a piece to $10 a piece- and all other factors are held constant- then more suppliers would supply gum. It is important to note, that while cost does increase overall as production increases, it can also often be to the producer's advantage to produce larger quantities, as the per-unit cost goes down. If a producer makes bookcases, for example, he can buy the wood in bulk at discount, thereby decreasing his cost. This is called economies of scale

cultural adaptation

Just as cultures are influenced by new people, people are influenced by new cultures. Immigrants to a new community adjust to the norms of the new culture, and adopt them as their own.

Material components of culture

Material components consist of physical items related to a culture: its houses and buildings, means of transportation and communication, even eating utensils

orographic lifting

Mountains act as barriers to wind and moisture. As the wind is forced up and over high mountains, it loses the ability to hold moisture. This precipitation falls on the windward side, leaving a dry air mass in the descending winds, therefore, desert like conditions exist on the lee side of the mountain.

Non material components of culture

Non-material components of culture include any aspect of a culture that is not physical

Less Developed Country (LDC)

Some geographers argue that LDCs simply have not yet made the transition through industrialization, but eventually they will. Others argue that the nature of industrialization and modernization requires some countries to remain undeveloped in order to allow others to become fully developed. For a nation's economy to develop rapidly, they must be able to obtain raw materials at a very low cost. This, in turn, suppresses the economic development of the area providing the resources.

Steppes

Stretches of land in the middle latitudes that are far from the ocean. Steppes typically have rainfall of 10-20 inches a year, and tend to have extreme seasons.

transportation advancements

The US is able to manufacture many of its goods in China because of low labor cost and the low transportation costs between the US and China. Technology has allowed goods to be transferred between regions at incredible speeds and in incredible quantities. For example, in 1776 it took 3 months to get a message from Boston to London and back to Boston; today it takes 3 milliseconds. Travel times have been reduced due to advancements in naval technology and aviation. The reduction in transportation costs has allowed countries to outsource labor so simple tasks can be completed at the cheapest costs available. This reduces the cost of labor and increases economic efficiency for businesses.

tundra

The area immediately surrounding the poles; it has very long, cold winters and short summers. It has relatively low participation and supports no human life.

Gloalization

The process by which economies and societies have become integrated

cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another (example) many new foods—like tacos or lasagna—have been introduced to American culture as the result of immigration.

culture region

While no two cultures are exactly the same, different cultures can have different cultural traits in common,

physical features of south america

andes mountains - The longest mountain range in the world, the Andes Mountains run along the entire western side of South America. They are also the second highest mountain range in the world. Historically, part of the Andes was home to the Inca Empire. These mountains have sustained, and currently sustain, a diverse population at all elevation levels amazon river - The second longest river in the world, the Amazon discharges more water than any other river. In fact, 20% of all the freshwater discharged into the ocean comes from the Amazon. This river hosts one of the largest and most diverse ecosystems in the world.

physical features of north america

appalachian mountains - A mountain range running vertically in Eastern North America. The range forms a barrier inhibiting east-west travel along the entire length of the eastern side of the continent. The Appalachians contain large deposits of coal, leading to a booming coal industry that can have serious environmental consequences mississipi river - Starting in Minnesota, the Mississippi River runs slowly down to the Gulf of Mexico. The waterways of 31 states and 2 Canadian provinces drain into the Mississippi. The Mississippi River has served as host to several significant populations and civilizations, a barrier to travel, and as a significant avenue for trade. In the 1700 and 1800s, the world's powers all vied to control the river because by doing so, they controlled the continent's trade. rocky mountains - Stretching over 3000 miles from British Columbia in Canada to New Mexico, the Rockies are the tallest mountain chain in North America. The Continental Divide is located in the Rockies. All water to the west of the divide flows to the Pacific, while all water to the east flows to the Atlantic

traditonal economy

are based mostly on subsistence farming, in which people produce food to feed only their own families. There is little to no trade and no industrialization. All societies begin with traditional economies. As technology improves, individuals are able to produce a surplus of food, which allows for the beginning of trade and specialization (as some people stop producing food and start producing other goods). This eventually transitions into industrialization, as those who are producing non-food goods develop machines and labor practices to produce their goods faster and at a higher volume. At this point, the economies become either command, market, or mixed economies

Biome

are in a fine equilibrium with the natural environment

physical region

area that shares the same physical characteristics, such as landforms, climate, plant or animal life

transition zones

areas which exhibit characteristics similar to multiple regions around it.

tropical rainforest

intense sun and rain everyday with high humidity temp is always high but rarely exceeds 90

external forces

causes major changes on or above the surface of the earth.

thematic map

depicts a particular special topic in an area. for example an electoral map is a thematic map

topographic map

depicts changes in elevation. typically uses contour lines to show where elevation increases and decreases

physical map

depicts major land formatios and bodies of water. A map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

political map

depicts the boundaries of countries and the locations of major cities. A map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc.

Prime Meridian

divides the earth into eastern and western hemispheres

grid system

divides the world with imaginary lines spaced equally apart running horizontally and vertically

Gulf Stream

is a strong warm current in the atlantic ocean which accerlates as it travels up the east coast of north america and shoots out into the open ocean towards europe

birth and death rates

economic development of a country - This has a significant impact for two reasons: 1) Economic development will define a child as revenue increase for a family or as an investment for a family; 2) Economic development affects the level of healthcare in a region. In countries with largely agrarian economies, children can be laborers and generate revenue for the family. For example, in the American Midwest in the 1800s, another child was two additional hands to help with farming duties. However, as technology increases, the birthrate tends to decrease because children are no longer income contributors to families, but become investments where parents invest their time in the child's life. Also, the level of healthcare tends to be higher in more developed nations. Better healthcare allows more families to see babies come to term due to medical advances. government policy/ programs - Government also has a significant affect on birthrates. Government can create policies which increase or decrease incentives to have children. In the US, parents receive a tax-break for each child they have whereas China long held a nationwide rule that families could only have one child until the rule was changed in 2015; one-child policies have a negative affect on birthrates. Also, governments can provide sex education and contraception to the population that will decrease the birthrates. poverty levels- - Studies show that individuals in poverty tend to have more children than those not in poverty. The reasons for this are many and can vary from demographic to demographic. One general reason is that children represent an increase in economic stability for the family because the labor, or income generating, abilities of the family are increased agricultural technology - Technological advancements in irrigation, the ability to direct water to land to make it ready for agriculture, and tools to help more effectively and efficiently grow and harvest food bring stability to the food supply by helping insure crops are not obliterated through drought or crop diseases. Technological increases in agriculture are just as important as medical advancements when discussing birthrates and infant mortality rates.

three significant canals

erie ( built between 1817 and 1825 cuts across new york state creating a navigable water route from the great lakes to the atlantic ocean became central trade route in united states) panama ( cutting across the isthmus of panama it connects the pacific and atlantic oceans when it was finished in 1914 it greatly decreased the time it took to cross between the two oceans as boats no longer had to travel all the way around the tip of south america) suez ( completed in 1869 in eygpt connects the meriterranean sea to the red sea. as a result ships no longer had to sail around africa to travel between europe and south asia

Concerns with Globalization

erosion of national sovereignty- - One of the largest concerns with the increase of globalization is the loss of national sovereignty. The interdependence of economies has two results that contribute to the erosion of national sovereignty: 1) the economic stability is increasingly reliant of other economies, 2) More and more economic decisions by one government are being scrutinized, analyzed, and influenced by other governments. The strength of a country's economy is directly correlated to the fiscal strength of the government. Poor or struggling economies cannot fund large-scale national defense or welfare measures. More so today than ever before are governments trying to influence economic policy of other countries with the goal of creating economic stability. The compromises that result from this can cause national governments to rely on other governments before legislation is created or passed inequality between countries -Another concern with globalization is the exploitation of developing countries by developed countries. For example, in the 1990s, the Nike corporation came under scrutiny because their shoes were manufactured in factories in Asia that provided low wages and poor working conditions to the laborers. This was seen as US firms exploiting the economic conditions of other countries and oppressing the workers by forcing them to accept unfair wages and working conditions. In 2012, Apple was under scrutiny because its manufacturer, Foxconn, had reports of poor working conditions and wages

El Nino

every 3-6 years the surface temp of the pacific ocean near the equator becomes warmer than normal

4 reasons for human migration

finding a suitable water or food source - This is the most fundamental cause of human migration. Pre-historic nomadic tribes constantly migrated from one region to another in search of food and water. Eventually, humans began migrating around and settling near sources of fresh water, usually large rivers. The greatest civilizations of the ancient world were settled near large rivers because of the stability that large rivers provided.3 Ancient civilizations implemented irrigation systems, re-directing water from rivers to water farmlands- to cultivate large areas of land for food production Militaristic advantage/Protection from elements- Once a settlement had a consistent food source, the next priority in human migration focused on obtaining a militaristic advantage; the establishment of economic centers, such as trading ports or posts, requiring protection from nature and enemies. The Greek city-states typically chose the location of their cities based on the geographic terrain. The Peninsula of Greece allowed for easy access to fresh water from rivers, fertile farmland, and access to the Mediterranean Sea- food and water were not a significant issue. Cities were built to take advantage of geographic factors that would insulate the populace from attacks.4 Also, most ports were chosen to protect ships from the elements. The geography of Manhattan and the San Francisco Bay made those locations ideal for trading ports, which is how San Francisco and Manhattan began. Freedom from persecution- Another significant reason for human migration is the individuals seeking freedom from persecution. This can be seen throughout history from slaves running away from abusive owners, the Pilgrims coming to America, Jews leaving Nazi Germany, etc. • Searching for a better socio-economic status- This is the most common reason for modern-day human migration. This can range from the mass immigration of Irish peoples to the US during the Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s to post-Civil War carpetbaggers, to individuals in today's United States moving from one state to another for employment opportunities.

location

focuses on developing an address for the area

mixed economy

is essentially a market economy with varying levels of government intervention. This intervention can range from basic laws that protect against corruption and market manipulation, to government control of certain industries, production quotas, and price ceilings and floors. Most modern economies are mixed economies.

Oral Storytelling

he process of passing down a group's history through stories, became an important way of sharing knowledge with the next generation.

Elevation

height above sea level, atmosphere becomes less dense resulting in greater heat loss

physical features of asia

himalaya mountains - The tallest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas are home to nine of the ten tallest peaks in the world. The range runs in a crescent shape separating China from the Asian subcontinent. Three of the world's most significant rivers begin in the Himalayas gobi desert- The largest desert in Asia, the Gobi is the fifth largest desert in the world, covering northern and northwestern China and southern Mongolia. The Gobi Desert is the result of the Himalayas which block rainclouds from the Indian Ocean. Unlike a traditional desert, the Gobi Desert is composed mostly of rock fertile cresent - An area in the Middle East stretching from the Persian Gulf, through what today is Iraq and Jordan, and into northern Egypt. It is called the Fertile Crescent because 1) it is shaped like a crescent moon and 2) it is notably more fertile than all of the area surrounding it. The Fertile Crescent is considered to be the birthplace of civilization, as the first civilizations developed around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, both of which lie primarily in the crescent strait of hormuz- The narrow stretch of water between Iran and UAE that serves as the only outlet from the Persian Gulf. As military engagement in this region has increased over the past forty years, this strait has gained incredible strategic importance

Latitude

horizontal lines

Density

how many people are in a space

cultural region

identified by shared human characteristics such as language religion tradition and economy

Disequilibrium

if one exceeds the other

Benifets of globalization

increased specialization of labor- One of the greatest benefits of globalization is the increased specialization of labor. To compete in a global marketplace, individuals and businesses have a large incentive to specialize in one area and provide the best product possible. This leads to companies like Apple focusing just on consumer electronics, Ford to focus on automobiles, and companies like Foxconn, which manufacturers all Apple products, to focus completely on manufacturing. increase in comparative advantages - Not all countries can produce all goods. Even those who can produce many goods cannot produce all of those goods equally well. Globalization allows companies and countries to focus on their comparative advantages.1 This means that they focus their production on the goods that will provide them the most economic benefit. For example, a company may be the fastest and cheapest at producing both the electronics and the casings for cell phones. However, the electronics are more costly to make, and the company can make more money producing only the casings and buying the electronics from another company in another country. This company then has a comparative advantage in cell phone casings. By focusing on the comparative advantage, economies become more efficient and consumers are able to obtain more goods at lower prices.

cultural trait

individual aspects of human activity that shape the social life of a place. These traits include daily routines and practices, food, language, art, and religion.

Human Migration

is the movement of people from one location to another.

Historical Perspective of globalization

marco polo silk road - - Modern-day globalization finds its roots in the travels of Marco Polo in the late 13th century. Marco Polo traveled to Asia and reported his findings to Europe. His reports sparked a widespread interest in the exotic locations of Asia and inspired later explorers, such as Christopher Columbus. While previous European explorers had traveled to Asia, Marco Polo was the first explorer to have his published reports widely read; it was during the 13th century that the Italian city-states began their trade activities. The reports of Marco Polo had a significant impact in increasing the demand for Asian culture and goods. It was not long until merchants met the demands of Europe age of exploration and european/asian trading - Merchants began creating popular trading routes between Europe and Asia. Many of the first routes were dominated by Arabic traders, which charged high premiums to facilitate trade. In a desire to "cut out the middle man", European explorers began investing in naval technology so they could create a seaward route from Europe to Asia. These naval advances would eventually enable Christopher Columbus to sail across the ocean in an attempt to find a western trade route with Asia columbian exchange - The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread trade of new goods between the western and eastern hemispheres after Columbus discovered the New World. Trans-Atlantic trade boomed as people from the Americas and Europe wanted to trade with each other. The trade industry drove technological advancements and created a new world of opportunities for European powers. colonial expansion- As the economic theory of mercantilism began to influence Europe, European powers sought to colonize newly discovered lands in Asia and the New World. Europeans migrated to colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. This typically resulted in establishing European rule wherever the settlers settled. This is a significant step in globalization because cultures began to diffuse and the ideas, languages, and resources of all countries began to diverge into international markets. industrial revolution- The Industrial Revolution resulted in significant advances in manufacturing and transportation. People could travel, ship goods, and communicate on an international level with unprecedented speed. Advances like the telegraph, steam engine, and railroads would increase transportation and communication efficiency. internet and information age -The internet allows any individual anywhere in the world to share information in real-time. The consequences of this advancement are numerous. Specifically, regarding globalization, investors are now able to participate in financial markets across the world, which increases interdependencies of economies on an unprecedented scale

earthquake

movement causes these and volcanoes to erupt generally earthquake occur at the edges of the pacific plate and the san andreas fault in california between san fran trending south toward mexico which is the ring of fire

desert

recieves less than 10 inches of rain a year temps are extreme with intense heat during the day and intense cold at night. Deserts often have some small pocket(s) of vegetation—usually surrounding a small body of water—isolated from any other similar area. This is called an oasis

Savanna

recieves rain seasonally with little to none in the winter and up to 30 inches in the summer the temps do not exceed 90 in the summer or 80 in the winter

physical features of africa

sahara desert - Third in size only to Antarctica and the Arctic, the Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert in the world. Covering most of North Africa, the desert of similar size to the entire United States. It is comprised of a mixture of rocky areas and tall sand dunes. It is home primarily to nomadic societies bringing trade between sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.

Functional Region

serve as a central location for a service

internal forces

shapes the earth surface through the constant movements of plates under the surface called plate tectonics

Bodies of water

streams (flowing water) rivers(large stream that flows over land carries large amounts of water) lakes (collection of fresh water surrounded by land) ponds (small lakes) oceans (body of water that covers earth subdivided into five oceans pacific atlantic indian arctic southern) seas ( part of ocean surrounded partially by land)

Acculturation

the adoption of aspects of the new culture while maintaining one's home culture.

command economy

the government controls the economy, determining what should be produced and how much should be produced. This type of economy is most closely associated with communism.

Human Environment Interaction

the study of the interrelationship between people and their physical environment

renewable resource

they can be replaced as quickly as they can be used, examples - Wind and solar energy are renewable resources;

nonrenewable resource

they cannot be replaced or can only be done so very slowly. examples- oil and oldgrowth trees are nonrenewable resources.

Legends

to explain any symbols found on the map or globe

Longitude

vertical lines running from pole to pole

market economy

what is produced and how much is produced is determined by market forces: the demand of consumers, the supply producers are willing to create, and the price of the item (which influences the former two). In a pure market economy, the government has no involvement with the economy. There are no pure market economies in the world today

Equilibrium

when the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded

Distribution

where across the earth are people living

Assimilation

which the individual (or group) replaces all of their home culture with the new culture.